As of 2022,[update]Haaretz has the third-largestcirculation in Israel.[7] It is widely read by international observers, especially in its English edition, and discussed in the international press.[8] According to theCenter for Research Libraries, among Israel's daily newspapers, "Haaretz is considered the most influential and respected for both its news coverage and its commentary."[9]
History and ownership
Haaretz was first published in 1918 as a newspaper sponsored by the British military government inPalestine.[10] In 1919, it was taken over by a group ofsocialist-oriented Zionists, mainly fromRussia.[11][12] The newspaper was established on 18 June 1919 by a group of businessmen including the philanthropistIsaac Leib Goldberg,[13] initially calledHadashot Ha'aretz ("News of the Land"). Later, the name was shortened toHaaretz.[14] The literary section of the paper attracted leading Hebrew writers of the time.[15]
The newspaper was initially published inJerusalem. From 1919 to 1922, the paper was headed by a succession of editors, among themLeib Yaffe. It was closed briefly due to a budgetary shortfall and reopened in Tel Aviv at the beginning of 1923 under the editorship of Moshe Glickson, who held the post for 15 years.[12] The Tel Aviv municipality granted the paper financial support by paying in advance for future advertisements.[16]
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s,Haaretz's liberal viewpoint was to some degree associated with theGeneral Zionist "A" faction,[17] which later helped form theProgressive Party,[18] though it was nonpartisan and careful not to espouse any specific party line.[19][20] It was considered the most sophisticated of theYishuv's dailies.[17]
Salman Schocken, a Jewish businessman who left Germany in 1934 after theNazis had come to power, bought the paper in December 1935. Schocken was active inBrit Shalom, also known as the Jewish–Palestinian Peace Alliance, a body supporting co-existence between Jews and Arabs which was sympathetic to a homeland for both peoples. His son,Gershom Schocken, became the chief editor in 1939 and held that position until his death in 1990.[21]
The Schocken family were the sole owners of the Haaretz Group until August 2006, when they sold a 25% stake to German publisherM. DuMont Schauberg.[22] The deal was negotiated with the help of the former Israeli ambassador to Germany,Avi Primor.[23] This deal was seen as controversial in Israel as DuMont Schauberg's father,Kurt Neven DuMont, was member of theNazi Party and his publishing house promoted Nazi ideology.[24]
On 12 June 2011, it was announced that Russian-Israeli businessmanLeonid Nevzlin had purchased a 20% stake in the Haaretz Group, buying 15% from the family and 5% from M. DuMont Schauberg.[25] In December 2019, members of the Schocken family bought all of the Haaretz stock belonging to M. DuMont Schauberg.[1] The deal saw the Schocken family reach 75% ownership, with the remaining 25% owned by Leonid Nevzlin.[1]
In October 2012, a union strike mobilized to protest planned layoffs by theHaaretz management, causing a one-day interruption ofHaaretz and itsTheMarker business supplement. According toIsrael Radio, it was the first time since 1965 that a newspaper did not go to press on account of a strike.[26][27]
On 24 November 2024, the Israeli government ordered a boycott ofHaaretz by government officials and anyone working for a government-funded body, and banned government advertising with the newspaper.[28] According toThe Guardian,Haaretz "had published a series of investigations of wrongdoing or abuses by senior officials and thearmed forces, and has long been in the crosshairs of thecurrent government."[29]
Management
The newspaper's editorial policy was defined byGershom Schocken, who was editor-in-chief from 1939 to 1990. Schocken was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Hanoch Marmari. In 2004David Landau replaced Marmari and was succeeded byDov Alfon in 2008.[30] The current editor-in-chief of the newspaper isAluf Benn, who replaced Alfon in August 2011.[2] Charlotte Halle became editor of the English print edition in February 2008.
Walter Gross was a member of the governing editorial board and a columnist with the paper from 1951 to 1995.[31]
Editorial policy and viewpoints
Haaretz describes itself as having "a broadly liberal outlook both on domestic issues and on international affairs",[32] and has been summarized as being "liberal on security, civil rights and economy, supportive of the Supreme Court, very critical of Netanyahu's government".[33] Others describe it alternatively asliberal,[34][35][36]centre-left,[37]left-wing,[38][39][40] and the country's only major left-leaning newspaper.[41] The paper opposes retaining Israeli control over thePalestinian territories and consistently supports peace initiatives.[42] TheHaaretz editorial line is supportive of weaker elements in Israeli society, such as sex workers, foreign laborers,Israeli Arabs,Ethiopian immigrants, andRussian immigrants.[11]
In 2006, theBBC said thatHaaretz takes a moderate stance on foreign policy and security.[43]David Remnick inThe New Yorker describedHaaretz as "easily the most liberal newspaper in Israel", its ideology as left-wing and its temper as "insistently oppositional".[30] According toIra Sharkansky,Haaretz'sop-ed pages are open to a variety of opinions.[44]J. J. Goldberg, the editor of the AmericanThe Jewish Daily Forward, describesHaaretz as "Israel's most vehemently anti-settlement daily paper".[45] Stephen Glain ofThe Nation describedHaaretz as "Israel's liberal beacon", citing its editorials voicing opposition to the occupation, the discriminatory treatment of Arab citizens, and the mindset that led to theSecond Lebanon War.[46] A 2003 study inThe International Journal of Press/Politics concluded thatHaaretz's reporting of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict was more favorable to Israelis than to Palestinians but less so than that ofThe New York Times.[47] In 2016,Jeffrey Goldberg, the editor-in-chief ofThe Atlantic, wrote: "I like a lot of the people atHaaretz, and many of its positions, but the cartoonish anti-Israelism and anti-Semitism can be grating."[48][49]
