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Ha language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Language spoken in Tanzania

For the language of Hainan Island, China, seeHlai languages.

For theISO 639-1 code "ha", seeHausa language.

Ha
Igiha
Native to	Tanzania
Ethnicity	Abaha
Native speakers	990,000 (2001)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Northeast Bantu Great Lakes Bantu Rwanda-Rundi Ha
Writing system	Latin (proposed)^[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`haq`
Glottolog	`haaa1252`
Guthrie code	`JD.66`^[3]

Ha, also known with the Bantu language prefix asGiha, Igiha, orKiha, is aBantu language spoken by theHa people of theKigoma Region ofTanzania, spoken on the eastern side ofLake Tanganyika up to the headwaters of the Mikonga. It is closely related to the languages ofRwanda andBurundi; neighboring dialects are reported to bemutually intelligible withKirundi.^[4]

Phonology

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Consonants

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		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n	ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p		t		k
Plosive	voiced	b		d	ɟ	ɡ
Affricate			p͡f	t͡s	t͡ʃ
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ʃ		h
Fricative	voiced	(β)	v	z
Tap				ɾ
Approximant				(l)	j	w

/ɾ/ is heard as[l] among different dialects in free variation.
/b/ can be heard as either[b] or[β] in complementary distribution.^[5]

Vowels

[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
High	iiː		uuː
Mid	eeː		ooː
Low		aaː

References

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^Ha atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Harjula, Lotta (2006),"Designing Orthography for the Ha Language",Africa in the long run, Studia Orientalia, Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, pp. 173–183,ISBN 978-951-9380-67-4, retrieved2025-01-06
^Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.New Updated Guthrie List Online
^Article by Spiridion Shyirambere in:Le Français hors de France sous la direction de A. Valdman, Editions Honoré Champion, 7 quai Mallasquai, Paris, 1979. The "zone of intercomprehension" is also reported to includeKinyaRwanda, Hima andLuganda, and several other local languages.
^Harjula, Lotta (2006).Designing orthography for the Ha language. In Studia Orientalia Electronica, 103: Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Soc. pp. 173–184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

External links

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Bible recordings in Ha Archived 2024-02-24 at theWayback Machine
Brief overview of Ha

Languages of Tanzania

Official languages

Indigenous
languages

Bantu

Northeast
Bantu

Bena–Kinga	Bena Hehe Kinga Kisi Manda Pangwa Sangu Vwanji
Chaga	Central Kilimanjaro Mochi Gweno Rombo Rusa West Kilimanjaro
Great Lakes	Ha Hangaza Ikizu Ikoma Jita Kabwa Kara Kerewe Kuria Kwaya Ngoreme Nyambo Suba-Simbiti Sumbwa Vinza Zanaki Zinza
Kikuyu–Kamba	Sonjo
Northeast Coast	Digo Doe Gogo Kagulu Kami Kutu Kwere Luguru Ngulu Sagara Shambala Vidunda Zaramo
Takama	Holoholo Iramba Isanzu Kimbu Nyamwezi Sukuma Turu

Other Bantu

Isolates/unclassified

Sign languages

7 school sign languages

NarrowBantu languages (Zones C–D) (byGuthrie classification)

Zone C

C10	C11Ngondi C12aPande C12bBogongo C13Mbati C14Mbomotaba C15Bongili C16Lobala [C101Dibole C102Ngando C103Kota C104Yaka C105Mbenga C141Enyele C142Bondongo C143Mbonzo C161Bomboli C162Bozaba
C20	C21Mboko C22Akwa C23[21]Ngare C24Koyo C25Mbosi C26Kwala C27Kuba [C201Bwenyi
C30	C31aLoi C31bNgiri C31cNunu C32Bobangi C33Sengele C34Sakata C35aNtomba C35bBolia C36aPoto C36bMpesa C36cMbudza C36dMangala C36eBoloki C36fKangana C36gNdolo C37Buja [C301Doko C302Bolondo C311Mabaale C312Ndoobo C313Litoka C314Balobo C315Enga C321Binza C322Dzamba C323Mpama C371Tembo C372Kunda C373Gbuta C374Babale
C40	C41Ngombe C42Bwela C43Bati C44Boa C45Angba [C401Pagibete C403Kango C411Bomboma C412Bamwe C413Dzando C414Ligendza C415Likula C441Bango
C50	C51Mbesa C52So C53Poke C54Lombo C55Kele C56Foma [C501Likile C502Linga
C60	C61aNortheast Mongo C61bNorthwest Mongo C62Lalia [C63Ngando C611Bafoto
C70	C71Tetela C72Kusu C73Nkutu C74Yela C75Kela C76Ombo [C701Langa
C80	C81Dengese C82Songomeno C83Busoong C84Lele C85Wongo

