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Dúnedain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromHalbarad)
Not to be confused withDunedin (disambiguation) orDùn Éideann.
Fictional human race of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth

Dúnedain
In-universe information
Other namesMen of the West, Men of Westernesse
Creation dateS.A. 1
Home worldMiddle-earth
CapitalArmenelos, Annúminas, Fornost Erain,Osgiliath,Minas Tirith
Base of operationsNúmenor, Arnor andGondor
LanguageAdûnaic,Westron,Sindarin,Quenya
LeaderKings of the Dúnedain

InJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earth writings, theDúnedain (Sindarin pronunciation:[ˈduːnɛˌdaɪn];sing. Dúnadan;lit. 'Man of the West') were arace ofMen, also known as theNúmenóreans orMen of Westernesse (translated from theSindarin term). Those who survived thesinking of their island kingdom and came to Middle-earth, led byElendil and his sons,Isildur and Anárion, settled in Arnor andGondor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, the name Dúnedain was reserved to Númenóreans who were friendly to theElves: hostile survivors of the Downfall were calledBlack Númenóreans.

TheRangers were two secretive, independent groups of Dúnedain of the North (Arnor) and South (Ithilien, inGondor) in theThird Age. Like their Númenórean ancestors, they had qualities like those of the Elves, with keen senses and the ability to understand the language of birds and beasts.[1] They weretrackers and hardy warriors who defended their respective areas from evil forces.

History

[edit]

Númenóreans

[edit]
The Downfall ofNúmenor and the Changing of the World. With the downfall of Númenor, the world is remade, and only the Elves remain able to sail toValinor on theOld Straight Road.[2] The outlines of the continents are purely schematic.
Further information:Gondor

The Dúnedain were descended from theEdain, the Elf-friends: the few tribes of Men of theFirst Age who sided with theNoldorin Elves inBeleriand. The original leader of the Edain was Bëor the Old, a vassal of the Elf lordFinrod. His people settled inEldar lands. At the beginning of theSecond Age, theValar gave the EdainNúmenor to live on. Númenor was an island-continent located far to the west ofMiddle-earth, and hence these Edain came to be called Dúnedain: Edain of the West. Their first King was Lord Elros, ahalf-Elf, and also a descendant of Bëor.[3]

These first Dúnedain are the Númenóreans. They became a great civilization, and began maritime pursuits for exploration, trade and power. Some returned to Middle-earth, creating fortress-cities along its western coasts, dominating the lesser men of these areas. In time the Númenóreans split into two rival factions: the Faithful, remaining loyal to the Valar and Elves, and the King's Men, who were eventually seduced by the Dark Lord,Sauron.[3]

Ultimately Númenor was drowned in a great cataclysm,[2] but a remnant of the Faithful escaped in nine ships. Led byElendil, they established the Dúnedain kingdoms of Arnor andGondor in Middle-earth.[T 1] There is a suggestion, voiced byFaramir, son of theSteward of Gondor, that these descendants of Númenóreans are higher thanother Men; but his speech on the matter has been described as "arrogant" and as such not necessarily to be taken literally.[3]

Sauron's spirit also escaped, and fled back to Middle-earth, where he again raised mighty armies to challenge Gondor and Arnor. With the aid ofGil-galad and the Elves, Sauron was defeated, and theThird Age began. Sauron vanished intothe East for many centuries, and Gondor and Arnor prospered. As Sauron re-formed and gathered strength, a series of deadly plagues came from the East. These struck harder in the North than the South, causing a population decline in Arnor. Arnor fractured into three kingdoms. The chief of the NineRingwraiths, theWitch-king of Angmar, assaulted and destroyed the divided Northern Dúnedain kingdoms from his mountain stronghold ofCarn Dûm. After their fall, a remnant of the northern Dúnedain became theRangers of the North, doing what they could to keep the peace in the near-empty lands of their Fathers. The surviving Dúnedain of Arnor retreated to the Angle south ofRivendell, while smaller populations settled in far westernEriador. The fragmentation of the kingdoms has been compared to that of the earlyFrankish kingdoms.[3]