Formatting, circulation, and reputation
Front page of the Hebrew and English editions
Circulation
In 2022, a TGI survey found thatHaaretz was the newspaper with the third largestreadership in Israel, with an exposure rate of 4.7%, belowIsrael Hayom's rate of 31% andYedioth Ahronoth's 23.9%.[7]
Formatting and image
Haaretz uses smaller headlines and print than other mass circulationpapers in Israel. Less space is devoted to pictures, and more topolitical analysis. Opinion columns are generally written by regular commentators rather than guest writers.[11] Its editorial pages are considered influential among government leaders.[50] Apart from the news,Haaretz publishes feature articles on social and environmental issues, as well as book reviews, investigative reporting, and political commentary. In 2008, the newspaper itself reported a paid subscribership of 65,000, daily sales of 72,000 copies, and 100,000 on weekends.[3] The English edition has a subscriber base of 15,000.[46]
Readership and reception
Despite its historically relatively low circulation in Israel,Haaretz has for many years been described as Israel's most influential daily newspaper.[51][52][53] In 2006, it exposed a scandal regarding professional and ethical standards at Israeli hospitals.[54] Its readership includes members of Israel's intelligentsia and members of its political and economic elites.[55][56] In 1999, surveys showed thatHaaretz readership had above-average education, income, and wealth, and that most wereAshkenazi Jews.[46][57] Some have said thatHaaretz functions in Israel much asThe New York Times does in the United States, as anewspaper of record.[58][59] In 2007,Shmuel Rosner,Haaretz's former U.S. correspondent, toldThe Nation, "people who read it are better educated and more sophisticated than most, but the rest of the country doesn't know it exists."[46] According to Hanoch Marmari, a formerHaaretz editor, the newspaper has lost its political influence in Israel because it became "detached" from the country's political life.[60]
On 31 October 2024,Haaretz's publisherAmos Schocken made remarks during a speech at aHaaretz conference in London, criticising theNetanyahu government for allegedly imposing anapartheid regime on the Palestinian population and referring to "Palestinian freedom fighters that Israel calls terrorists." In response, the Israeliinterior,education,diaspora ministries severed ties withHaaretz while theCommunications MinisterShlomo Karhi advocated a boycott of the newspaper covering all government bodies and employees.[66][67] Schocken distanced himself from parts of comments the next day, saying that "the use of terrorism is not legitimate". By 4 November, the newspaper had received hundreds of cancellation and subscription termination requests, and a decline in advertising revenue. Several ministries had requested to cancel their subscriptions, with theIsraeli foreign ministry cancelling 90 subscriptions.[68]
Internet editions
Haaretz operates both Hebrew and English language websites. The two sites offer up-to-the-minute breaking news, live Q&A sessions with newsmakers from Israel, the Palestinian territories and elsewhere, and blogs covering a range of political standpoints and opinions. The two sites fall under the supervision of Lior Kodner, the head ofdigital media for the Haaretz Group. Individually, Simon Spungin is the editor of Haaretz.com (English) and Avi Scharf is the editor of Haaretz.co.il (Hebrew).[69][70]
Offices
FormerHaaretz building (1932–1973), of which only part of the facade has been preserved
TheHaaretz building is on Schocken Street in southTel Aviv.[30]
The formerHaaretz building of 1932–1973 was designed by architectJoseph Berlin. It was demolished in the early 1990s, with only part of the facade preserved and integrated into the new building at 56, Maza Street.
^Dan Caspi & Yehiel Limor (1999).The In/outsiders: The Media in Israel. Hampton Press. p. 79.Haaretz was closely aligned with the General Zionists A faction (which became the Progressive Party in 1948), a liberal stream in the Zionist Movement. The newspaper consistently maintained a liberal-centrist and anti-socialist orientation in social and economic affairs and generally adopted a dovish and firm anti-nationalistic line in political and security matters.
^Peri, Yoram (2004).Telepopulism: Media and Politics in Israel. Stanford University Press. p. 75.ISBN9780804750028.Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved1 April 2020.Similarly, Haaretz, although independent, had a distinctly liberal (though nonpartisan) character. It is not surprising that its editor, Gershom Schocken, was a representative of the Progressive Party in the third Knesset in the years 1955–59.
^Palestine Affairs. Vol. 2. American Zionist Emergency Council. 1947.Haaretz has always been the mouthpiece of the liberal wing of the General Zionists, and through the years it has gained a reputation for independence and high literary standards.
^Amos Schocken (18 September 2002)."A newspaper's mission".Haaretz.Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved5 October 2014.
^Matt Viser (September 2003). "Attempted Objectivity: An Analysis of the New York Times and Ha'aretz and their Portrayals of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict".The International Journal of Press/Politics.8 (4):114–120.doi:10.1177/1081180X03256999.S2CID145209853.
^Slater, Jerome (Fall 2007). "Muting the Alarm over the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: 'The New York Times' versus 'Haaretz', 2000–06".International Security.32 (2):84–120.doi:10.1162/isec.2007.32.2.84.JSTOR30133876.S2CID57569122.There is a widespread consensus in Israel and elsewhere thatHaaretz is Israel's best and most prestigious newspaper—in effect, the Israeli equivalent of theNew York Times.(subscription required)
^Orna Coussin (21 September 2007)."A compelling lesson".Haaretz.Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved5 October 2014. Review ofArie Caspi.Hazakim al halashim (Strong Over the Weak). Xargol/Am Oved.
^"News in Brief".Haaretz. 5 October 2007.Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved5 October 2014.
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