Koča's uprising Serbia Кочина крајина Kočina krajina | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1788–1791 | |||||||||||
 Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90 | |||||||||||
| Status | Territory of theHabsburg monarchy | ||||||||||
| Capital | Belgrade | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Serbian,German | ||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic, Serbian Orthodox | ||||||||||
| Government | Military administration | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||
• Habsburg occupation | 1788 | ||||||||||
| 1788–1791 | |||||||||||
• Habsburg withdrawal,Treaty of Sistova | 1791 | ||||||||||
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Koča's Frontier (Serbian:Кочина крајина,Kočina krajina) refers to the territory liberated bySerbian rebels in theSanjak of Smederevo (Ottoman Empire), during theAustro-Turkish War of 1788–1791. Rebellion was planned already in 1787, since it was anticipated that theHabsburg Monarchy will enter into war against the Ottomans. The Habsburg-organizedSerbian Free Corps, among whomKoča Anđelković was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name of the movement), initially captured and held various central parts ofOttoman Serbia during 1788 and 1789. After the arrival of regular Habsburg armies, whocaptured Belgrade from the Ottomans on 8 October (1789), the liberated Serbian territory was much expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, calledSerbia (German:Serbien). By theTreaty of Sistova (1791), Habsburg forces had to retreat, and the entire liberated territory was returned to the Ottomans. Such outcome also ended Serbian hopes for liberation through alliance with the Habsburgs.[1]
The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.[2] Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.[2] Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[2]
Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year,Joseph II andCatherine II met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.[1] In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.
ASerbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.[3] The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.[3] The main commander was the Austrian majorMihailo Mihaljević.[4] Among volunteers wereAleksa Nenadović,Stanko Arambašić, the prominentRadič andĐorđe Petrović but most of allKoča the Captain.[4] The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.[3]
The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.[3] The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.[5] The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans. In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat. Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.> As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians. In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.[5]
On 8 October 1789,Ernst Gideon von Laudontook over Belgrade. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.[6] The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1791.[6]
Emperor Joseph II died on 20 February 1790, and his successorLeopold II consequently decided to abandon further war efforts and conclude peace with the sultan. TheTreaty of Sistova was signed on 4 August 1791, thus ending the war. Gains in Serbia were to be returned to the Ottomans. Habsburg armies started to withdraw across theDanube andSava rivers, joined by thousands ofSerbian families who feared Ottoman persecution. Finally,Belgrade Fortress was evacuated by last Habsburg forces on 23-24 October 1791, thus marking the restoration of Ottoman rule in Serbia.[1]
After the war, the Ottomans gave rights to the Serbs to collect local taxes.[7] The displacedjanissaries, excluded from the Ottoman Army following reorganization, sought refuge in Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) where they tried to revoke the rights granted to the Serbs.[7] These renegade janissaries, calleddahije,murdered as many as 150 Serb leaders (knezovi), sparking theFirst Serbian Uprising (1804).[7] The leader of the uprising,Karađorđe Petrović, had earlier served in the Austrian army as a volunteer during the Habsburg occupation.[7] The uprising expanded into theSerbian Revolution (1804–17), which saw thede facto independence ofSerbia.
An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place inJagodina andKladovo in honour of the rebellion.[8]
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