Over the centuries, many southern Dúnedain of Gondor intermarried with other Men. Their lifespan became shorter with each generation. Eventually, even the Kings of Gondor married non-Dúnedain women occasionally. Only in regions such asDol Amroth did their bloodline remain pure. In theFourth Age, the Dúnedain of Gondor and Arnor were reunited under KingAragorn II Elessar (the Dúnadan), a direct descendant of Elros and Elendil. He marriedArwen, reintroducing Elf-blood into his family line.[3] In addition to the Faithful, Men in the South manned Númenórean garrisons at places likeUmbar. Many of these folk were turned toward evil by Sauron's teachings, and became known as the Black Númenóreans.[3]

The Dúnedain among the Half-elven

[edit]
Half-elven family tree[T 2][T 3]
Melian
theMaia		Thingol
of the Teleri		House
of Bëor		House
of Haleth		House
of Hador		Finwë
of the Noldor		Indis
of the Vanyar		Olwë
of the Teleri
BarahirBelegundHarethGaldorFingolfinFinarfinEärwen
LúthienBerenRíanHuorHúrinTurgonElenwë
DiorNimlothTuorIdril
ElurédElurínElwingEärendilCelebornGaladriel
ElrosElrondCelebrían
22 Kings
ofNúmenor and
Lords of Andúnië
Elendil
IsildurAnárion
22 Kings
ofArnor
and Arthedain		27 Kings
ofGondor
ArveduiFíriel
15Dúnedain
Chieftains
AragornArwenElladanElrohir
Eldariondaughters
Colour key:
ColourDescription
 Elves
 Men
 Maiar
 Half-elven
 Half-elven who chose the fate of Elves
 Half-elven who chose the fate of mortal Men

Rangers of the North

[edit]

The Rangers were grim in life, appearance, and dress, choosing to wear rustic green and brown. The Rangers of the Grey Company were dressed in dark grey cloaks and openly wore a silver brooch shaped like a pointed star during theWar of the Ring. They rode rough-haired, sturdy horses, were helmeted and carried shields. Their weapons included spears and bows. They spokeSindarin in preference to theCommon Speech. They were led by Chieftains, the heirs and direct descendants ofElendil, the first King ofArnor andGondor; Elendil in turn was descended from Kings ofNúmenor and theElf-kings of theFirst Age.

During the War of the Ring, the Rangers of the North were led byAragorn, but the northern Dúnedain were a dwindling folk: when Halbarad gathered as many Rangers as he could and led them south to Aragorn's aid, he could only muster thirty men to form the Grey Company.[T 4]

Aranarth would have been King of Arnor at the death of his father Arvedui. When Aranarth was still a youth, theWitch-king of Angmar destroyed the Northern Kingdom, overrunning Fornost. Most of the people, including Aranarth, fled to Lindon, but King Arvedui went north to the Ice-Bay of Forochel. At Aranarth's urging,Círdan sent a ship to rescue Arvedui, but it sank with Arvedui on board. Aranarth was then by right King of Arnor, but since the Kingdom had been destroyed, he did not claim the title. Instead, he rode with the army of Gondor under Eärnur and saw the destruction ofAngmar. Aranarth's people became known as the Rangers of the North, and he was the first of their Chieftains. The Rangers defended Arnor from the remnants of Angmar's evil, and so began theWatchful Peace. Aranarth's successors were raised inRivendell byElrond while their fathers lived in the wild; each was given a name with the Kingly prefix ofAr(a)-, to signify his right to the Kingship of Arnor.[T 5]

Aranarth's line descended father to son to Aragorn II, a protagonist inThe Lord of the Rings. His father Arathorn was killed two years after his birth. He assumed lordship of the Dúnedain of Arnor when he came of age. He was a member of theFellowship of the Ring and fought in the War of the Ring. He was crowned King Elessar of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor. That same year, Aragorn marriedArwen, daughter of Elrond. Their son, Eldarion, succeeded him as king. In Eldarion the two bloodlines of theHalf-elven were reunited, Arwen being the daughter of the immortal Elrond and Aragorn the 60th-generation descendant of Elrond's mortal twin brother, Elros.

