As king, Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although theConstitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, in practice Haakon confined himself to a representative and ceremonial role while rarely interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. Norway wasinvaded by Nazi Germany in April 1940. Haakon rejected German demands to legitimise theQuisling regime's puppet government, vowing to abdicate rather than do so. He refused to abdicate after going into exile in Great Britain. As such, he played a pivotal role in uniting the Norwegian nationin its resistance to the invasion and the subsequent five-year-longoccupation during theSecond World War. He returned to Norway in June 1945 after the defeat of Germany.
Haakon became King ofNorway when his grandfatherChristian IX was still reigning inDenmark, and before his father and elder brother became kings of Denmark. During his reign he saw his father Frederick VIII, his elder brotherChristian X, and his nephewFrederik IX ascend the throne of Denmark in 1906, 1912, and 1947 respectively. Haakon died at the age of 85 in September 1957, after having reigned for nearly 52 years. He was succeeded by his only child and son, who ascended to the throne asOlav V.[2]
Prince Carl was born on 3 August 1872 at his parents' country residence,Charlottenlund Palace north ofCopenhagen, during the reign of his paternal grandfather,King Christian IX.[3] He was the second son ofCrown Prince Frederik of Denmark (the future King Frederick VIII), and his wifeLouise of Sweden.[4] His father was the eldest son ofKing Christian IX andLouise of Hesse-Kassel, and his mother was the only daughter of KingCharles XV of Sweden (who was also king of Norway as Charles IV), andLouise of the Netherlands.[5] At birth, he was third in thesuccession to the Danish throne after his father and older brother, but without any real prospect of inheriting the throne. The young prince was baptised at Charlottenlund Palace on 7 September 1872 by theBishop of Zealand,Hans Lassen Martensen. He was baptised with the namesChristian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel, and was known as Prince Carl (namesake of his maternal grandfather the King of Sweden-Norway, who died only 11 days after his baptism).[4]
Carl belonged to theSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (often shortened to Glücksburg) branch of theHouse of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been theDanish royal family since 1448; between 1536 and 1814 it also ruled Norway, which was then part of the Kingdom ofDenmark-Norway. The house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glücksburg (Lyksborg) branch held their small fief. The family had links with Norway beginning from the 15th century. Several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of Norway in union with Denmark and at times Sweden. They includedChristian I,Frederick I,Christian III,Frederick II,Christian IV, andFrederick III. Frederick III integrated Norway into the Oldenburg state with Denmark,Schleswig andHolstein. His subsequent paternal ancestors had been dukes inSchleswig-Holstein.Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, the first king of the Norwegian 1814 constitution and struggle for independence, was his great-granduncle.
Carl was raised with his siblings in the royal household in Copenhagen, and grew up between his parents' residence inCopenhagen, theFrederick VIII's Palace, an 18th-centurypalace which forms part of theAmalienborg Palace complex in centralCopenhagen, and their country residence,Charlottenlund Palace, located by the coastline of theØresundstrait north of the city. In contrast to the usual practice of the period, where royal children were brought up bygovernesses, the children were raised by Crown Princess Louise herself. Under the supervision of their mother, the children received a rather strict Christian-dominated upbringing, which was characterized by severity, the fulfillment of duties, care and order.[6]
As a younger son of the Crown Prince, there was little expectation that Carl would become king. He was third in line to the throne after his father and elder brother,Prince Christian, and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother. Carl was less than two years younger than Christian, and the two princes were educated together at home by privatetutors and had a jointconfirmation atChristiansborg Palace Chapel in 1887.
After his confirmation, as was customary for princes at that time, Carl was expected to start a military education.[dubious –discuss] It was decided that he, in accordance with his own wishes, should enter theRoyal Danish Navy. He was educated at theRoyal Danish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1893, graduating as a second lieutenant. He subsequently remained in service with the Royal Danish Navy until his appointment as Norwegian king in 1905. In 1894 he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and in 1905 to the rank ofadmiral.[5] During his naval career, he took part in several naval expeditions, including one in 1904–1905 with theprotected cruiserHDMS Heimdal to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.[3]
Wedding of Princess Maud and Prince Carl at Buckingham Palace
On 28 October 1895, at the age of 23, Carl was engaged to his first cousinPrincess Maud of Wales. Princess Maud was the youngest daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later KingEdward VII andQueen Alexandra of the United Kingdom). The Princess of Wales was Carl's aunt, being the eldest daughter of King Christian IX andQueen Louise. The wedding was celebrated on 22 July 1896,[7] in the Private Chapel ofBuckingham Palace, and was attended by the bride's grandmother, the 77-year-oldQueen Victoria.
