 Rodney in May 1942 | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Rodney |
| Namesake | AdmiralLord Rodney |
| Ordered | 1922 |
| Builder | Cammell Laird,Birkenhead |
| Laid down | 28 December 1922 |
| Launched | 17 December 1925 |
| Completed | August 1927 |
| Commissioned | 7 December 1927 |
| Decommissioned | 1946 |
| In service | 28 March 1928 |
| Out of service | August 1946 |
| Stricken | 1948 |
| Identification | Pennant number: 29 |
| Motto | |
| Nickname(s) | Rodnol |
| Fate | Sold forscrap, 26 March 1948 |
| General characteristics (as built) | |
| Class & type | Nelson-classbattleship |
| Displacement | 33,730long tons (34,270 t) (standard) |
| Length | 710 ft 3 in (216.5 m)o/a |
| Beam | 106 ft (32.3 m) |
| Draught | 30 ft 2 in (9.2 m) (mean standard) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 gearedsteam turbines |
| Speed | 23knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) |
| Range | 7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
| Complement | 1,314 (private ship) |
| Armament |
|
| Armour |
|
HMSRodney was one of twoNelson-classbattleships built for theRoyal Navy in the mid-1920s. The ship entered service in 1928, and spent her peacetime career with theAtlantic andHome Fleets, sometimes serving as aflagship when hersister ship,Nelson, was being refitted. During the early stages of theSecond World War, she searched for Germancommerce raiders, participated in theNorwegian Campaign, and escorted convoys in theAtlantic Ocean.Rodney played a major role in thesinking of the German battleshipBismarck in mid-1941.
After a brief refit in the United States, she escortedconvoys to Malta and supported theAllied invasion ofFrench Algeria duringOperation Torch in late 1942. The shipcovered the invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky) and Italy (Operation Baytown) in mid-1943. During theNormandy landings in June 1944,Rodney providednaval gunfire support and continued to do so for several following offensives near the French city ofCaen. The ship escorted oneconvoy through the Arctic to theSoviet Union in late 1944. In poor condition from extremely heavy use and a lack of refits, she was reduced toreserve in late 1945 and wasscrapped in 1948.
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TheNelson-class battleship was essentially a smaller, 23-knot (43 km/h; 26 mph) battleship version of theG3 battlecruiser which had been cancelled for exceeding the constraints of the 1922Washington Naval Treaty. The design, which had been approved six months after the treaty was signed, had a main armament of 16-inch (406 mm) guns to match the firepower of the AmericanColorado and JapaneseNagato classes in thebattleline in a ship displacing no more than 35,000long tons (36,000 t).[2]
Rodney had alength between perpendiculars of 660 feet (201.2 m) and anoverall length of 710 feet 3 inches (216.5 m), abeam of 106 feet (32.3 m), and adraught of 30 feet 2 inches (9.2 m) atstandard load. Shedisplaced 33,730 long tons (34,270 t) at standard load and 37,430 long tons (38,030 t) atdeep load. Her crew numbered 1,361 officers andratings when serving as a flagship and 1,314 as aprivate ship.[3] The ship was powered by two sets ofBrown-Curtis gearedsteam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam from eightAdmiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines were rated at 45,000shaft horsepower (34,000 kW) and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 23 knots. During hersea trials on 7 September 1927,Rodney reached a top speed of 23.8 knots (44.1 km/h; 27.4 mph) from 45,614 shp (34,014 kW). The ship carried enoughfuel oil to give her a range of 7,000nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[4]
Themain battery of theNelson-class ships consisted of ninebreech-loading (BL)16-inch (406 mm) guns in three triple-gun turrets forward of thesuperstructure. Designated 'A', 'B' and 'X' from front to rear, 'B' turretsuperfired over the others. Theirsecondary armament consisted of a dozenBL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XXII guns in twin-gun turrets aft of the superstructure, three turrets on eachbroadside. Theiranti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of sixquick-firing (QF)4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk VIII guns in unshielded single mounts and eightQF 2-pounder (40-millimetre (1.6 in)) guns in single mounts. The ships were fitted with two submerged24.5-inch (622 mm)torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, angled 10° off thecentreline.[5]
TheNelsons were built with twofire-control directors fitted with 15-foot (4.6 m)rangefinders. One was mounted above thebridge and the other was at the aft end of the superstructure. Each turret was also fitted with a 41-foot (12.5 m) rangefinder. The secondary armament was controlled by four directors equipped with 12-foot (3.7 m) rangefinders. One pair were mounted on each side of the main director on the bridge roof and the others were abreast the aft main director. The anti-aircraft directors were situated on a tower abaft the main-armament director with a 12-foot high-angle rangefinder in the middle of the tower. A pair of torpedo-control directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned abreast thefunnel.[6]