Rangers of Ithilien

[edit]

The Rangers of Ithilien, also known as the Rangers of the South and Rangers of Gondor, were an elite group who scouted in and guarded the land ofIthilien. They were formed late in the Third Age by a decree of theRuling Steward of Gondor, for Ithilien was subject to attack fromMordor andMinas Morgul. One of their chief bases wasHenneth Annûn, the Window of the Sunset. These were descendants of those who lived in Ithilien before it was overrun. Like the Rangers of the North, they spoke Sindarin as opposed to the Common Speech. They worecamouflaging green and brown clothing, secretly crossing theAnduin to assault the Enemy. They were skilled with swords and bows or spears.[T 6]

Analysis

[edit]
Aragorn has been likened to the rangerNatty Bumppo (left) inJames Fenimore Cooper's 1823–1841Leatherstocking Tales.[4]

The Rangers of Arnor and their lost realm have been compared to medieval tribes and societies of the real world. Like theFranks after thefall of the Western Roman Empire or the ChristianizedAnglo-Saxons, the northern Rangers inhabit a "romanized nobility" and keep protecting the borders of the "realms of good" while Gondor in the south is decaying and finally arrives on the verge of destruction.[5] This protection of the weak from evil by Aragorn and his rangers has been identified as an inherentlyChristian motif in Tolkien's design of hislegendarium.[6]

The Rangers have been compared to the 'Spoonbills' inJohn Buchan's 1923 novelMidwinter, while the Ranger-like 'Lakewalkers' in the 2006–2019The Sharing Knife series byLois McMaster Bujold have been seen as part of a deliberate commentary on Middle-earth.[7][8]

Thomas Kullmann and Dirk Siepmann comment that Aragorn's pathfinding lifestyle andstyle of speech resembles that of the rangerNatty Bumppo inJames Fenimore Cooper's 1823–1841Leatherstocking Tales, suggesting that Aragorn's "If I read the sign back yonder rightly" could easily have been spoken by Bumppo.[4] On the other hand, they write, Aragorn's awareness of "a historical and mythological past", and his continuity with those, is "emphatically lacking" in Cooper's writings.[4]

Faramir, leader of the rangers of Ithilien, has repeatedly been likened to the legendary outlaw ofSherwood Forest,Robin Hood.[9][10][11]

Several scholars have noted a likeness between Faramir and the legendary medieval figure ofRobin Hood.Marjorie Burns seesa sign of Englishness, "a Robin Hood touch", in thegreen-clad Faramir and his rangers hunting the enemy in the forested Ithilien.[9] P.N. Harrison comments that Faramir's "wilderness dwelling, his skill with the bow, and his choice of a green cloak, mask, and gauntlets as clothing all invite direct comparisons" with the outlaw ofSherwood Forest.[10] Ben Reinhard, inMythlore, writes that while there are medieval-style knights inThe Lord of the Rings, and Faramir's conduct and speech are in many ways perfectlychivalric, he is definitely not a "knight in shining armour". Instead, he leads the attack on the men of Harad "in a thoroughly unchivalric guerilla ambuscade", while "clothing, weaponry, tactics, and [concealed] refuge" all indicate the opposite of the shining knight: the outlaw in the Greenwood.[11]

In adaptations

[edit]

In film

[edit]

With the exception of Aragorn, the Rangers of the North are virtually omitted inPeter Jackson'sThe Lord of the Rings film trilogy, save for a few mentions in the extended cuts. Arnor is mentioned only in one line in the extended edition ofThe Two Towers, when Aragorn explains toÉowyn that he is a "Dúnedain Ranger", of whom few remain because "the North-kingdom was destroyed". There is however an original Ranger of Ithilien namedMadril, played byJohn Bach.[12] He serves as Faramir's lieutenant. He helps defendOsgiliath, but is fatally injured and is eventually killed by Gothmog by a spear-thrust.New Zealand actorAlistair Browning played another Ranger of Ithilien, Damrod.[13]

The Rangers are shown as a village community in the 2009fan filmBorn of Hope. The film centres on the relationship of Arathorn and Gilraen, and the infancy of their son Aragorn.[14]

