.jpg) HMSQueen Elizabeth, February 2018 | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Queen Elizabeth |
| Namesake | Elizabeth I[1] |
| Operator | Royal Navy |
| Ordered | 20 May 2008 |
| Builder | Aircraft Carrier Alliance atRosyth Dockyard |
| Cost | |
| Laid down | 7 July 2009[3] |
| Launched | 17 July 2014 |
| Sponsored by | |
| Christened | 4 July 2014 |
| Commissioned | 7 December 2017[5] |
| In service | 2020[6] |
| Homeport | HMNB Portsmouth |
| Identification |
|
| Motto | Semper Eadem ("Always the Same")[7] |
| Honours and awards |
|
| Status | In active service |
| Badge | _badge.svg){kind=icon} |
| General characteristics | |
| Class & type | Queen Elizabeth-classaircraft carrier |
| Type | Supercarrier |
| Displacement | Est. 80,600 tonnes (79,300 long tons; 88,800 short tons) full load[9] |
| Length | 284 m (932 ft)[10] |
| Beam | 39 m (128 ft) (waterline)73 m (240 ft) overall |
| Draught | 11 m (36 ft)[11] |
| Decks | 9 decks below the flight deck |
| Propulsion | GEIntegrated electric propulsion powered by two Rolls-Royce Marine 36 MW MT30 gas turbine alternators and four 10 MW diesel engines[12] |
| Speed | 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), tested to 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)[13] |
| Range | 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km)[6] |
| Boats & landing craft carried |
|
| Capacity | 1,600[14] |
| Troops | 250[14] |
| Complement | 679[15] |
| Sensors & processing systems |
|
| Armament |
|
| Aircraft carried |
|
| Aviation facilities |
|
HMSQueen Elizabeth is thelead ship of theQueen Elizabeth class ofaircraft carriers built for theRoyal Navy. Capable of carrying 60 aircraft including fixed wing, rotary wing and autonomous vehicles,[20] she is named in honour of the firstHMS Queen Elizabeth, aWorld War I erasuper-dreadnought, which in turn was named after QueenElizabeth I. The carrierQueen Elizabeth carries her namesake ship's honours, as well as herTudor rose-adorned crest and motto.[1]
Queen Elizabeth commenced her sea trials in June 2017,[21] was commissioned on 7 December 2017 and entered service in 2020. Her first seagoing commanding officer was CommodoreJerry Kyd who was appointed in 2014 but did not take command until May 2016,[22] having previously commanded the carriersArk Royal andIllustrious.[23]
The ship is designed to operateV/STOL aircraft. The air wing will typically consist ofF-35B Lightning IImultirole fighters andMerlin helicopters forairborne early warning andanti-submarine warfare. The design emphasises flexibility, with accommodation for 250Royal Marines and the ability to support them with attack helicopters and large troop transports such asChinooks. She is based atHMNB Portsmouth.[24]
Queen Elizabeth will deploy as the central part of aUK Carrier Strike Group with escorts and support ships in order to deliver carrier-enabledpower projection.[25]
On 25 July 2007 Defence SecretaryDes Browne announced the order for two new carriers.[26] At the time of approval the first carrier was expected to enter service in July 2015 and the budget was £4.085 billion for two ships.[27] The financial crisis led to a political decision in December 2008 to slow production, delayingQueen Elizabeth until May 2016. This added £1.56 billion to the cost.[27] By March 2010 the budget was estimated at £5.9 billion[27] and in November 2013 the contract was renegotiated with a budget of £6.2 billion.[28] The in-service date was further extended to 2020 in theStrategic Defence and Security Review in October 2010.[29]
Construction ofQueen Elizabeth began in 2009. The assembly took place in the Firth of Forth atRosyth Dockyard from nine blocks built in six UK shipyards:BAE Systems Surface Ships in Glasgow, Babcock atAppledore, Babcock at Rosyth,A&P Tyne inHebburn, BAE at Portsmouth andCammell Laird (flight decks) atBirkenhead.[30][31] Two of the lower main blocks, together weighing more than 6,000 tonnes and forming part of the base of the ship, were assembled and joined into one piece on 30 June 2011.[32]
