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ADOS extender is acomputer software program running underDOS that enables software to run in aprotected mode environment even though the host operating system is only capable of operating inreal mode.
DOS extenders were initially developed in the 1980s following the introduction of theIntel 80286 processor (and later expanded upon with theIntel 80386), to cope with the memory limitations ofDOS.
A DOS extender is a program that "extends" DOS so that programs running in protected mode can transparently interface with the underlyingDOS API. This was necessary because many of the functions provided by DOS require 16-bit segment and offset addresses pointing to memory locations within thefirst 640 kilobytes of memory. Protected mode, however, uses an incompatible addressing method where the segment registers (now called selectors) are used to point to an entry in theGlobal Descriptor Table which describes the characteristics of the segment. The two methods of addressing are mutually exclusive, with the processor having to make costly switches to real (orV86) mode to service non-protected mode requests.
In addition to setting up the environment and loading the actual program to be executed, the DOS extender also provides (amongst other things) a translation layer that maintainsbuffers allocated below the 1 MB real mode memory barrier. These buffers are used to transfer data between the underlying real mode operating system and the protected mode program. Since switching between real/V86 mode and protected mode is a relatively time consuming operation, the extender attempts to minimize the number of switches by duplicating the functionality of many real mode operations within its own protected mode environment. As DOS usesinterrupts extensively for communication between the operating system and user level software, DOS extenders intercept many of the common hardware (e.g. thereal-time clock and keyboard controller) and software (e.g. DOS itself and the mouse API) interrupts. Some extenders also handle other common interrupt functions, such as video BIOS routines.
Essentially, a DOS extender is like a miniature operating system, handling much of the functionality of the underlying operating system itself.
The DOS extender was arguably invented byPhar Lap, but it wasTenberry Software's (formerly Rational Systems) 386 extenderDOS/4GW that brought protected mode DOS programs to a mass market. Included withWatcom's C, C++, and Fortran compilers for 386 class processors, it soon became a ubiquitous mainstay of PC applications and games such asid Software's successfulDoom.
While initially it was the memory-hungry business applications that drove the development of DOS extenders, it would be PC games that truly brought them into the spotlight. As a result of the development of DOS extenders, two new software interfaces were created to take care of the many potential conflicts that could arise from the varied methods of memory management that already existed, as well as provide a uniform interface for client programs.
The first of these interfaces was theVirtual Control Program Interface (VCPI), but this was rapidly overshadowed by theDOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) specification, which grew from the Windows 3.0 development.[1] They provided an API through which an extended program could interface with real mode software, allocate memory, and handle interrupt services. They also provided an easy method for the extender to set up the switch to protected mode, and allowed multiple protected mode programs to coexist peacefully.
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