After the wedding, the couple settled inCopenhagen, where Carl continued his career as a naval officer. They took up residence in theBernstorff Mansion, an 18th-centuryRococo styletownhouse owned by Carl's uncle KingGeorge I of Greece, situated inBredgade immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex. Furthermore, the bride's father gave them Appleton House on theSandringham Estate as a country residence for his daughter's frequent visits to England.[8] It was there that the couple's only child,Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav (and eventually KingOlav V of Norway), was born on 2 July 1903.[7]
Following several years of disagreements on various topics, theUnion between Sweden and Norway which had existed since 1814 wasdissolved in 1905. The union was unilaterally dissolved by theStorting (Norwegian parliament) on 7 June, and the dissolution was later confirmed by the Norwegian people in the1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum held on 13 August. After weeks of negotiations, the dissolution of the union was then recognized by Sweden on 23 September in theTreaty of Karlstad, mediated by thegreat powers of Europe. Its provisions included the full recognition of Norway'ssovereignty and theabdication of the Swedish KingOscar II from the Norwegian throne. One month later, the union was formally dissolved as King Oscar II on 26 October signed the documents recognizing Norway as an independent state, and abdicated as Norwegian king on the same day.
Subsequently, a committee of the Norwegian government identified several princes of European royal houses as candidates for the vacant Norwegian crown. Although Norway had legally had the status of an independent state since 1814, it had not had its own king since 1387. Gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. He also had a son, providing an heir-apparent to the throne, and the fact that his wife, Princess Maud, was a member of the British royal family was viewed by many as an advantage to the newly independent Norwegian nation.[9]
The democratically minded Prince Carl, aware that Norway was still debating whether to remain a kingdom or to switch instead to a republican system of government, was flattered by the Norwegian government's overtures, but he made his acceptance of the offer conditional on the holding of a referendum to show whether monarchy was the choice of the Norwegian people. After thereferendum overwhelmingly confirmed by a 79 percent majority (259,563 votes for and 69,264 against) that Norwegians desired to remain a monarchy,[10] Prince Carl was formally offered the throne of Norway by theStorting (parliament) and was elected on 18 November 1905. When Carl accepted the offer that same evening (after the approval of his grandfatherChristian IX of Denmark), he immediately endeared himself to his adopted country by taking theOld Norse name ofHaakon, a name which had not been used by kings of Norway for over 500 years.[11] In so doing, he succeeded his maternal great-uncle,Oscar II of Sweden, who had abdicated the Norwegian throne in October.
A delegation from theNorwegian Parliament is received on 20 November 1905 at Amalienborg by King Christian IX of Denmark, who gives his consent to the election of his grandson Prince Carl as King of Norway. Painting byPaul Fischer.
Two days later, on the morning of 20 November, a large crowd gathered outside King Haakon and Queen Maud's residence in Bernstorff's Palace in Copenhagen. The attendees greeted the royal couple as they appeared in the window and started singing the patriotic songJa, vi elsker dette landet. Later the same day, King Christian IX of Denmark received a delegation from the Storting in an audience inChristian VII's Palace atAmalienborg. The delegation conveyed the message that the king's grandson had been elected King of Norway, while Christian IX expressed his consent to the election of Prince Carl. The head of the delegation, thePresident of the StortingCarl Berner, conveyed a greeting and congratulations from the Norwegian people, and expressed the people's wishes for a happy cooperation. The king replied:
Mr. President of the Storthing, gentlemen: The first greeting from the Representatives of the Norwegian People, who in their unanimous Storthing decision on 18 November has elected me their King, has touched me very deeply. The people have thereby shown me a confidence which I know how to appreciate, and which I hope will still grow stronger as it gets to know my wife and me. As it will be known to you, gentlemen, it was at my request that the newly concluded referendum took place. I wanted to be sure that it was a people and not a party that wanted me to be king, as my task above all should be to unite, not divide. My life I will devote to the good of Norway, and it is the fervent wish of my wife and I that the people who have chosen us will unite to cooperate and strive towards this great goal, and with full confidence I can then take as my motto: ALL FOR NORWAY![12]
Just three days later, on 23 November, the new Norwegian royal family left Copenhagen for Norway on board the Danishroyal yacht, thepaddle steamerDannebrog. After crossing theKattegat and theSkagerrak, the Dannebrog entered theOslofjord, where atOscarsborg Fortress nearDrøbak, the family boarded the Norwegian naval shipHeimdal. TheHeimdal then sailed the king the last part of the stretch from Drøbak, and after a two-day journey, the family arrived toKristiania (now Oslo) early on the morning of 25 November 1905.