On 16 August 2011, the 8,000-tonne Lower Block 03 ofQueen Elizabeth left BAE Systems Surface Ships' Govan shipyard inGlasgow on a large ocean-going barge. Travelling 600 miles (970 km) around the northern coast of Scotland, the block arrived at Rosyth on the evening of 20 August 2011.[33]
On 28 October 2012, an 11,000-tonne section of the carrier began a lengthy journey around the south coast of England, avoiding bad weather, from the shipbuilding hall at Govan to the Rosyth dockyard; it arrived on 21 November.[34] The forward island was constructed at BAE Portsmouth and attached on 14 March 2013; the aft island was attached in June 2013. Theski jump was added in November 2013,[14] leaving just thelifts and radar to be lifted into place.[14] By September 2013Queen Elizabeth was 80% complete internally.[15]
The carrier is three times the size of theInvincible-class, and has the ability to carry approximately three times as many aircraft. Despite this,Queen Elizabeth has marginally fewer crew than theInvincible-class. The ship has two superstructures, or islands, one for navigation and ship's operations and the other for flight control and aerial operations. The islands can take on each other's function if one is incapacitated.[35]
Queen Elizabeth waschristened at Rosyth on 4 July 2014, by QueenElizabeth II, who said that the warship "marks a new phase in our naval history". Instead of smashing the traditional bottle of champagne on the hull, she used a bottle of whisky from theBowmore distillery onIslay.
The ceremony was attended byPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (theLord High Admiral), AdmiralGeorge Zambellas (First Sea Lord), senior naval officers from the United States and France, and by politicians includingDavid Cameron andGordon Brown (thePrime Minister and his immediate predecessor) andAlex Salmond (theFirst Minister of Scotland). The official piece of musicHMS Queen Elizabeth March, composed by WO2 Bandmaster John Morrish, was performed at the naming ceremony by the Band of HM Royal Marines Scotland. This piece of music is a competition-winning march chosen by the Carrier Alliance Group, performed and recorded by the Royal Marines Massed Bands.
The ceremony also featured a fly-past by theRed Arrows and a second comprising Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and British Army helicopters.HMS Illustrious was berthed adjacent toQueen Elizabeth during the ceremony.[36]
The ship was floated out of dry dock on the morning of 17 July 2014.[37] Fitting out was completed at the end of 2015 and the crew moved aboard in May 2016.[citation needed]
_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_(F81)_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_(F234)_on_28_June_2017_(45162784).jpg)
Sea trials were planned beginning in March 2017 with delivery expected in May 2017,[14][37] but technical issues delayed her trials.[38] Prior to her departure from Rosyth, an extensive survey was carried out of theFirth of Forth byGleaner and42 Regiment, Royal Engineers to gather information on the tides, the depth of the river bed, and the height of the three river crossings (Forth Bridge,Forth Road Bridge, andQueensferry Crossing). This was necessary as the most recent data available were 60 years old.[39]
Queen Elizabeth sailed on 26 June 2017 to undergo sea trials.[40][41] The first stage of the operation was to move the ship from inside the fitting out basin, via one of the access gates, into the Firth of Forth itself, before taking her under the three Forth bridge crossings.[42] Once this was accomplished, the ship took to the open sea off the east coast of Scotland to undertake the first set of trials, including handling and speed tests. During this period,Queen Elizabeth was accompanied by a pair ofType 23 frigates,Sutherland andIron Duke, acting as escorts.[43] The first aircraft to land on the ship was aMerlin HM.2 helicopter of820 Naval Air Squadron on 3 July.[44]Queen Elizabeth arrived at her first stopover atInvergordon, where the ship was fuelled and provisioned. At this point inspections of the hull were carried out.[45] This opportunity allowed defect rectification to be carried out prior to the ship returning to sea.
