In the Annamese imperial era, theBạch Đằng River in Haiphong was a place of many legendary victories, led by now-legendary commandersNgô Quyền andTrần Quốc Tuấn. In the 16th century,Mạc dynasty promoted the coastal settlement as a secondary capital, growing to become an important port town ofĐàng Ngoài. After theFrench conquest of Vietnam, in 1888, the president of theFrench Third Republic,Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong as one of the principal cities of theFrench Indochina. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of theNorth Vietnam. It was one of directly controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam withHanoi andHo Chi Minh City in 1976. In the 21st century, Haiphong is under activeland reclamation, the most recent effort being the construction ofSouth Đình Vũ dike in 2022.
Haiphong is a popular seaside vacation spot and known for biological reservations inCát Bà Island. For its extensive port, the city hosts the headquarter ofVietnam People's Navy.Royal poinciana are commonly associated with Haiphong in Vietnamese culture.
Modern-day Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of theTrưng Sisters who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established theHải tần Phòng thủ (“Defenced Sea-coast”) during the war against generalMa Yuan of theHan dynasty.[11][12] Centuries later under the reign ofNguyễn EmperorTự Đức, the area earned the appellation:Hải-Dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area ofHải Dương Province").
A street in the late 19th century.
By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, theHàng Kênh Communal Hall in what is now the city'sLe Chan District was made the administrative seat ofAn Dương District, restoring its regional importance.[13] The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.
At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, atyphoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve asIndochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.
Following the defeat ofJapan inWorld War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiserSuffren,shelled the city, setting it ablaze[note 1] and precipitating theFirst Indochina War.[note 2][note 3] French infantry forces under the command ofJean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fightinghouse to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.[note 4]
Late in theVietnam War, Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing byUS Navy andAir Forcestrike aircraft because it wasNorth Vietnam's only major port. U.S. AdmiralThomas H. Moorer ordered themining of Haiphong harbor on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty.[14][note 5] Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.[13]
Haiphong is a coastal city located at the mouth of theCấm River, in Vietnam's north-eastern coastal area, 120 kilometres or 75 miles east ofHanoi. TheBính Bridge crosses the Cam and connects the city withThủy Nguyên District. It has a total natural area of 152,318.49 hectares or 376,387 acres (2001). It bordersQuảng Ninh Province to the north,Hải Dương Province to the west,Thái Bình Province to the south, and theGulf of Tonkin to the east.Bach Long Vi island,Cat Ba Island and the Long Châu islands, located in the Gulf, are also administered as part of the city. Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture or development purposes.[16]
Political sivisions of Hai Phong
Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:
Haiphong features ahumid subtropical climate (Koppen: Cwa) with hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters. The city is noticeably wetter from April through October; roughly 90% of the city's annual rainfall (which totals approximately 1,700 millimetres or 67 inches) typically falls during these months. There is a noticeable difference in temperatures between the city's winters and summers. Haiphong's coolest months, January and February, sees average high temperatures reach 20 °C (68 °F) and average low temperatures at around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Its warmest months, June and July, sees average high temperatures hover around 33 °C (91.4 °F) and average low temperatures at around 26 °C (78.8 °F). Sea temperatures range from a low of 21 °C (70 °F) in February to a high of 30 °C (86 °F) during the months of July and August.[17]
Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west toHanoi, and Route 10, leading South toNam Định and onward to connect withNational Route 1 atNinh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong withQuảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.[20]
Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots: Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, and Thuong Ly.
A new highway route was completed in 2016. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it now takes less than two hours to reach. It has also shortened the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.
Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.
Airports
The main airport serving Haiphong isCat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.
Seaports
Moored container ship waiting to return to sea
Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. ThePort of Haiphong on theCấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east.[21] Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboringCát Hải andCát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest ports in Vietnam, with adraft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000DWT.
Railway
Haiphong station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of theKunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as theYunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by theFrench during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city ofKunming in Yunnan,China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of theVietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.
Passenger trains run daily from 6AM until 6PM from Haiphong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The travel time between the two cities by rail is approximately three hours.
Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of 1,507.57 km2 (582.08 sq mi), 46,1% of population reside in the urban districts.[22] The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).[23]
As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons.Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall.Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for anet migration rate of 0.9%.[23]
In 2012, Hải Phòng had 4 universities and academies, 17 colleges, 26 professional secondary schools, 56 high schools, and hundreds of other educational institutions ranging from elementary to preschool levels. Trần Phú High School in Hải Phòng holds a Vietnamese record for being the only school with students winning international prizes for 21 consecutive years.