For almost 600 years, the Norwegian people have not had their own king. Never has he been completely our own. Always have we had to share him with others. Never has he had his home with us. But where the home is, there will also be the fatherland. Today it is different. Today, Norway's young king comes to build his future home in Norway's capital. Named by a free people as a free man to lead his country, he will be completely our own. Once again, the Norwegians' king will be the strong, unifying mark for all national deeds in the new, independent Norway ...[13]
Two days later, on 27 November, Haakon VII took his constitutional oath before parliament as Norway's first independent king in 518 years. However, Norway counts 18 November, the day of his election, as the formal beginning of his reign.
Coronation portrait of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, 22 June 1906
On 22 June 1906, King Haakon and Queen Maud were solemnlycrowned and anointed in theNidaros Cathedral inTrondheim by the Bishop of TrondheimVilhelm Andreas Wexelsen.[7] The coronation was in keeping with the constitutional mandate, but many Norwegian statesmen had come to regard coronation rites as "undemocratic and archaic". The coronation clause was deleted fromNorway's constitution in 1908, and although coronations are not expressly banned under current Norwegian legislation, this became the most recent coronation of a Norwegian monarch. In the period before and after the coronation, the King and Queen made an extensive coronation journey through Norway.
The King and Queen moved into theRoyal Palace inOslo. Haakon became the first monarch to use the palace permanently and the palace was therefore refurbished for two years before he, Queen Maud and Crown Prince Olav could move in. While the Royal Palace was being refurbished, the King and Queen Maud lived their first year in Norway at theBygdøy Royal Estate in Oslo which they continued to use frequently as a summer residence.[14] After the coronation, King Haakon and Queen Maud also received the estateKongesæteren atHolmenkollen in Oslo as a gift from the Norwegian people.[14]
King Haakon VII,Crown Prince Olav and Queen Maud, on 17 July 1913 in Norway
King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. He travelled extensively through Norway. As king, Haakon endeavored to redefine the role of the monarchy inegalitarian Norway and to find a balance between the informal Norwegian way of life and the monarchy's need for formal representation. Although theConstitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, in practice nearly all major governmental decisions were made by the Government (theCouncil of State) in his name. Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him considerablemoral authority as a symbol of the country's unity.
At the outbreak of theFirst World War in 1914, the Norwegian government advocated that Norway pursue apolicy of neutrality. The King supported the policy of neutrality by participating in the so-called meeting of the Three Kings held on 18 December 1914 inMalmö inSweden. There, the three Scandinavian monarchs King Haakon, King Christian X of Denmark (Haakon's brother) and KingGustav V of Sweden (Haakon's mother's cousin) met along with their foreign ministers to discuss and emphasize the neutrality of the Nordic countries, and in a joint declaration, confirmed the three states' strict neutrality during the war.[15][16] The meeting in 1914 was followed by another three-kings meeting in Kristiania in November 1917.
In1927, theLabour Party became the largest party in parliament and early the following year Norway's first Labour Party government rose to power. The Labour Party was considered to be "revolutionary" by many and the deputy prime minister at the time advised against appointingChristopher Hornsrud as Prime Minister. Haakon, however, refused to abandon parliamentary convention and asked Hornsrud to form a new government. In response to some of his detractors he stated, "I am also the King of the Communists" (Norwegian:"Jeg er også kommunistenes konge").[17]
The bride and groom behind their parents at the wedding in 1929.
On 21 March 1929, Crown Prince Olav married his first cousinPrincess Märtha of Sweden at theOslo Cathedral. Princess Märtha was the daughter of Haakon's sisterPrincess Ingeborg andPrince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. It was the firstroyal wedding in Norway after the dissolution of the union, and the alliance was met with great enthusiasm, also in Sweden, and it was seen as a sign that all the disharmony after the events of 1905 had now passed. Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha were to have three children:Ragnhild (1930–2012),Astrid (born 1932) andHarald (born 1937), who was to become king in 1991.