_on_5_August_2017_(170805-N-NO901-279).JPG)
On 8 August 2017,Queen Elizabeth diverted from her sea trials to rendezvous with the ships engaged in Exercise 'Saxon Warrior'; this allowed for a photo exercise in company with the AmericanNimitz-class aircraft carrierUSS George H.W. Bush and herCarrier Strike Group (CSG), comprisingUSS Donald Cook,USS Philippine Sea,HMS Iron Duke,HMS Westminster andHNoMSHelge Ingstad.[46]
Queen Elizabeth was scheduled to return to Rosyth at the end of July for rectification work based on the results of the ship's first sea trials, before putting to sea for a second time to undergo a series of mission system tests, prior to being handed over to the Royal Navy.[47] This plan was abandoned and she instead steered for her home port, Portsmouth.[48]
Queen Elizabeth arrived at HMNB Portsmouth for the first time on 16 August 2017 and berthed at the newly renamed Princess Royal Jetty (formerly Middle Slip Jetty).[49]
On 30 October 2017, the ship departed Portsmouth for the first time for the second phase of her sea trials off the south and south-west coasts of England.[50] For part of this second period of sea trials, she was accompanied by theType 45 destroyerDragon.[51]Queen Elizabeth returned to Portsmouth on 21 November 2017 to prepare for her official commissioning ceremony, which was held on 7 December 2017.[52][53] Following the ship's commissioning, she underwent a period of defect correction in Portsmouth; one instance was a leak through a seal in one of the propeller shafts, which the Royal Navy stated was not serious enough to keepQueen Elizabeth from her planned programme.[54][55]
On 2 February 2018,Queen Elizabeth sailed from Portsmouth for a second time, for a six-week deployment to undergo the first phases of operational training; initially, the ship was scheduled to head into theWestern Approaches to undertake her initialOperational Sea Training (OST) programme. Once complete,Queen Elizabeth was then taken into theNorth Atlantic for both heavy weather testing and operations to begin helicopter certification, including withMerlin Mk2 and Mk3 and Chinook helicopters. During this deployment, the ship made her first overseas port visit, stopping over inGibraltar[56] from 9 to 12 February.[57] During this, the ship also began initial amphibious assault trials, withRoyal Marines from42 Commando embarked to simulate an air assault scenario.[58]Queen Elizabeth was also scheduled to undergo a firstreplenishment at sea fromRFA Tidespring; although the actual replenishment had to be abandoned due to bad weather, the rendezvous allowed both ships the opportunity to simulate the scenario in detail.[59]Queen Elizabeth returned to Portsmouth on 27 February 2018, berthing at Princess Royal Jetty.[60] On 2 March 2018 in Portsmouth Harbour,Queen Elizabeth successfully tested her port side Marine Evacuation System (MES), a series of bright orange inflatable escape chutes and rafts.[61]
Queen Elizabeth departed Portsmouth for a third time on 10 June 2018,[62] heading to the coasts of Cornwall for a second phase of helicopter flight trials. After the trials were completed,Queen Elizabeth headed for home and performed her first replenishment at sea (RAS) refuelling operation withTidespring on 21 June 2018 in the English Channel,[63] then returned to Portsmouth on 23 June 2018.[64]On return from the initial OST and helicopter certification work, further work was undertaken to prepare the ship for the operation of fixed-wing aircraft, in conjunction with regular maintenance and installation of her final weapons fit.
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Queen Elizabeth's first significant deployment took place during autumn 2018, when the ship travelled across the Atlantic to begin flying trials with her fixed-wing aircraft. Although the programme covered a range of areas, including the continued workup of theCommander UK Carrier Strike Group and his staff, embarked for a deployment for the first time, and small-scale exercises to test the ship's ability to land troops in the secondary amphibious role, the primary purpose was the first phase of fixed-wing flying trials involving the F-35B over two separate periods of approximately 3–4 weeks each starting in mid-September, utilising a pair of the instrumented development aircraft fromVX-23, the US Navy's air testing unit atNAS Patuxent River. The testing programme saw the first launch of an F-35 from aski-jump at sea (the F-35B has operated from the US Navy's assault ships, but these are not fitted with ski-jumps), and the first demonstration of theshipborne rolling vertical landing technique.
