| Habitat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Developers | Lucasfilm Games Quantum Link Fujitsu |
| Publishers | Quantum Link Fujitsu |
| Director | Chip Morningstar[3] |
| Producer | Steve Arnold[3] |
| Designers | Chip Morningstar[3] Randy Farmer |
| Programmers | Chip Morningstar[3] Randy Farmer[3] Aric Wilmunder[3] Janet Hunter[3] |
| Artist | Gary Winnick[3] |
| Platforms | Commodore 64,FM Towns,Microsoft Windows,Mac OS |
| Release |
|
| Genre | Massively multiplayer online role-playing game |
| Mode | Multiplayer |
Habitat is amassively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed byLucasArts. It is the first attempt at a large-scale commercialvirtual community[4][5] that was graphic based. Initially created in 1985 byRandy Farmer,Chip Morningstar,[6] Aric Wilmunder and Janet Hunter, the game was made available as abeta test in 1986 byQuantum Link, an online service for theCommodore 64 computer and the corporate progenitor toAOL. Both Farmer and Morningstar were given a First Penguin Award at the 2001Game Developers Choice Awards for their innovative work on Habitat. As agraphical MUD[7] it is considered a forerunner of modern MMORPGs unlike otheronline communities of the time (i.e.MUDs andmassively multiplayer onlines with text-based interfaces).Habitat had a GUI and large user base of consumer-oriented users, and those elements in particular have madeHabitat a much-cited project and acknowledged benchmark for the design of today'sonline communities that incorporate accelerated3D computer graphics and immersive elements into their environments.
Habitat is "a multi-participant onlinevirtual environment", acyberspace. Each participant ("player") uses a home computer (Commodore 64) as an intelligent, interactive client, communicating viamodem andtelephone over a commercialpacket-switched network to a centralized,mainframe computer. Theclient software provides theuser interface, generating a real-time animated display of what is going on and translating input from the player into messages to the host. The host maintains the system'sworld model enforcing the rules and keeping each player's client informed about the constantly changing state of the universe.
— Farmer 1993
Users in thevirtual world were represented by onscreenavatars,[8][4][9] meaning that individual users had a third-person perspective of themselves, making it rather like a videogame. Players in the same region (denoted by all objects and elements shown on a particular screen) could see, speak (through onscreen text output from the users), and interact with one another.Habitat was governed by its citizenry. The only off-limits portions were those concerning the underlying software constructs and physical components of the system. The users were responsible forlaws and acceptable behavior withinHabitat. The authors ofHabitat were greatly concerned with allowing the broadest range of interaction possible, since they felt thatinteraction, not technology or information, truly drovecyberspace.[4] Avatars had tobarter for resources withinHabitat, and could even be robbed or "killed" by other avatars. Initially, this led to chaos withinHabitat, which led to rules and regulations (and authority avatars) to maintain order.
Randy Farmer,Chip Morningstar, Aric Wilmunder and Janet Hunter created the first graphicalvirtual world, which was released in abeta test by Lucasfilm Games in 1986 asHabitat for theQuantum Link service for the Commodore 64.[10]Habitat ran from 1986[8] to 1988, and was closed down at the end of the pilot run. The service proved too costly to be viable, so Lucasfilm Games recouped the cost of development by releasing a sized down version calledClub Caribe onQuantum Link in 1988.[11] It was then licensed byFujitsu in 1988,[12] and released in Japan asFujitsu Habitat in 1990.
In 1994, Fujitsu Cultural Technologies was spun off as a new division of Fujitsu Open Systems Solutions, INC or OSSI for short. In conjunction with Electric Communities, the two companies began work on theWorldsAway project (which was codenamed "Reno" at the time).[13] Originally, the initial plan was for the team to work from the Fujitsu Habitat code and bring it to the Mac and Windows operating systems.[12] This proved not to be possible due to the fact the underlying architecture was nothing like its predecessorHabitat due to being developed by a different team. This led to delays in the project whilst the kinks were being worked out.[14] It was launched onCompuServe in 1995 as a free service for members.[15] The world was calledDreamscape[16] and moved to the public Internet in 1997 still under the operation of Fujitsu. As CompuServe morphed intoAOL's "value brand", Fujitsu sought to sell off its product as they were making a loss. Inworlds.com (who later became Avaterra, Inc) stepped up and bought the licensing rights and took over the reins. In 2011 the Dreamscape was still surviving independently as one of the VZones.com worlds – owned by Stratagem Corporation. Other WorldsAway worlds using the same server software that have been launched during Stratagem times were newHorizone, Seducity, Second Kingdom and Datylus.[17] The VZones.com worlds closed in August 2014. The only remaining licensees of the technology is vzones.com.
One challenge in producing games is to resist the "conceit that all things may be planned in advance and then directly implemented according to the plan's detailed specification". Morningstar and Farmer argue that this mentality only leads to failure as the potential capabilities and imagination of a game would remain confined within the small niche of developers. They generalized this well by pointing out that "even very imaginative people are limited in the range of variation that they can produce, especially if they are working in a virgin environment uninfluenced by the works and reactions of other designers".[18]
An example of this approach was when Wilmunder, the programmer responsible for developing both backgrounds for the Habitat World and Avatar animations noted how the original specification only included a single generic male and female character. Wilmunder determined that the system could go further and he implemented the ability to customize player Avatars, first by patterning their clothing, and later allowing Avatars to change height, carry items, and ultimately to allow the players to select from over one hundred different heads for their characters, capabilities that are today taken for granted in other Avatar based systems. This feature became so popular that 'heads' were sold in in-game vending machines and were even used as rewards for players when they completed quests.