Zone D

D10	D11Mbole D12Lengola D13Metoko D14Enya [D141Zura
D20	D21Bali D22Amba D23Komo D24Songola D25Lega D26Zimba D27Bangubangu D28aWest Holoholo D28bEast Holoholo [D201Liko D211Kango D251Lega-Malinga D281Tumbwe D282Lumbwe
D30	D31Peri D32Bira D33Nyali [D301Kari D302Guru D303Ngbinda D304Homa D305Nyanga-li D306Gbati-ri D307Mayeka D308Bodo D311Bila D312Kaiku D313Ibutu D331Bvanuma D332Budu D333Ndaaka D334Mbo D335Beeke D336Ngbee
[J]D40	[J]D41Konzo [J]D42Ndandi [J]D43Nyanga
[J]D50	[J]D51Hunde [J]D52Haavu [J]D53Nyabungu [J]D54Bembe [J]D55Buyi [J]D56Kabwari [JD501Nyindu [J]JD502Yaka [J]JD531Tembo
[J]D60	[J]D61Ruanda [J]D62Rundi [J]D63Fuliiro [J]D64Shubi [J]D65Hangaza [J]D66Ha [J]D67Vinza [JD631Vira

Italics indicateextinct languages.
Languages between parentheses arevarieties of the language on their left.

TheGuthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.

Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates: Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

NarrowBantu languages (Zones J–M) (byGuthrie classification)

Zone J*

[J]D40	[J]D41Konzo [J]D42Ndandi [J]D43Nyanga
[J]D50	[J]D51Hunde [J]D52Haavu [J]D53Nyabungu [J]D54Bembe [J]D55Buyi [J]D56Kabwari [JD501Nyindu [J]JD502Yaka [J]JD531Tembo
[J]D60	[J]D61Ruanda [J]D62Rundi [J]D63Fuliiro [J]D64Subi [J]D65Hangaza [J]D66Ha [J]D67Vinza [JD631Vira
[J]E10	[J]E11Nyoro [J]E12Tooro [J]E13Nyankore [J]E14Ciga [J]E15Ganda [J]E16Soga [J]E17Gwere [J]E18Nyala [JE101Gungu JE102Talinga-Bwisi JE103Ruli JE121Hema
[J]E20	[J]E21Nyambo [J]E22Ziba [J]E23Dzindza [J]E24Kerebe [J]E25Jita [JE221Rashi JE251Kwaya JE252Kara JE253Ruri
[J]E30	[J]E31aGisu [J]E31bKisu [J]E31cBukusu [J]E32aHanga [J]E32bTsotso [J]E33Nyore [J]E34Saamia [J]E35Nyuli [JE341Xaayo JE342Marachi JE343Songa
[J]E40	[J]E41Logooli [J]E42Gusii [J]E43Koria [J]E44Zanaki [J]E45Nata E46Sonjo [JE401Nguruimi JE402Ikizu JE403Suba/Suba-Simbiti JE404Shashi JE405Kabwa JE406Singa JE407Ware JE411Idaxo JE412Isuxa JE413Tiriki JE431Simbiti JE432Hacha JE433Surwa JE434Sweta
[J]F20	[J]F21Sukuma [J]F22Nyamwezi [J]F23Sumbwa [J]F24Kimbu [J]F25Bungu

Zone K

K10	K11Chokwe K12aLuimbi K12bNyemba K13Lucazi K14Lwena K15Mbunda K16Nyengo K17Mbwela K18Nkangala
K20	K21Lozi
K30	K31Luyana K32Mbowe K33Kwangali K34Mashi K35Simaa K36Sanjo K37Kwangwa [K321Mbume K322Liyuwa K332Manyo K333Mbukushu K334Mbogedu K351Mulonga K352Mwenyi K353Koma K354Imilangu K371Kwandi
K40	K41Totela K42Subiya [K402Fwe K411Totela of Namibia

Zone L

L10	L11Pende L12Samba &Holu L13Kwese [L101Sonde
L20	L21Kete L22Binji Mbagani L23Songe L24Luna [L201Budya L202Yazi L221Lwalwa L231Binji
L30	L31aLuba-Kasai L31bLulua L32Kanyoka L33Luba-Katanga L34Hemba L35Sanga [L301Kebwe L331Zeela
L40	L41Kaonde
L50	L51Salampasu L52Lunda L53Ruund [L511Luntu
L60	L61Mbwera L62Nkoya [L601Kolwe L602Lushangi L603Shasha

Zone M

M10	M11Pimbwe M12Rungwa M13Fipa M14Rungu M15Mambwe [M131Kuulwe
M20	M21Wanda M22Mwanga M23Nyiha M24Malila M25Safwa M26Iwa M27Tambo [M201Lambya M202Sukwa
M30	M31Nyakyusa [M301Ndali M302Penja
M40	M41Taabwa M42Bemba [M401Bwile M402Aushi
M50	M51Biisa M52Lala M53Swaka M54Lamba M55Seba [M521Ambo M522Luano M541Lima M542Temba
M60	M61Lenje M62Soli M63Ila M64Tonga [M611Lukanga Twa M631Sala M632Lundwe M633Kafue Twa