In addition to the F-35 trials,Queen Elizabeth also began qualifications for types of aircraft operated by the US armed forces, including theV-22 Osprey. As part of the deployment, the ship made her first overseas port visit toNew York City in October, in between layovers atNaval Station Norfolk, some operations in theCaribbean possible, to test the ship's hot weather performance, as well as being on hand if needed for any disaster relief operations during the hurricane season.Queen Elizabeth was scheduled to return to the UK in December.[37][65][66][67][68]
On 18 August 2018,Queen Elizabeth sailed from Portsmouth on what was termed as "Westlant 18", carrying three Merlin Mk2 helicopters of 820 NAS. Later, on 20 August 2018, three additional Merlin Mk4 helicopters from 845 NAS were embarked to the ship.[69]Queen Elizabeth was then met byHMS Monmouth to form a carrier group.[70] On 3 September 2018,Monmouth's Wildcat HMA2 helicopter became the first of its type to land aboardQueen Elizabeth.[71] On 5 September 2018, the two ships arrived atNaval Station Mayport in north-east Florida, for a period of replenishment.[72] The ships remained in Florida for eight days before departing for the planned trip northwards to USNaval Station Norfolk.[73]
During the transit north, she was to undertake an amphibious assault exercise off the coast ofSouth Carolina using its Merlin Mk4 helicopters and Royal Marines of42 Commando. However, due to the effects ofHurricane Florence, this exercise was cancelled and the group instead sailed south;Monmouth headed to waters offThe Bahamas, which acted as a windbreak, whileQueen Elizabeth skirted around the south of the hurricane zone. The group eventually arrived at Norfolk on 17 September. During the period alongside at Norfolk,Queen Elizabeth embarked a further 200 personnel of the F-35B Integrated Test Force, to undertake the testing and analysis of the two F-35B aircraft to be used during the initial set of flying trials.[73]
On 25 September 2018, two US-owned F-35B test aircraft, based at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, flew out to meetQueen Elizabeth off the New Jersey coast. After refuelling, Commander Gray then achieved the first F-35B take off fromQueen Elizabeth using the ski-jump ramp.[74] During the initial F-35B trials,Queen Elizabeth also began trials for the UK Carrier Group staff when the ship, along withMonmouth, formed a task group with the US Navy destroyerUSS Lassen[75] andUSNS Supply, afast combat support ship, which performed RAS withQueen Elizabeth andMonmouth on 1 October 2018.[76] During October, the first instances ofcross-decking took place when a US NavyMH-53E Sea Dragon helicopter, and aUS Marine Corps tiltrotorMV-22B Osprey landed on board.[77][78] The firstshipborne rolling vertical landing (SRVL) by an F-35 was undertaken on 14 October – this was also the first operational demonstration of the technique on a ship at sea, and is planned as the primary method of recovering fixed-wing aircraft aboard theQueen Elizabeth class.[79]
On 19 October 2018,Queen Elizabeth arrived in New York City for a planned seven day visit. Kyd remarked "we are the biggest carrier to go in there for about 50 years", as the U.S. Navy's nuclear-powered aircraft carriers are forbidden from making a port of call in New York City.[80] She dropped anchor nearEllis andLiberty Islands inUpper New York Bay.[81] During the ship's stopover, she played host to a forum hosted byGavin Williamson, the UKSecretary of State for Defence, on the future ofcyber security,[82] as well as an international trade day hosted byLiam Fox, theSecretary of State for International Trade.[83] On 19 November 2018, another milestone was met with a F-35B test pilot landing on the ship facing the stern instead of the bow.[84]
Following the ship's return from Westlant 18,Queen Elizabeth began a maintenance period in early 2019 that saw the installation of the remainder of the ship's self-defence armament, with twoPhalanx CIWS mounts fitted.[85][86] This was followed by the ship's return to Rosyth to allow it to be dry-docked for its first scheduled hull inspection.[87] The remaining Phalanx CIWS and fourDS30M mounts will be fitted during 2020.