Hai Phong University - A multidisciplinary university, formerly Hai Phong Teachers College
Hai Phong Medical University - Trains general and specialized doctors, nurses, and serves as a medical research center
Hai Phong Management and Technology University - A private multidisciplinary university
High schools
Tran Phu Gifted High School: Ranked third nationally in terms of achievements in national student competitions, holds a record for 21 consecutive years of international awards
Ngô Quyền High School: Formerly known as Bonnal School, the oldest in Hải Phòng, with French architectural influence, established in 1920
Thái Phiên High School: A top non-specialized high school in the city, in the top 100 nationwide
Lê Ích Mộc High School: Named after the first scholar of Hải Phòng, located in Kỳ Sơn, Thủy Nguyên
Lê Quý Đôn High School: Another prominent high school in Hải Phòng
Trần Nguyên Hãn High School: Known for students achieving high results in university entrance exams and fostering creative students
An Lão High School: Located at 43 Lê Lợi Street, An Lão town, An Lão district, known for high teaching quality
Vĩnh Bảo High School: Recognized for having many students achieve top results in university entrance exams
Kiến An High School: The second oldest high school in Hải Phòng, known for its high-quality education
Tiên Lãng High School: The first school in Hải Phòng with a student winning the national final of the "Road to Mount Olympia" competition
Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School: Located in Dương Kinh district, known for a high university entrance rate
Haiphong Maritime High School: Internationally named by alumnus Trần Bảo Sơn, affiliated with Vietnam Maritime University
Lương Thế Vinh High School: Formerly Toa Xe Private High School, one of the first four private high schools in Hải Phòng
Hai Phong specialties are known throughout Vietnam for their seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are famous for having very fresh shrimp, crab, fish, and squid at affordable prices. The seafood processing style in Hai Phong is simple, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients, not spices.
Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Flamboyant City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at theBrest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.
Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).
Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 1991), artistic gymnast, first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam gymnastics (2011)
Thu Phương (born 1972), pop singer and Haiphong native; now lives in the U.S.
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Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina.[32]Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010.[33] In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces.[34]Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.[35]
On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hai Phong received a score of 70.34. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 70.76. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Policy Bias' and ‘Transparency’.[36]
Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation.[37] Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.[37]
There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturerVinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials.[38] 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.[37]
Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007.[37] Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.[37]
Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth).Nam Định Province andThái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inlandHải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.[37]
As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry.[37] However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.
^Vietnam bySpencer C. Tucker, page 47. "On 23 November DebeS delivered an ultimatum to the Vietnamese at Haiphong, ordering them to withdraw from the French section of the city, the Chinese quarter, and the port. He gave them only two hours to reply. When the time was up the French subjected the Vietnamese positions to air, land, and sea bombardment, the bulk of the firepower coming from the three- and eight-inch guns of the French Navy Cruiser Suffren. Only military targets were destroyed and not the Vietnamese quarter as some have claimed. Estimates of the number killed in the shelling and ensuing panic vary widely. Casualties up to 20,000 have been cited. French Admiral Battet later said that no more than 6,000 Vietnamese had died, but in 1981Vu Quoc Uy, then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, told Stanley Karnow that the figure was only 500 to 1,000 dead. Others have put the figure as low as 200".
^Maurice Vaïsse,L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946–1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation, 2000, p. 276
^Plon,Le General de Gaulle et l'Indochine 1940–1946, page 210. "In connection with the naval bombardment, let us note that only the ships of small tonnage could go up the river of Haiphong. On November 23, two colonial sloops supported for the first time the French troops with their artillery to a limited effect : the Chevreuil with its double turret, with its two pairs of 100mm, Savorgnan de Brazza with its four turrets each of one 138mm. No battleship was present. On November 27 on that the evening, the cruiser Suffren was in the Bay d' Along, its tidal water prohibiting it access of the Cua Cam. It transported troops in reinforcement...".
^Phillippe Devillers,Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952. Editions du Seuil, Paris. Third edition,1952, pp. 331–340.
^Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David :Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
^Hoàng Văn Thụ Street in the center of Nam Định City has been built since the end of the XXI century called Haiphong Street to symbolize the solidarity of two of Tonkin's three largest cities.
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