The ships'waterline belt consisted ofKrupp cemented armour (KC) that was 14 inches (356 mm) thick between the main gunbarbettes and thinned to 13 inches (330 mm) over theengine andboiler rooms as well as the six-inchmagazines, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. To improve its ability to deflectplunging fire, its upper edge was inclined 18° outward.[7] The ends of thearmoured citadel were closed off by transversebulkheads ofnon-cemented armour 8 and 12 inches (203 and 305 mm) thick at the forward end and 4 and 10 inches (102 and 254 mm) thick at the aft end. The faces of the main-gun turrets were protected by 16-inch of KC armour while the turret sides were 9 to 11 inches (229 to 279 mm) thick and the roof armour plates measured 7.25 inches (184 mm) in thickness.[8]
The KC armour of the barbettes ranged in thickness from 12 to 15 inches (305 to 381 mm). The top of the armoured citadel of theNelson-class ships was protected by an armoured deck that rested on the top of the belt armour. Its non-cemented armour plates ranged in thickness from 6.25 inches (159 mm) over the main-gun magazines to 3.75 inches (95 mm) over the propulsion machinery spaces and the secondary magazines. Aft of the citadel was an armoured deck 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick at the level of the lower edge of the belt armour that extended almost to the end of thestern to cover the steering gear. Theconning tower's KC armour was 12 to 14 inches (305 to 356 mm) thick with a 6.5-inch (170 mm) roof. The secondary-gun turrets were protected by 1–1.5 inches (25–38 mm) of non-cemented armour. Underwater protection for theNelsons was provided by adouble bottom 5 feet (1.5 m) deep and atorpedo protection system. It consisted of an empty outerwatertight compartment and an inner water-filled compartment. They had a total depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and were backed by atorpedo bulkhead 1.5 inches thick.[9][5]
TheNelson class was an innovative design, but limited by the constraints of the Washington Naval Treaty. The decision to use 16-inch guns combined with the 35,000-ton displacement limit made saving weight the primary concern of designers. TheDirector of Naval Construction,Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, informed the ship's designer, Edward Attwood, "In order to keep the displacement to 35,000 tons, everything is to be cut down to a minimum."[10] The emphasis on saving weight resulted in deficiencies which affected the performance ofRodney during the Second World War. The design compromises had less negative consequences forNelson because that ship underwent a number of refits immediately before and during the war.Naval architect and historianDavid K. Brown stated, "It seems likely that in the quest for weight saving, the structure was not quite strong enough."[11] UnlikeNelson, which exceeded the design specification for machinery weight, the lighter machinery ofRodney resulted in chronic problems. The ship's endurance declined substantially in the decade after her launch; in her 1941 action againstBismarck,Rodney was nearly forced to abandon the pursuit because of a lack of fuel. British designers cited the poor endurance of the ship when establishing the endurance requirements for the battleshipVanguard. Throughout the warRodney was plagued with leaks as a result ofpanting, and the ship required repairs because of serious leaks in 1940, 1941 and 1944. During one storm, the leaking was severe enough to overwhelm a 50-ton pump. Leaks, defective riveting, and other problems continued to affectRodney even after a 1941 refit inBoston,Massachusetts. By 1943 officials concluded that she required a complete modernization to extend her service life. The ship never received the necessary upgrades and as a result was unfit for service by the end of 1944.[12]
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The high-angle directors and rangefinder and their platform were replaced by a new circular platform for theHigh Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director by March 1930. By July 1932, the single two-pounder guns and the starboard torpedo director were removed and replaced by a single octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount on thestarboard side of the funnel and a 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinder was added at the rear of the bridge roof. The port side mount was installed several years later in the position occupied by the port torpedo director and anti-aircraft directors for both mounts were added to the bridge structure. In 1934–1935,Rodney was fitted with a pair of quadruple mounts forVickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm)AA machineguns that were positioned on the forward superstructure. The ship was fitted with anaircraft catapult on the roof of 'X' turret and a collapsiblecrane abreast the bridge was also added in 1937 to hoist the aircraft in and out of the water. Afloatplane version of theFairey Swordfishtorpedo bomber was first used aboard, but it was soon replaced by aSupermarine Walrusamphibian. In October 1938 another octuple "pom-pom" mount was added on the quarterdeck and a prototypeType 79Yearly-warning radar system was installed onRodney's masthead. She was the first battleship to be so equipped.[13][14][15][16]
