Hadhbani Emirate هەزەبانی | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 906–1131/1144 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Erbil (winter capital)Oshnavieh (summer capital) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Kurdish | ||||||||||||
| Religion | SunniIslam | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 906 | ||||||||||||
• Imad Ad-Din Zengi conquers last remaining territory held by Hadhbanis | 1131/1144 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Hadhabani orHadhbāni,Hadhbānī,Hadhbāniyya, Heciban[1] (Arabic:الهذبانيةal-Hadhbāniyya;Kurdish:هەزەبانی، هۆزەبان، هۆزەوان,Hozabān, Hozwān), was a large medieval and most powerfulSunni MuslimKurdish tribe. It made various emirates and dynasties from the Caucasus, all the way to upper Mesopotamia.[2]
According toVladimir Minorsky, The name of the Tribe is derived from geographical term for the region of Irbil, which is preserved in the name of the Nestorian diocese,Adiabene (HaSayyap).[3] however this is rejected by modern scholars, according to Vanly and Zeki, the tribe got their name fromKhezan-Hezan.[2] Their name in Kurdish was pronounced Hezan.[2] Other scholors suggest that Khezan-Hezan gets its name from the tribe, not the other way around. the name is most likely a combination of Hoz (Kurdish:هۆز,Hoz;lit. 'Tribe') and Bān or Wān (Kurdish:بان، وان,Bān, Wān;lit. 'Chief, leader'), which means "Tribal leader".[4]: 39–40
According toIbn Hawqal the region ofJazira was the summer pasture of Hadhabani Kurds and winter pasture ofShaybani Arab tribe,[5] The presence of Hadhabani in the 10th century is attested fromDvîn in Armenia, passing through the banks of the Caspian to Al-Jazirah.[6]
The Hadhbani tribe was divided into several groups, the Mehranis or Mihraniyya, Rawandi or Rawadiyya, the Hakimi or Hakamiyya, the Maran also known as Banu Maran or Maraniyya and possibly the Zerzari and others, centered atArbil,Oshnavieh andUrmia. Their dominion included the regions ofMaragha andUrmia to the east, Arbil,Sinjar, and parts of Jazira to the south and west, andBarkari,Hakkari andSalmas to the north,[1][7] as Erbil being one of their capital,[8] ruling from 906 to 1131/1144.[4]: 65–66
In 906 AD,Muhammad ibn Bilal Al-hadhbani, laid waste to theMosul countryside. theHamdanid ruler,Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan, perused him but suffered a defeat. TheAbbasid caliph of Baghdad sent reinforcement and Abu'l-Hayja continued his perusing Muhammad ibn Bilal along with 5,000 Hadhbani Kurdish families. A peace was made and the Muhammad ibn Bilal had to surrender all their territories in northern Mosul toDaseni andHumaydi Tribe.[9][10]
By the early 10th century, The Hadhbani ruled overIrbil,Shahrazur,Urmia,Khoy,Salmas, parts ofJazirah andMaragheh. Maragha was the stronghold of Hadhbānis in Adharbayjan. A branch of Hadhabani, migrated further north and established theShaddadid Dynasty.[2] By the 1020s, Abu'l-Hayja ibn Rabib al-Dawla, who was the leader of the Hadhabani tribe, as well as the ruler of Urmia and the fortress ofBarkari. Was at uneasy relations with his meternal uncle,Wasudan the ruler of Adharbayjan. In 1033/4, theByzantine Empire captured the fortress at Wasudan's urging. The Abbasid caliphal-Qa'im (r. 1031–1075) convinced the Rawadids and the Hadhabanis to band together and recapture Barkari; they briefly reoccupied it until losing it permanently to the Byzantines.[11] In 1037/38, a strong wave of IraqiyyaGhuzz Turkic tribe led by the chiefs Buqa, Goktash, Mansur and Dana reached Azarbaijan. The Iraqiyya soon began to plunder the country, sacking the city of Maragha in 1039.[12][11]
In 1041 AD, after the defeat of the invadingGhuz turks and subsequent massacre inUrmia byRawadids and Hadhbani Kurds. They fled toHakkari where they ravaged it. they were eventually defeated by the Kurds and 1500 Ghuz tribesmen were killed and the survivors were enslaved by the Kurds.[12][13]
The Hadhbani tribe had multiple branches, these were the Hakamiyya that resided inErbil andShahrazur, The Rawadiyya that resided mainly inAdharbayjan, the Mihraniyya that were inHakkari andZawzān regions, and the Banu Maran in south of Mosul.[2] The Mihranis or Mihraniyya, They made the infamous Kurdish corps Mihraniyya of theAyyubid Army.[14][4]
theZarzari tribe, may have been a branch of Hadhabani tribe that inhabitedushnu andRawanduz. while some Zarzaris resided inSinjar.[8][4]: 71–72
Shaddadids,Ayyubids and probablyRawadids were descendant of one of the Hadhabani branches.[15][16][7][17]
Salah ed-Din (Saladin) was the son of Ayûb, and grandson of Shadi, a Rawadiya Kurd of the great Hadâniya Tribe. He was thus of Kurd descent. Several of his bravest warriors and most trusted counsellors were Kurds, and during his reign, and that of his brother el'Adel, Kurds ruled in Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia.
| Iraq | |
|---|---|
| Iran | |
| Azerbaijan | |
| Turkey | |
| Syria | |
| Historical tribes | |