During theEastern Greenland Case, a territorial dispute between Norway and Denmark about the sovereignty overEastern Greenland, a very tense atmosphere prevailed. On 5 April 1933, Norway lost the arbitration case which had been submitted to thePermanent Court of International Justice inThe Hague. The next day,Aftenposten quoted across the front page the telegram King Haakon had sent to his brother King Christian X:
Have received the wording of the sentence and congratulate Denmark on the result.[18]
Queen Maud died unexpectedly while visiting the United Kingdom on 20 November 1938.[19] In 1939, King Haakon toured southeast Montana and parts of the proposedsecessionist state ofAbsaroka, with supporters of the secession movement claiming this event as formal recognition of their state.[20]
Norway was invaded by the naval and air forces ofNazi Germany during the early hours of 9 April 1940. The German naval detachment sent to captureOslo wasopposed by Oscarsborg Fortress. The fortress fired at the invaders, sinking theheavy cruiserBlücher and damaging the heavy cruiserLützow, with heavy German losses that included many soldiers,Gestapo agents, and administrative personnel who were to have occupied the Norwegian capital. This led to the withdrawal of the rest of the German flotilla, preventing the invaders' planned dawn occupation of Oslo. The Germans' delay in occupying Oslo, along with swift action by thepresident of the Storting,C. J. Hambro, created the opportunity for theroyal family, the cabinet, and most of the 150 members of the Storting (parliament) to make a hasty departure from the capital by special train.
The Storting first convened atHamar the same afternoon, but with the rapid advance of German troops, the group moved on toElverum. The assembled Storting unanimously enacted a resolution, the so-calledElverum Authorization, granting the cabinet full powers to protect the country until such time as the Storting could meet again.
The next day,Curt Bräuer, the German Ambassador to Norway, demanded a meeting with Haakon. The German diplomat called on Haakon to acceptAdolf Hitler's demands to end all resistance and appointVidkun Quisling as prime minister. Quisling, the leader of Norway's fascist party, theNasjonal Samling, had declared himself prime minister hours earlier in Oslo as head of what would be a Germanpuppet government; had Haakon formally appointed him, it would effectively have given legal sanction to the invasion.[21] Bräuer suggested that Haakon follow the example of the Danish government and his brother,Christian X, which had surrendered almost immediately after the previous day's invasion, and threatened Norway with harsh reprisals if it did not surrender. Haakon told Bräuer that he could not make the decision himself, but could only act on the advice of the Government.[citation needed]
In a meeting inNybergsund, the King reported the German ultimatum to the cabinet sitting as a council of state. Haakon told the cabinet:
I am deeply affected by the responsibility laid on me if the German demand is rejected. The responsibility for the calamities that will befall people and country is indeed so grave that I dread to take it. It rests with the government to decide, but my position is clear.
For my part I cannot accept the German demands. It would conflict with all that I have considered to be my duty as King of Norway since I came to this country nearly thirty-five years ago.[22]
Haakon went on to say that he could not appoint Quisling as prime minister, since he knew neither the people nor the Storting had confidence in him. However, if the cabinet felt otherwise, the King said he would abdicate so as not to stand in the way of the Government's decision.
Nils Hjelmtveit, Minister of Church and Education, later wrote:
This made a great impression on us all. More clearly than ever before, we could see the man behind the words; the king who had drawn a line for himself and his task, a line from which he could not deviate. We had through the five years [in government] learned to respect and appreciate our king, and now, through his words, he came to us as a great man, just and forceful; a leader in these fatal times to our country.[23]
Inspired by Haakon's stand, the government unanimously advised him not to appoint any government headed by Quisling.[24] Within hours, it telephoned its refusal to Bräuer. That night,NRK broadcast the government's rejection of the German demands to the Norwegian people. In that same broadcast, the government announced that it would resist the German invasion as long as possible, and expressed their confidence that Norwegians would lend their support to the cause.[citation needed]
After Norway was eventually conquered, Quisling "transformed [the country] into a one-party fascist state and recruited 6,000 Norwegians to fight alongside the Germans on the Russian front".[25] A very small percentage of the population supported Quisling and many joined theNorwegian resistance movement. After the war, Quisling was convicted of treason and executed.[25]
King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav seeking shelter on the outskirts of Molde during a German bombing raid on the city in April 1940.