During a brief refit inHM Dockyard, Rosyth, Scotland, from 24 August to 10 September 1940, the Type 79Y radar was upgraded to aType 279 system and two20-millimetre (0.8 in) Oerlikon lightAA guns were installed on the roof of 'B' turret. WhileRodney was refitting in theBoston Navy Yard in the United States in June–August 1941, the Oerlikons were replaced by a quadruple two-pounder mount and a pair of octuple two-pounder mounts were fitted in lieu of the aft six-inch gunnery directors. In addition a full suite of radars were added. AType 281 radar replaced the Type 279, aType 271 surface-search radar was installed as was aType 284gunnery radar on the roof of the forward main-gun director. The ship's light AA armament was heavily reinforced during a refit in February–May 1942 with seventeen 20 mm Oerlikons in single mounts added to turret roofs, the superstructure and the decks. The quadruple 0.5-inch mounts were replaced with Mk III "pom-pom" directors and three additional Mk IIIs were installed to control the aft octuple two-pounder mounts, all of which were fitted withType 282 fire-control radars. The HACS Mk I was replaced by a Mk III director and four barrage (anti-aircraft) directors withType 283 radars were added for the main guns. In addition her radar suite was upgraded: the Type 271 radar was replaced by aType 273 system, aType 291 early-warning radar was added and aType 285 fire-control radar was installed on the roof of the HACS director.[17]
While under repair at Rosyth in August–September, four additional Oerlikons were added on the quarterdeck. In May 1943gun shields were added to the 4.7-inch guns and the catapult on the roof of 'X' turret was removed.[Note 1] Many more Oerlikons were installed during this brief refit, specifically 36 more single mounts and 5 twin mounts, which gaveRodney a total of 67 weapons in 57 single and 5 twin mounts. In preparation for her role providing naval gunfire support during the Normandy landings, two more Oerlikons were added as was a Type 650radio jammer in January–March 1944. These additions increased the ship's deep displacement to 43,100 long tons (43,800 t) and her crew to 1,631–1,650 men.[19][20]
Rodney, named forAdmiralLord George Rodney,[21] was the sixth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.[22] Given theyard number 904,[23] she waslaid down on 28 December 1922 as part of the 1922 Naval Programme atCammell Laird'sshipyard inBirkenhead[24] and waslaunched on 17 December 1925 byPrincess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles, after three attempts at cracking the bottle of Imperial Burgundy.[25] She was completed and her trials began in August 1927[26] and she wascommissioned on 7 December under the command ofCaptainHenry Kitson.[27] The ship cost£7,617,799.[28] TheNelson-class ships received several nicknames:Rodnol andNelsol after theRoyal Fleet Auxiliaryoil tankers with a prominent amidships superstructure and names ending in "ol",The Queen's Mansions after a resemblance between her superstructure and theQueen Anne's Mansionsblock of flats, thepair of boots, theugly sisters and theCherry Tree class as they were cut-down by the Washington Naval Treaty.Rodney's trials resumed after she was formally commissioned and continued until she entered service on 28 March 1928.[29] The ship was assigned to the2nd Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet (renamed as Home Fleet in March 1932) and remained so, aside from refits or repairs, until 1941.[24] On 21 April, Kitson was relieved by CaptainFrancis Tottenham. The following month she headed north toInvergordon, Scotland, to join the rest of the Atlantic Fleet in the annual exercises.Rodney returned to the south in August, where she was the RoyalGuardship duringCowes Week where the ship hosted KingGeorge V andQueen Mary of Teck on 11 August. The battleship then sailed toHM Dockyard, Devonport, to participate in a charity fund-raising Navy Week which saw 67,000 visitors come to the dockyard.Rodney had some work done on her hull inGlasgow'sGladstone Dock in early October.[30]
At the beginning of 1929, the Atlantic andMediterranean Fleets combined for their annual fleet manoeuvres in theMediterranean Sea. While visitingTorquay,Devon, for a fleet rendezvous in July,Rodney was ordered to go to the assistance of two submarines that had collided offMilford Haven,Wales, on 9 July. Ordered to steam at full speed, the ship arrived atPembroke Dock the following morning to load rescue and salvage equipment. Delayed for a day by weather too bad for diving, she arrived at the site the following evening but it was too late for any survivors ofH47 andRodney set sail forHM Dockyard, Portsmouth. The ship's propulsion machinery was proving troublesome by this time and she was docked there in late September for a refit that took the rest of the year. CaptainAndrew Cunningham, laterFirst Sea Lord, relieved Tottenham on 15 December.[31]
Aside from the usual schedule of exercises, 1930 sawRodney visitPortrush,Northern Ireland in June, which named a street after the battleship and a voyage toIceland to commemorate the thousandth year of theIcelandic Parliament. Cunningham was relieved by Captain Roger Bellairs on 16 December.[32] In mid-September 1931, the crew ofRodney took part in theInvergordon Mutiny when they refused orders to go to sea for an exercise, although they relented after several days when the Admiralty reduced the severity of the pay cuts that prompted the mutiny. Unhappy with how Bellairs had handled the crew during the mutiny, the Admiralty ordered that he was to be relieved by CaptainJohn Tovey on 12 April 1932.[33][34]