After further fixed-wing aircraft trials in 2019, using British F-35 aircraft over UK waters, followed then by operational testing.[88]Queen Elizabeth was expected to reachinitial operational capability by 2020, now with CommodoreStephen Moorhouse in command.[89] Gavin Williamson announced that the ship's first deployment will be to the Mediterranean, the Middle East and the Pacific region, the last to counter China's territorial claims in the South China Sea.[90][91]
On 10 January 2019,Jane's Defence Weekly reported that F-35 aircraft of the United Kingdom would join the F-35Bs of the US Marine Corps in embarkingQueen Elizabeth for the ship's first operational cruise in 2021.[92]
_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_17_October_2019_(191017-N-QI061-2210).JPG)
Queen Elizabeth departed for her second WESTLANT cruise on 30 August 2019.[93] This deployment was to undertake the second stage of fixed-wing flight testing, and would see the F-35B employed as a full part of the ship's air group, with617 Squadron due to embark for the first time to operate alongside17 Squadron, the type's evaluation unit.[94] The deployment will also see the first full up operation of theUK Carrier Strike Group, withQueen Elizabeth to be accompanied byHMS Northumberland and HMSDragon supported byRFA Tideforce.[95] On 13 October 2019, F-35Bs from 17 Squadron landed on HMS Queen Elizabeth for the first time.[96]
HMS Queen Elizabeth arrived home in Portsmouth on 4 December 2019. On 16 December 2019, the first-ever F-35B launch in British territorial waters took place, when an aircraft of that model took off from the flight deck of HMS Queen Elizabeth in Portsmouth Harbour. The aircraft, registration ZM148 (BK14) safely returned to its base atRAF Marham on the same day. ZM148 (BK14) had developed a fault during Westlant19 and was retained aboard Queen Elizabeth for repair.[97]
HMSQueen Elizabeth departed Portsmouth in January 2020 for flight trials in UK waters for the first time and was joined by British-owned F-35B Lightning aircraft fromRAF No. 207 Squadron.[98][99] In June 2020, F-35Bs from 617 Squadron landed onQueen Elizabeth for Operational Sea Training to prepare for Initial Operating Capability (Maritime) by the end of 2020.[100][101]
The summer 2020 period was spent in harbour undergoing preparation work for September, when the ship took part in a major carrier group exercise that was run as part ofExercise Joint Warrior, with theQueen Elizabeth accompanied not just by ships of the Royal Navy, but also an escort from both the US and Dutch navies, as well as two squadrons of F-35Bs- one each from both the RAF andUSMC.[102] Following the conclusion ofJoint Warrior, the ship returned to port to have the remainder of its equipment fitted, while the joint UK/US air group undertook a further exercise from RAF Marham.
Initial Operating Capability was announced on 4 January 2021,[103] and on 27 January, the ship assumed the role ofFleet Flagship of the Royal Navy, taking over from amphibious transport dockHMS Albion.[104][105]
Between 7 and 21 May, the Carrier Strike Group took part in Exercise Strike Warrior, as part of Exercise Joint Warrior 21-1[citation needed] Once the carrier strike group finished Exercise Strike Warrior, it made its way back to HMNB Portsmouth for final preparations, before finally departing on 23 or 24 May. On 21 May, Prime MinisterBoris Johnson toured the ship.[106] QueenElizabeth II visited the ship on 22 May.[107] Initially the group took part in joint exercises with NATO partners in the Eastern Atlantic, before entering theMediterranean Sea, where it more conducted exercises with Mediterranean NATO allies, including with theFrench carrierCharles de Gaulle,[108] in the dual-carrier exercise named Exercise Gallic Strike[109] before entering port atSouda Bay for a logistic stop.[110] A Type 45 destroyer,HMSDefender andHNLMSEvertsen detached from the group to enter theBlack Sea[111] – a visit that was already planned prior to theheightened Russian activity in the region.[112] On 7 July 2021, the group transited theSuez Canal to enter the Indian Ocean where they conducted joint exercises with theIndian Navy[113] before proceeding past Singapore, without stopping, to enter the disputedSouth China Sea region to conductfreedom of navigation exercises in the area with the US Navy.[citation needed] Subsequently, the group will pay a visit to South Korea and then conduct exercises with theJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force andUnited States Navy around the islands of Japan.[114]
On 18 June 2021,Queen Elizabeth began combat operations against ISIS, supportingOperation Inherent Resolve. F-35B aircraft from617 Squadron, RAF andUS Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 211 (VMFA-211) launched strikes fromQueen Elizabeth to attackISIS targets in Iraq and Syria.[115][116]