The following morning, 11 April 1940, in an attempt to wipe out Norway's unyielding king and government,Luftwaffe bombers attackedNybergsund, destroying the small town where the Government was staying. Neutral Sweden was only 26 kilometres (16 mi) away, but the Swedish government decided it would "detain and incarcerate" King Haakon if he crossed their border (which Haakon never forgave).[26] The Norwegian king and his ministers took refuge in the snow-covered woods and escaped harm, continuing farther north through the mountains towardMolde on Norway's west coast. As the British forces in the area lost ground under Luftwaffe bombardment, the King and his party were taken aboard the British cruiserHMSGlasgow at Molde and conveyed a further 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north toTromsø, where a provisional capital was established on 1 May. Haakon and Crown Prince Olav took up residence in a forest cabin inMålselvdalen valley in innerTroms County, where they would stay until evacuation to the United Kingdom.
The Allies had a fairly secure hold over northern Norway until late May. The situation was dramatically altered, however, by their deteriorating situation in theBattle of France. With the Germans rapidly overrunning France, the Allied high command decided that the forces in northern Norway should be withdrawn. The royal family and Norwegian government were evacuated from Tromsø on 7 June aboardHMSDevonshire with a total of 461 passengers. This evacuation became extremely costly for the Royal Navy when the German warshipsScharnhorst andGneisenau attacked and sank the nearby aircraft carrierHMSGlorious with its escorting destroyersHMSAcasta andHMSArdent.Devonshire did not rebroadcast the enemy sighting report made byGlorious as it could not disclose its position by breaking radio silence. No other British ship received the sighting report, and 1,519 British officers and men and three warships were lost.Devonshire arrived safely in London and King Haakon and his Cabinet set up a Norwegiangovernment in exile in the British capital.[27][28]
The King's official residence was the NorwegianLegation at 10Palace Green,Kensington, which became the seat of the Norwegian government in exile. Here Haakon attended weekly Cabinet meetings and worked on the speeches which were regularly broadcast by radio to Norway by theBBC World Service. These broadcasts helped to cement Haakon's position as an important national symbol to theNorwegian resistance.[30] Many broadcasts were made fromSaint Olav's Norwegian Church inRotherhithe, where the royal family were regular worshippers.[31]
Meanwhile, Hitler had appointedJosef Terboven asReichskommissar for Norway. On Hitler's orders, Terboven attempted to coerce theStorting to depose the King; the Storting declined, citing constitutional principles. A subsequent ultimatum was made by the Germans, threatening to intern all Norwegians of military age in German concentration camps.[32] With this threat looming, the Storting's representatives in Oslo wrote to their monarch on 27 June, asking him to abdicate. The King declined, politely replying that the Storting was acting under duress. The King gave his answer on 3 July, and proclaimed it on BBC radio on 8 July.[33]
After one further German attempt in September to force the Storting to depose Haakon failed, Terboven finally decreed that the royal family had "forfeited their right to return" and dissolved the democratic political parties.[34]
The King's monogram became a symbol ofresistance during the Second World War
During Norway's five years under German control, many Norwegians surreptitiously wore clothing or jewellery made from coins bearing Haakon's"H7" monogram as symbols of resistance to theGerman occupation and of solidarity with their exiled King and Government, just as many people in Denmark worehis brother's monogram on a pin. The King's monogram was also painted and otherwise reproduced on various surfaces as a show of resistance to the occupation.[35]
The royal family of Norway waving to the welcoming crowds fromHMS Norfolk atOslo, June 1945.
Nazi Germany controlled Norway until thecapitulation of German forces in Europe on 8 May 1945. After the end of the war, Crown Prince Olav and five government ministers returned to a liberated Norway on 13 May 1945.[36] Haakon and the rest of the Norwegian royal family returned to Norway aboard the cruiserHMS Norfolk, arriving with the First Cruiser Squadron to cheering crowds in Oslo on7 June 1945,[37] exactly five years after they had been evacuated fromTromsø.[38]
After his return, Haakon did not continue the political role that he had played during the war, and limited himself to his constitutional duties as head of state. In the late summer of 1945 he went on an extensive tour of Norway to examine the war damage and to give consolation to the population. Because of his role during the war and his personal integrity, Haakon VII was considered the highest moral authority in the country and enjoyed great esteem in all classes of the population.
In 1947, the Norwegian people, by public subscription, purchased the royal yachtNorge for the King.[39]
In 1952, he attended the funeral of his wife's nephew KingGeorge VI and openly wept.