AfterNelson ran aground while leaving Portsmouth in January 1934,Rodney became the temporary fleet flagship when AdmiralLord William Boyle, commander of the Home Fleet, hoisted his flag aboard her for the winter cruise to theBritish West Indies. The fleet visited twoNorwegian ports before returning home. CaptainWilfred Custance relieved Tovey on 31 August. The 1935 winter cruise saw the ship return to the West Indies, before visiting theAzores and thenGibraltar between 15 January and 17 March. The ship participated in King George V's Silver JubileeFleet Review atSpithead on 16 July and then again served as the Royal Guardship during Cowes Week. CaptainWilliam Whitworth replaced Custance on 21 February 1936 and he was relieved in his turn by CaptainRonald Halifax on 25 July.[35]
Some ofRodney's crew travelled toLondon to participate inKing George VI's Coronation on 12 May 1937 and the ship took part in the Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May. She again became the temporary fleet flagship whenNelson began a lengthy refit the following month and Admiral SirRoger Backhouse hoisted his flag aboard her.Rodney visitedOslo, Norway, in July.Nelson's refit ended in February 1938 and the sisters made a port visit toLisbon,Portugal that same month. CaptainEdward Syfret relieved Whitworth on 16 August, shortly beforeRodney began her annual short refit in September. After the completion of her post-refit trials in January 1939,Rear-AdmiralLancelot Holland hoisted his flag aboard the ship as the commander of the 2nd Battle Squadron. She fired a21-gun salute in honour of theFrench PresidentAlbert Lebrun's arrival inDover in March for talks with the British government. As the Home Fleet was assembling inScapa Flow when tensions with Germany rose in August,Rodney developed steering problems and had to proceed toRosyth for repairs and a bottom cleaning.[36][37]
When Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939,Rodney and the bulk of the Home Fleet were patrolling the waters between Iceland, Norway and Scotland for Germanblockade runners and then did much the same off the Norwegian coast from 6 to 10 September. The Home Fleet was already at sea when the submarineSpearfish, on patrol in theHeligoland Bight, was badly damaged by Germandepth charges on 24 September. Unable to submerge, she requested assistance and the fleet responded with twodestroyers escorting her home and the balance of the fleet providingcover. The Germans spotted the bulk of the Home Fleet and it was attacked by five bombers from the firstgroup ofBomber Wing 30 (I./KG 30).Rodney's radar provided timely warning and the aircraft inflicted no damage on the British ships. The following month the ship was part of the covering force for aniron ore convoy fromNarvik, Norway.[38][39]
Syfret was relieved by CaptainFrederick Dalrymple-Hamilton on 21 November. Following the sinking of thearmed merchant cruiserRawalpindi two days later by the German battleshipsScharnhorst andGneisenau off Iceland,Rodney and the rest of the Home Fleet were sent to look for them but heavy weather allowed the German battleships to evade their pursuers and return to Germany. The battleship developed serious problems with herrudder on 29 November and was forced to return to Liverpool, steering only with her engines, for repairs that lasted until 31 December.[40]
WithNelson damaged by a mine on 4 December,Rodney served as the temporary fleet flagship until her sister's return in August. She mostly spent January and February 1940 at anchor with occasional missions to provide cover from commerce raiders for convoys. During one such sortie on 21 February in heavy weather, her steering problems resurfaced and forced her return toGreenock, Scotland. Six days later, the ship was visited by King George VI andQueen Elizabeth during their morale-boosting tour of Scottish shipyards. TheFirst Lord of the AdmiraltyWinston Churchill (soon to becomePrime Minister) boardedRodney for a voyage to Scapa Flow on 7 to 8 March. Despite the danger of aerial attack by theLuftwaffe, most of the Home Fleet was now based there;Rodney was near-missed during an attack on 16 March.[41][42][43]
Receiving word that theRoyal Air Force (RAF) had attacked north-bound German warships in the North Sea on 7 April, Admiral SirCharles Forbes, Commander-in-chief Home Fleet, ordered most of his ships to put to sea that evening.Rodney was hit by a 500-kilogram (1,102 lb) bomb on 9 April off the south-western coast of Norway. The bomb broke up after hitting the corner of a armoured 4.7-inch ready ammunition box on the upper deck aft of the funnel; its fragments penetrated through several decks before bouncing off the four-inch armoured deck and started a small fire in thegalley. Three men were wounded by the bomb and another fifteen suffered electrical burns when water being used to fight the fire poured onto ajunction box. The crew made temporary repairs and the ship remained at sea until she dropped anchor at Scapa Flow on 17 April. Upon receiving notice that German ships had been spotted in theNorwegian Sea on 9 June, Forbes ordered the Home Fleet, includingRodney, to sea to protect troop convoys evacuatingAllied forces from Norway.[44][45][46][47]
Nelson returned from the dockyard on 24 July and resumed her role as the Home Fleet flagship.Rodney was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth on 23 August with orders to attack the German invasion fleet in theEnglish Channel whenOperation Sealion began. She returned to Scapa on 4 November to begin convoy escort duty. After the armed merchant cruiserJervis Bay was sunk the following day by the heavy cruiserAdmiral Scheer, the sisters were deployed to the Iceland–Faeroes gap to block any attempts by the German cruiser to return home. The following monthRodney was detailed to rendezvous with Convoy HX 93 fromHalifax, Nova Scotia, and escort it home. The ship encountered a strong storm with gale-force winds from 6 to 8 December that caused leaks in her hull plating with a moderate amount of flooding. Repairs at Rosyth began on 18 December that included structural reinforcement of the hull plating and general reinforcement of the forward hull structure.[48][49][50]
