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The wordHaklau (學佬Ha̍k-láu, also written as福佬) is theSouthern Min pronunciation ofHoklo, originally a Hakkaexonym for the Southern Min speakers, includingHoklo andTeochew people. Although originally it was perceived as a derogatory term, the Southern Min speakers inShanwei self-identify asHaklau and distinguish themselves from Teochew people and Hokkien people. Overseas Hai Lok Hong people still do not like this appellation.[8]
Historically, the Hai Lok Hong region was not a part of Teochew prefecture (潮州府, the region currently known asTeo-Swa orChaoshan), but was included in the primarilyHakka-speaking Huizhou prefecture (惠州府). ModernHuizhou city (particularly theHuidong County) also has a Haklau-speaking minority.
The wordHai Lok Hong (海陸豐Hái-lio̍k-hong) is aportmanteau ofHai Hong (海豐, MandarinHaifeng) andLok Hong (陸豐, MandarinLufeng), where it is mainly spoken. The character陸 has multiple pronunciations in Southern Min: the readingle̍k is vernacular, it is common in Teochew, but rarely used in Hokkien and Haklau itself; the readinglio̍k (Hokkien, Haklau) orlo̍k (Teochew) is literary and commonly used in Hokkien and Haklau, but not Teochew, yet its Teochew rendering is the source of EnglishHai Lok Hong.
TheLanguage Atlas of China classifies Hai Lok Hong as part ofTeochew.[9] Other classifications pinpoint the phonological features of Hai Lok Hong that are not found in Teochew, but instead are typical forChiangchew Hokkien. These features include:[10]
the final /-i/ in characters like魚hî 'fish',語gí 'language', and the final /-u/ in自chū 'self',事sū 'matter', as in Chiangchew Hokkien. Northern Teochew has /-ɯ/ in these words, while Southern Teochew (the Teoyeo dialect) has them with /-u/.
the final /-uĩ/ in words like門mûi 'door; gate',光kuiⁿ 'light'. Teochew has them with /-ɯŋ/ or /-uŋ/.
the finals /-e/ (坐chě 'to sit',短té 'short'), /-eʔ/ (節cheh 'festival',截che̍h 'to cut') and /-ei/ (雞kei 'chicken',街kei 'street'), as in rural southern dialects of Hokkien (such asZhangpu,Yunxiao, orChawan), corresponding to Teochew /-o/, /-oiʔ/ and /-oi/. Conservative Northern Hokkien dialects have these words with /-ə/, /-əeʔ/, and /-əe/ respectively.
the preservation of the codas /-n/ and /-t/ (as in民mîn 'people; nation' and骨kut 'bone'), which are merged with /-ŋ/ and /-k/ in most dialects of Teochew.
Still, Hai Lok Hong also has features typical for Teochew, but not Hokkien, such as:
the preservation of 8 tones, pronounced similarly to Northern Teochew. Most dialects of Hokkien only have 7 citation tones.
the final /-uaŋ/ in況khuàng 'situation',亡buâng 'to perish', which has merged with /-oŋ/ in Hokkien.
less extensive denasalization: Hai Lok Hong and Teochew differentiate between逆nge̍k 'to go against' and玉ge̍k 'jade' , or宜ngî 'suitable' and疑gî 'doubt', while in Hokkien, these pairs are merged (ge̍k andgî respectively).
Lexically, Hai Lok Hong also shares some traits with Teochew:個kâi '(possessive particle)',愛àiⁿ 'to want',睇théi 'to see' — compare Hokkien兮--ê,卜beh and看khòaⁿ.