In games

[edit]

In the gameThe Lord of the Rings: The Third Age there is an original Ranger character called Elegost.[15] InThe Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, there are both Northern Dúnedain and Ithilien Rangers.[16] Halbarad is featured inThe Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game,[17] and, together with his fellow Rangers, inThe Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game.[18]Rangers of the North appear inThe Lord of the Rings Online, with Ranger camps and named characters such as Calenglad.[19]Tolkien's Rangers are the primary inspiration for theDungeons & Dragonscharacter class called "Ranger".[20]

References

[edit]

Primary

[edit]
  1. ^Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, I (i) "Númenor"
  2. ^Tolkien 1977, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age": Family Trees I and II: "The house of Finwë and the Noldorin descent of Elrond and Elros", and "The descendants of Olwë and Elwë"
  3. ^Tolkien 1955, Appendix A: Annals of the Kings and Rulers, I The Númenórean Kings
  4. ^Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 2 "The Passing of the Grey Company"
  5. ^Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, I (ii) "The Realms in Exile"
  6. ^Tolkien 1954, book 4 ch. 4 "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit" and ch. 5 "The Window on the West"

Secondary

[edit]
  1. ^Chance, Jane (2001).Lord of the Rings: The Mythology of Power.University Press of Kentucky. p. 39.
  2. ^abShippey, Tom (2005) [1982].The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). The Lost Straight Road: HarperCollins. pp. 324–328.ISBN 978-0261102750.
  3. ^abcdefStraubhaar, Sandra Ballif (2013) [2007]. "Men, Middle-earth". InDrout, Michael D. C. (ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge. pp. 414–417.ISBN 978-1-135-88034-7.
  4. ^abcKullmann & Siepmann 2021, p. 269.
  5. ^Birzer, Bradley J. (2014).J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth. Open Road Media.ISBN 978-1-49764-891-3.
  6. ^Rutledge, Fleming (2004).The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings.William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 74.ISBN 978-0-80282-497-4.
  7. ^Hooker, Mark T. (2011)."Reading John Buchan in Search of Tolkien". InFisher, Jason (ed.).Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essays.McFarland. p. 165.ISBN 978-0-78648-728-8.
  8. ^James, Edward (2015).Lois McMaster Bujold.University of Illinois Press. pp. 71–72.ISBN 978-0-25209-737-9.
  9. ^abBurns 2005, pp. 26–29.
  10. ^abHarrison, Perry Neil (2022)."Tolkien, the Medieval Robin Hood, and the Matter of the Greenwood"(PDF).Tolkien Studies.19 (2):71–84 – viaProject Muse.
  11. ^abReinhard, Ben (2020)."Tolkien's Lost Knights".Mythlore.39 (1). article 9.
  12. ^Mathijs, Ernest;Pomerance, Murray, eds. (2006)."Dramatis personae".From Hobbits to Hollywood: Essays on Peter Jackson's 'Lord of the Rings'. Editions Rodopi. pp. ix–xii.ISBN 90-420-1682-5.
  13. ^"Alistair Browning - Actor Profile & Biography". Archived fromthe original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved3 June 2019.
  14. ^Martin, Nicole (27 October 2008)."Orcs are back in Lord of the Rings-inspired Born of Hope".The Daily Telegraph. Archived fromthe original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved13 June 2016.
  15. ^"The Lord of the Rings, The Third Age Player Reviews".The Gamer's Temple. Retrieved27 August 2020.
  16. ^"The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Walkthrough".GameSpot. Retrieved27 August 2020.
  17. ^"Lord of the Rings: Expanded Middle Earth - Halbarad Deluxe Draft Box (54 cards)".InMint. Retrieved27 August 2020.
  18. ^Harman, Joshua."Where do I find...? Characters"(PDF). DC Hobbit League. Retrieved27 August 2020.
  19. ^"Rangers of the North Quest".GamePressure.com. Retrieved27 August 2020.
  20. ^Tresca, Michael J. (2011).The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games.McFarland & Company. p. 40.ISBN 978-0-7864-5895-0.

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