After finishing her refit on 13 January 1941,Rodney joined the hunt forScharnhorst andGneisenau, without success and then escorted Convoy HX 108 from 12 to 23 February. On 16 March, the ship spotted the latter battleship while escorting Convoy HX 114 in theNorth Atlantic;Gneisenau was rescuing survivors from the independently steaming 1,831-gross register ton (GRT)reefer ship,Chilean Reefer, whenRodney steamed over the horizon, silhouetted against the setting sun. Partially hidden behind the burning merchant ship, the gunnery officer estimated that the intermittently visible German ship was 15 or 16 nmi (28 or 30 km; 17 or 18 mi) away, close to maximum range forRodney's guns. Dalyrmple-Hamilton declined to pursueGneisenau when she turned away at her top speed of 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph) and was able to rescue 27 survivors and 2 dead seamen from onelifeboat before returning to her convoy. Troop Convoy TC 10 departed Halifax on 10 April with a strong escort that includedRodney. While steaming south out of theRiver Clyde in the early hours of 19 April, the battleship accidentally rammed and sank the armedtrawlerTopaze; only four survivors could be rescued by nearby destroyers (other sources state two survivors or no survivors)[51][52]
On 22 May 1941,Rodney and four destroyers were part of the escort for theocean linerMV Britannic as she set sail for Halifax. The battleship was scheduled to continue onward to Boston for repairs and a refit. To this end, the ship carried some of the materials, such as boiler tubes and three octuple "pom-pom" mounts intended for use in her refit. She also carried 521 military passengers bound for Halifax, as well as an American assistantnaval attaché conveying important documents back to the United States. On board the ship were also gold bullion from theBank of England reserves for safekeeping in Canada.[53]
AfterBismarck sank thebattlecruiserHood during theBattle of Denmark Strait on the morning of 24 May,Rodney was ordered by the Admiralty to join in the pursuit of the German ship, leaving the destroyerEskimo to escortBritannic and takingSomali,Mashona andTartar with her in the search. After the heavy cruiserSuffolk radioed that she had lost radar contact with theBismarck at 04:01 on the morning of 25 May, Dalrymple-Hamilton, after consulting his senior officers and the American attaché, decided that the German ship was probably heading forBrest and so set course to the east to head her off, at some stages reaching twenty-five knots, which exceeded her designed maximum speed by two knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph), although this caused several mechanical failures[54] Later that morning, Admiral Sir John Tovey in the battleshipKing George V ordered all ships to head north west due to a misinterpreted signal from the Admiralty but Dalrymple-Hamilton knew that his ship was too slow to catch up toBismarck if she was headed in that direction and disregarded Tovey's order. The Admiralty informed Dalrymple-Hamilton that they believed thatBismarck was probably headed to Brest orSaint Nazaire at 11:40. The captain subsequently altered course further south east to cover the approaches to Spanish ports where the German ship might intern herself but this was countermanded by an Admiralty order to turn north east at 14:30. Dalrymple-Hamilton continued south east for several more hours before he decided to obey the order at 16:20; during this timeBismarck passed his position just under the horizon, about 25 nmi (46 km; 29 mi) away. Not having spotted the German ship by 21:00, Dalrymple-Hamilton decided to turn south-east again, heading directly for Brest.[55]
Bismarck was spotted by a RAFConsolidated PBY Catalinaflying boat at 10:35 on 26 May and the two battleships were able to join up as Tovey had realised his mistake and doubled back. Despite the heavy weather, theaircraft carrierArk Royal launched her first attack, by 14 Swordfish torpedo bombers, against the German ship that afternoon. The pilots mistook the light cruiserSheffield for theBismarck and attacked, although the cruiser was able to evade the six of eleven torpedoes dropped that did not detonate when they hit the sea due to faultymagnetic detonators. Around dusk,Ark Royal launched an attack by 15 Swordfish, whose torpedoes had been fitted withcontact detonators. Despite the heavy anti-aircraft fire, the Swordfish hitBismarck with three torpedoes. Two of them struck forward of the aft gun turrets and caused no significant damage; the last struck the stern, disabled the battleship's steering and caused her to significantly reduce speed. That evening Tovey detachedMashona andSomali to refuel and hadRodney fall in behindKing George V for the battle againstBismarck. Although his ships could catch the German ship that night now that her steering had been disabled and her engines damaged, Tovey decided to reduce speed to save fuel and wait until dawn to allow his ships the maximum amount of time in which to sink the German ship.[56][57]