With this outlook, Morningstar and Farmer stated that a developer should consider providing a variety of possible experiences within the cyberspace, ranging from events with established rules and goals (i.e. hunts) to activities propelled by the user's own motivations (entrepreneur) to completely free-form, purely existential activities (socializing with other members). The best method to manage and maintain such an immense project, they have discovered, was to simply to let the people drive the direction of design and aid them in achieving their desires. In short the owners became the facilitators as much as designers and implementers.
Regardless, the authors note the importance of separation between the access levels of the designer and the operator. They classify the two coexisting virtualities as the "infrastructure level" (implementation of the cyberspace, or the "reality" of the world), which the creators should only control, and the "experiential level" (visual and interactive feature for users), which the operators are free to explore. The user not need to be aware of how data are encoded in the application. This naturally follows from the good programming practice of encapsulation.[19]
In 2016, a project was undertaken to relaunchHabitat usingemulation of both the Commodore 64 and the original Q-Link system thatHabitat ran on.[20] The project was headed by Alex Handy, founder of TheMuseum of Art and Digital Entertainment (MADE), who received the game'ssource code from its original developers.[21] That July, the source code was uploaded by MADE toGitHub underMIT license for open review.[22][23]
In February 2017, an open-source project to reviveHabitat led by Randy Farmer (one ofHabitat's creators) namedNeoHabitat was announced to the public. The project was requesting volunteer contributors to aid in developing code, region design, documentation and provide other assistance. Due to the volunteer contributors, original source files, maps created during development and database backups were unearthed. This enabled the original Populopolis world to be fully restored.NeoHabitat is currently operational and accessible to all. Development is mostly complete and the originalHabitat experience can be had once more.[24]
WorldsAway was launched in 1995 and was developed by some of theHabitat team, although no code is shared between the two projects.WorldsAway is an online graphical "virtual chat"[25] environment in which users designed their own two dimensionally represented avatars.[26][27] It was one of the first visual virtual worlds.[25] In 1996 it was one of the top 20 most popular forums on Compuserve.[28]WorldsAway users would login, originally through dial-up Compuserve accounts and later through theInternet. First-time users would choose their gender, name, head and body style on a virtual ship before entering the world proper to meet other online users (these could be changed later by paying a quantity of tokens).[29]
Each subscriber would view and manipulate their own avatar which was displayed in a limited set of poses and profiles.[27] A user would walk their avatar around a virtual city (named Kymer), enter shops and teleporter cabins, gesture or chat to other avatars (cartoon like text bubbles would appear), and carry out various in-game actions.[25][27] Ty Burr's 1996 review of the three graphical chat worlds then available (the others wereWorlds Chat and Time Warner'sThe Palace) ratedWorldsAway the lowest at C+, criticizing the slowness and lack of flexibility.[25]
Unlike some modern virtual worlds,WorldsAway did not boast 3D graphics or any combat system (although inworld combat had been planned, it was never implemented).[30] Most time spent in the world by users was spent on economic endeavors and chat. This meant that the world had a monetary token system and virtual business endeavors could be set up such as Clover's famous auctions with commissions for sales, or Dennis S's nightclub with admission charges, or the payments for the various street games such as bingo. The token system facilitated the economy. Avatars received tokens based on the number of hours played, from sales of objects, from gifts, and other sources such as running enterprises. Rare and/or functional objects were introduced into the world by stores and Acolytes. Acolytes were appointed by the Oracles and had access to changing supplies of objects that they gave away or awarded as prizes to the community. Clover's famous auctions were held weekly and people bid vast amounts of tokens to acquire rare items such as heads, clothing, furniture, and other useful or artistic objects. Apartments could be purchased, furnished, or sold. Other popular past-times were playing Bingo[25] and other simple games. These games were not a part of the original software, but were made by third party developers as plug-ins.[30]
Dreamscape was the first graphicalonline chat environment built on theWorldsAway platform. It allowed users to create an avatar to represent themselves in a 2D world and interact with other users and virtual items.[31] The player chooses anavatar, which is the graphical representation of the player. The avatar can text chat, move, gesture, use facial expressions, and is customizable in a virtually unlimited number of ways. Avatars earn money, own possessions, rent apartments, and make friends. The environment itself is composed of thousands of screens, in which the player's avatar moves about.[6]
Much of the second and third seasons of the American TV seriesHalt and Catch Fire is centered around the development and troubles of the fictional tech startupMutiny, heavily inspired by the story ofPlayNET and Quantum Link in the 1980s.[32] In the show, Mutiny transitions from an online games company to eventually delivering an online subscriber-based graphical chat community for Commodore 64 users, mirroringHabitat.[33]
Roy Wagner reviewed the game forComputer Gaming World, and wrote that "this game effectively optimizes the local storage, processing and graphics power of the low cost Commodore 64/128 home computer that is in over four million homes and the real-time, person-to-person, interactivity made possible by a low cost nationwide network that is accessible with a local phone call".[34]
... establishedHabitat as a result. This is described as a 2D graphical MUD ...
Depth 2 1/2-D
Online chat system that allows users to adopt personalities through avatars, surrogate graphic characters which appear on screen. As people "talk" (by typing on their keyboards) words appear in speech bubbles.
More than 15,000 subscribers, intrigued by this extension of "chat", log on via CompuServe in 147 countries around the world.
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