King Haakon VII fell in his bathroom at theBygdøy Royal Estate (Bygdøy kongsgård) in July 1955. This fall, which occurred just a month before his eighty-third birthday, resulted in a fracture to thethighbone and, although there were few other complications resulting from the fall, the King was left using a wheelchair. The once-active King was said to have been depressed by his resulting helplessness and began to lose his customary involvement and interest in current events. With Haakon's loss of mobility, and as his health deteriorated further in the summer of 1957, Crown Prince Olav appeared on behalf of his father on ceremonial occasions and took a more active role in state affairs.[42]
The Norwegian Post Office issued three sets of commemorative postage stamps to honour their King:
1952 – Two stamps issued 2 August to celebrate the King's 80th birthday.1955 – Two stamps issued 25 November to celebrate the King's 50 years on the throne.1957 – Two stamps issued 3 August to celebrate the King's 85th birthday.
An additional set was issued in 1972 to commemorate the late King's 100th anniversary of his birth.[43]
Haakon died at theRoyal Palace in Oslo on 21 September 1957. He was 85 years old. At his death, Olav succeeded him asOlav V. Haakon was buried on 1 October 1957 alongside his wife in the white sarcophagus in theRoyal Mausoleum atAkershus Fortress. He was the last surviving son of KingFrederick VIII of Denmark.
Haakon VII is regarded by many as one of the greatest Norwegian leaders of the pre-war period, managing to hold his young and fragile country together in unstable political conditions. He was ranked highly in theNorwegian of the Century poll in 2005.[44]
TwoRoyal Norwegian Navy ships—King Haakon VII, an escort ship in commission from 1942 to 1951, andHaakon VII, a training ship in commission from 1958 to 1974—have been named after King Haakon VII.[47]
^abEngelstoft, Povl (1935)."Haakon VII"(PDF). In Engelstoft, Povl; Dahl, Svend (eds.).Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). Vol. 8 (2. ed.). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz Forlag. p. 241.Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved21 April 2023.
^Berg, Roald (1995).Norge på egen hånd 1905–1920 (Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, volume 2) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 309.ISBN8200223949.
^"Jubilee".Time. 8 December 1930. p. 1. Archived fromthe original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved17 December 2008.
^Griberg, Sara (12 November 2014)."Trekongemødet i Malmø".altomhistorie.dk (in Danish).Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved2 April 2017.
^Wiberg, Jacob (2008)."Trekungamötet i Malmö 1914".Populär Historia (in Swedish) (12).Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved21 April 2023.
^Pedersen, Nate."The State of Absaroka".southdakotamagazine.com.Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved6 November 2022.
^"Breivik, Quisling and the Norwegian spirit".CBC.Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved13 April 2021.When the Germans demanded that the Norwegian king, Haakon VII, surrender and appoint Quisling as head of a puppet government, the king refused, even after the Nazis threatened to send all Norwegian men of military age to concentration camps.
^The account and quotation were recorded by one of the cabinet members and were recounted in William L. Shirer'sThe Challenge of Scandinavia.[page needed]
^ab"Breivik, Quisling and the Norwegian spirit".CBC.Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved13 April 2021.But Quisling supporters were only a tiny minority: two per cent of the population. Norwegians showed their opposition to the occupiers in many ways. active resistance continued with widespread sabotage.
^"Krigsårene 1940–1945".Royal House of Norway (in Norwegian). 31 January 2009.Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved17 September 2009.
^Marineministeriets foranstaltning (1912)."Haandbog for Søværnet for 1912"(PDF) (in Danish). Copenhagen: H.H. Thieles Bogtrykkeri. p. 9.Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved30 April 2019.
^Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1953) [1st pub.:1801].Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1953 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1953](PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 16, 18.Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved16 September 2019 – viada:DIS Danmark.
^"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",Almanach Royale Belgique (in French), Bruxelles, 1907, p. 86 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Icelandese Presidency WebsiteArchived 17 February 2015 at theWayback Machine , Hakon VII ; konungur ; Noregur ; 25 May 1955 ; Stórkross með keðju (= Haakon VII , King , Norway, 25 May 1955, Grand Cross with Collar)
Bramsen, Bo (1992).Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt [The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants] (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum.ISBN87-553-1843-6.
1 Also prince of Norway 2 Also prince of Greece 3 Also prince of Iceland 4 Also prince of the United Kingdom 5 Not Danish prince by birth, but created prince of Denmark Princes that lost their title are shown in italics
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