An outbreak ofCOVID-19 was reported onQueen Elizabeth and her escort ships on 14 July 2021. The British Defence Secretary stated that the outbreak was being managed and that all personnel in the Carrier Strike Group had been vaccinated against COVID-19. Mitigation measures were also in place aboard the warships including the use of masks, social distancing and a "Track and Trace system" to monitor personnel movement. The deployment proceeded as planned to Japan.[117]
On 26 July 2021,Queen Elizabeth and her escort ships conducted a passage exercise with three ships from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) in the South China Sea. This is the first time that a Royal Navy Carrier Strike Group has conducted military exercises with the RSN.[118] On 16 November 2021, one of the carrier's F-35B fighters, ZM152 from617 Squadron, crashed during operations in the Mediterranean. The pilot was able to eject safely.[119]
In September 2023, the carrier embarked eight F-35B fighters from 617 Squadron, five Merlin helicopters from820 Squadron and three Wildcat helicopters from847 Squadron for its "Operation FIREDRAKE" deployment in northern European waters. Of five Merlins deployed, two were in the AEW configuration. The carrier was escorted byHMS Diamond,HMS Kent andRFA Tideforce.[120]
On 4 September 2024, a member of Royal Navy personnel died after a Merlin Mk. 4 helicopter ditched in theEnglish Channel nearDorset while conducting night flying exercises with HMS Queen Elizabeth. The two other crew onboard were taken to hospital.[121]
The two ships of theQueen Elizabeth class are each expected to be capable of carrying over forty aircraft, with a normal maximum load of thirty-six F-35s and four helicopters,[122] but with a theoretical surge capacity of up to 72 aircraft. The 2010SDSR anticipated the routine peacetime deployment of twelve F-35Bs, but a typical warload will be 24 F-35Bs and some helicopters.[15] These could be a "Maritime Force Protection" package of nine anti-submarine Merlin HM2 and five Merlin Crowsnest for airborne early warning; alternatively a littoral manoeuvre package could include a mix of Royal NavyCommando Helicopter ForceMerlin HC4,Wildcat AH1,RAFChinooks, andArmy Air CorpsApaches.[15] In 2022, it was reported that initially five Merlins will be equipped with Crowsnest, and three of these will normally be assigned to the "high readiness" aircraft carrier.[123]
The hangars are designed for CH-47 Chinook operations without blade folding and for theV-22 Osprey tiltrotor, whilst the aircraft lifts can accommodate two Chinooks with unfolded blades.[124]
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Builders | Alnmaritec |
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Planned | 4 |
| Completed | 4 |
| General characteristics | |
| Length | 13.1 m |
| Beam | 3.6 m |
| Draught | 0.6 m |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 18 kn (33 km/h) |
| Complement | 2 |
The two ships of theQueen Elizabeth class can each carry up to three passenger transfer boats (PTBs) made byBlyth-based company Alnmaritec.[125] Each PTB carries 36 passengers and two crew to operate the vessel. The boat is 13.1 m long anddavit-launched. To enable the craft to fit into the docking area the navigation and radar masts are fitted with Linak actuators so that they can be lowered automatically from the command console. The enclosed cabin is heated and there is a set ofheads forward.[126]
Defensive weapons include thePhalanx CIWS (Close-In Weapons System) foranti-aircraft andanti-missile defence, and30mm Automated Small Calibre Guns (fittedfor but not with, and not carried as of 2021.[16]) and initiallyMiniguns for use againstfast attack craft.[6] In 2023, theMinigun was retired from Royal Navy service and replaced byBrowning .50 caliber heavy machine guns.[130] Air defence is provided by theType 45 destroyers, whilefrigates provide anti-submarine and other general escort capabilities.
Incorporated into the first two blocks is a sophisticated handling and deployment system for air weapons known as the Highly Mechanised Weapon Handling System (HMWHS), with the aim of achieving asortie generation rate which is about six times faster than any previous Royal Navy aircraft carrier. The system requires only 50 people and could be operated with as few as 12 in an emergency; it is estimated that 160 would be needed to produce the same efficiency with conventional equipment. The system moves munitions onpallets by means of remotely controlled electric vehicles and lifts.[131]
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