Rodney spottedBismarck at 08:44 on 27 May, one minute afterKing George V, and was the first to open fire at a range of 23,400 yd (21,400 m) three minutes later, withBismarck replying at 08:49. The initialsalvos from both ships were off butRodney straddled her opponent with her third salvo and hit her twice with her fourth at 09:02, knocking out the forward superfiring turret, disabling the lower turret, and severely damaging her bridge. In her turn,Bismarck scored no hits, although she managed to damageRodney with shell splinters before her forward guns were knocked out. As the British ship manoeuvred to bring 'X' turret to bear while closing the distance, she exposed herself to fire fromBismarck's aft turrets, which only managed to straddleRodney. As the range diminished, she began to fire torpedoes, although shock waves from near misses caused the door for her starboard tube to jam at 09:23. At 09:31, the ship blew off the left barrel of theBismarck's lower aft gun turret and started a fire inside the turret that forced its evacuation. Around this time the combined fire fromRodney,King George V and theheavy cruisersNorfolk andDorsetshire knocked out all ofBismarck's main guns.Rodney closed topoint-blank range and continued to engage, starting to fire full broadsides intoBismarck on a virtually flat trajectory, and added three more torpedoes at a range of 3,000 yd (2,700 m) beginning at 09:51; one of these malfunctioned but another may have struckBismarck.[58][59] According to the naval historianLudovic Kennedy, who was present at the battle inTartar, "if true, [this is] the only instance in history of one battleship torpedoing another."[60]
Rodney fired 378 sixteen-inch shells and 706 six-inch shells during the battle before Dalrymple-Hamilton ordered cease fire around 10:16, whileDorsetshire was then ordered to finishBismarck off with torpedoes. Ironically,Rodney's own main guns firing at lowelevation had damaged her more extensively than hadBismarck. Deck plates around the main-gun turrets had been depressed by the effects of the guns'muzzle blast, and some of the structural members supporting them had cracked or buckled. Piping,urinals and water mains had broken, while the shock of firing had loosened rivets and bolts in the hull plating, flooding various compartments. One gun in 'A' turret permanently broke down during the battle and two others in 'B' turret were temporarily disabled.[61][62]
Rodney andKing George V, running short on fuel, were ordered home and were ineffectually attacked by a pair of Luftwaffe bombers the next day. The former ship arrived at Greenock to replenish her ammunition, fuel and supplies on 29 May and departed for Halifax on 4 June together with the ocean linerWindsor Castle, escorted by four destroyers.Rodney continued to the Boston Navy Yard for the delayed repairs to her propulsion machinery and her self-inflicted damage from the battle where she arrived on 12 June. Since the repairs took several months to complete,Rodney's crew was furloughed to localCivilian Conservation Corps camps for afortnight. During the refit, Dalrymple-Hamilton was relieved by CaptainJames Rivett-Carnac andRodney departed Boston for Bermuda on 20 August to work up. The ship arrived in Gibraltar on 24 September to join Force H.[63]
Rodney departed Gibraltar later that day to join her sister in escorting a convoy toMalta inOperation Halberd. During the operation the ship accidentally shot down aFleet Air ArmFairey Fulmar fighter andNelson was torpedoed. She was initially able to keep up with the convoy, but had to turn back on 28 September 1941, followed shortly afterwards byRodney andPrince of Wales. WithNelson forced to return home for repairs, Vice-AdmiralJames Somerville transferred his flag toRodney on 30 September. The ship's tenure with Force H was brief, with her only mission escorting two carriers flying off fighters for Malta from 16 to 19 October. On 30 October, she was ordered to return home to replace the departingPrince of Wales in the Home Fleet in case the battleshipTirpitz attempted to break out into the North Atlantic.[64]
Departing on 2 November, she arrived atLoch Ewe, Scotland, six days later, but only remained there for a few hours to off-load her passengers and re-provision before departing forHvalfjord, Iceland, where she arrived on 12 November. The highlight ofRodney's initial stay in Iceland was a visit by themovie star,Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., who was also stationed there aboard an American battleship. The ship was transferred to Scapa Flow in late December, but was ordered back to Hvalfjord in mid-January 1942 where she was briefly used as atarget ship forUnited States Army Air Force aviators.[65]
Rodney was ordered to proceed to Birkenhead for a refit on 10 February and then sailed to Liverpool, where she remained until 5 May, when the ship was ordered to return to Scapa to begin working up withNelson. The sisters began escorting Convoy WS 19, loaded with troops bound forEgypt orBurma, on 4 June. They continued as far south as the coast of Portuguese Angola before turning back on 26 June. The following day,Rodney's steering began malfunctioning despite repair attempts. The sisters reachedFreetown,Sierra Leone, on 1 July where the ship docked for repairs. Departing on 17 July, the sisters headed home, althoughRodney's steering problems soon resurfaced. The ship arrived at Scapa on 26 July where she began cleaning her boilers and requested assistance from Rosyth Dockyard to fix her steering gear.[66]
She departed Scapa on 2 August with orders for convoy escort duties, but was soon diverted to become part of the close escort forConvoy WS 21S, bound for Malta as part ofOperation Pedestal. Vice-Admiral SirBruce Fraser, second-in-command of the Home Fleet, was aboard the ship to gain experience in integrating carrier and convoy operations and was not flying his flag.Rodney rendezvoused with the convoy two days later and was assigned to Force Z which would turn back before the convoy passed through theSicilian Narrows. Italian spies inAlgeciras,Francoist Spain, spotted the convoy as it passed through theStrait of Gibraltar on 10 August and Italian reconnaissance aircraft located it the following morning. TheGerman submarine U-73 opened what would be many Axis attacks on the convoy and its escorts, by sinking the carrierEagle that afternoon. Later that evening, the battleship was attacked by two bombers that near missed with two bombs and a torpedo. The ship was able to comb the tracks between two torpedoes dropped by Italian aircraft at 07:45 on 12 August. Her gunners claimed an Italian bomber at 12:17.[67]
Twenty minutes later,Rodney opened fire with her main guns on a wave of approaching Italian torpedo bombers, hoping to knock some of them down with shell splashes, which "frightened us, our escort and [the] Italians".[68] The ship was near missed many times that afternoon and her steering gear began acting up around 14:00, but the engineers were able to keep it semi-operational. At 18:42,Rodney was attacked byJunkers Ju 87 "Stuka"dive bombers flown by theRegia Aeronautica's 102nd Dive Bomber Group. Although the ship shot down one of her attackers, one armour-piecing bomb bounced off the roof of 'X' turret, wounding fourRoyal Marines manning the Oerlikons there, and two others detonated nearby as the ship was trying to evade the bombs. The evasive manoeuvres worsenedRodney's steering problems and issues with her boilers began after Force Z turned back that evening which limited the ship to 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). They arrived at Gibraltar on 14 August and temporary repairs were made.Rodney departed Gibraltar to rejoin the Home Fleet at Scapa two days later, but her problems worsened during the voyage as heavy weather further stressed the steering motors and exacerbated her many leaks. The ship was sent to Rosyth for repairs on 22 August.[69]
With her repairs completed on 16 September,Rodney arrived back at Scapa on 23 September but almost immediately set sail forLoch Cairnbawn where the British had created a replica of the defences aroundTirpitz. The battleship was to serve as a target forfrogmen training to useChariot manned torpedoes to deliver and attachlimpet mines to her hull in preparation forOperation Title.Rodney returned to Scapa on 29 September where she spent most of October training in preparation for the invasion ofNorthwest Africa scheduled for the following month. Churchill visited the ship on 10 October and thanked the crew for their efforts during Pedestal.Rodney set sail for Gibraltar on 23 October and rejoined Force H upon her arrival.[70]
Force H was to provide distant cover for the landings atAlgiers andOran,French Algeria, in case either theVichy French Navy or theRegia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) attempted to intervene. If that did not happen,Rodney was to support the Centre Naval Task Force at Oran on 8 November. Other ships had dealt with the warships in Oran's port ofMers-el-Kebir but the four 194-millimetre (7.6 in)coast-defence guns of Fort du Santon overlooking the harbour were still shooting at the British ships.Rodney fired 16 shells from her main guns before she was forced to disengage in response to a reported submarine but the French chose not to return fire. The ship resumed firing later that afternoon, again without reply. The following morning the French guns opened fire as the battleship closed the range, nearly hitting her.Rodney moved further out to sea and resumed her bombardment with the aid of a land-based spotter. Her shelling thus far had not had much effect on the fort as its guns began bombarding approaching American troops. At their request, the battleship resumed firing at the fort despite the presence of nearby troops and the French capitulated shortly afterwards.[71]
Rodney remained in the Mediterranean until she departed for Devonport on 7 May 1943 to begin a brief refit that lasted until 28 May. The ship arrived at Scapa on 3 June to begin training for the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) and then rejoined Force H. She saw no combat during the landings, although there were many air raids while she was berthed inGrand Harbour, Malta. On 31 AugustRodney joined her sister in bombarding coast-defence guns nearReggio di Calabria in preparation for the Allied crossing of theStrait of Messina fromSicily (Operation Baytown) on 3 September, blowing up anammunition dump during her shoot. Force H provided support for the landings atSalerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September with the battleship only using her anti-aircraft guns. CaptainRobert FitzRoy relieved Rivett-Carnac on 25 September. The ship arrived back in the UK on 5 November where she rejoined the Home Fleet. While at sea with theFrench battleship Richelieu to conduct a night gunnery exercise on 29 December,Rodney suffered weather damage during a severe storm that caused extensive flooding forward.[72][73]
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The ship departed Scapa on 16 January 1944 to begin repairs in Rosyth. Little effort was made to repair the persistent steering and boiler problems as efforts focused on making her seaworthy again. They were completed on 28 March, andRodney steamed back to Scapa, where she arrived on 1 April. The ship spent most of the next few months conducting gunnery training, mostly shore bombardment but also anti-aircraft shoots and practice defending herself against attacks byE-boats. Although she was initially in reserve for the Normandy landings (Operation Overlord),[74]Rodney did engage coast-defence guns nearLe Havre with two armour-piercing 16-inch shells on 6 June. The ship was ordered forward to support operations offSword Beach that night and accidentally rammed and sankLCT 427, killing all 13 crewmen,[75] in the darkness and congested waters off the Isle of Wight.[76]
Soon afterwards, another LCT rammedRodney'sbow, tearing a 9 ft-long (2.7 m) hole in her hull plates and crumpling the bow of the landing craft. After reaching her assigned position, the ship engaged targets north of Caen, possibly belonging to the12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend which was attacking British and Canadian troops near there. During her day's shootingRodney expended 99 sixteen- and 132 six-inch shells. That night the ship moved to the waters offJuno Beach to avoid attacks by German light forces. Returning to Sword Beach on 8 June, she bombarded German troops and vehicles near Caen. The following morningRodney began engaging targets in Caen proper, beginning the gradual devastation of the city, including the destruction of thespire of theChurch of Saint-Pierre. That day the ship also fired at coast-defence guns atHoulgate andBenerville-sur-Mer. After an ineffectual air raid on the ships off Sword Beach that afternoon,Rodney withdrew to replenish her ammunition at Milford Haven.[76]
The ship was kept in reserve until 18 June when her sister struck a mine and had to withdraw. A severe storm began the following day and caused all operations to cease. A LCT took shelter in thelee of the battleship for the duration of the storm and a trawler collided withRodney on 21 June but was not seriously damaged. On the night of 23/24 June, the ship was ineffectually attacked twice byJunkers Ju 88 bombers; her gunners claiming one aircraft. Firing for the first time since her return,Rodney's guns began bombarding targets duringOperation Epsom, which began on the 26th.[77] These included a sporadic, 30-hour operation firing an occasional shell 22 miles (35 km) inland, to prevent aPanzer division from crossing a bridge.[78] The ship also provided fire support duringOperation Windsor, a partially successful Canadian assault onCarpiquet and its airfield west of Caen on 4 to 5 July, andOperation Charnwood, a frontal assault on Caen proper on 8 to 9 July. Some of the targets engaged were normally beyond the maximum range ofRodney's guns, but oil was pumped to one side to give the ship a temporarylist which acted to increase the guns' elevation and range. After the end of Charnwood, the ship was withdrawn as Allied forces drove deeper into France. She had expended at total of 519 sixteen- and 454 six-inch shells during her sojourn off the Norman coast.[79]
Long-range artillery on the German-occupied island ofAlderney was disrupting Allied operations off the north west corner of theCotentin Peninsula after the landings in Normandy.Rodney was tasked to eliminate the problem and bombardedBatterie Blücher on 12 August, taking up a position on the other side of theCap de la Hague to avoid return fire. She fired 75 sixteen-inch shells at the artillery position, believing that three of the four guns had been damaged. Postwar analysis showed that although 40 shells had fallen within 200-metre (660 ft) of the centre of thebattery, only one gun had actually been damaged and it was back in service by November. The other three guns resumed shooting at Allied ships by 30 August.[80]
After a fortnight inPortland, the ship arrived in Devonport on 27 August for repairs that were originally scheduled to last for a month or more. Her dockyard time was curtailed andRodney was ordered north. She arrived in Scapa on 15 September and sailed the following day to escortConvoy JW 60 bound forMurmansk. The escorts dropped anchor atVaenga on 23 September after an uneventful passage. AdmiralArseny Golovko visited the ship three days later to coordinate arrangements for defending the convoys.Rodney rendezvoused with the returning convoyRA 60 on 28 September. German submarines were able to sink two ships of the convoy against the loss of one of their own and the ship arrived at Scapa on 5 October. She became the Home Fleet flagship four days later when Admiral SirHenry Moore hoisted his flag aboard her.Rodney generally remained at Scapa for the next year, the tedium relieved by a visit by King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and their daughters,Elizabeth andMargaret, in late September 1945. The ship steamed south in mid-November, bound for Portsmouth where Moore would transfer his flag to her sister. She arrived at Rosyth on 2 December where she was docked in No. 3dry dock from 8 December until 1 March 1948; during this time,Rodney's condition was surveyed and her leaks were patched. She was transferred toBISCO early that year for disposal and the ship was allocated toThos. W. Ward on 26 March to be scrapped atInverkeithing.[73][81][82][83]
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