 His Majesty's Hospital Ship (HMHS)Britannic | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMHSBritannic |
| Owner |  White Star Line |
| Operator |
|
| Port of registry | Liverpool, United Kingdom |
| Route | Southampton toMudros, viaNaples |
| Ordered | 1911 |
| Builder | Harland & Wolff,Belfast |
| Yard number | 433[1] |
| Laid down | 30 November 1911 |
| Launched | 26 February 1914 |
| Completed | 12 December 1915 |
| In service | 23 December 1915 |
| Fate | Sank after striking anaval mine on 21 November 1916 nearKea in theAegean Sea |
| General characteristics | |
| Class & type | Olympic-class ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 48,158 GRT, 24,592 NRT |
| Displacement | 53,200long tons (54,100 t) |
| Length | 882 ft 9 in (269.1 m)overall |
| Beam | 94 ft (28.7 m) |
| Height | 175 ft (53 m) from the keel to the top of the funnels |
| Draught | 34 ft 7 in (10.5 m) |
| Depth | 64 ft 6 in (19.7 m) |
| Decks | 9 passenger decks |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 24.5 knots (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph) (maximum) |
| Capacity | 3,309 |
| Crew | 673 |
HMHS[a]Britannic (/brɪˈtænɪk/) was the third and final vessel of theWhite Star Line'sOlympic class ofocean liners and the second White Star ship to bear the nameBritannic. She was the younger sister ofRMS Olympic andRMS Titanic and was intended to enter service as atransatlantic passenger liner. She operated as ahospital ship from 1915 until her sinking near the Greek island ofKea, in theAegean Sea at position37°42′05″N24°17′02″E / 37.70139°N 24.28389°E /37.70139; 24.28389, in November 1916. At the time she was the largest hospital ship in the world, and the largest vessel built in Britain.
Britannic waslaunched just before the start of theFirst World War. She was designed to be the safest of the three ships with design changes made during construction due to lessons learned from thesinking of theTitanic. She was laid up at her builders,Harland & Wolff, inBelfast, for many months before being requisitioned as ahospital ship. In 1915 and 1916 she operated between the United Kingdom and theDardanelles.
On the morning of 21 November 1916, she hit anaval mine of theImperial German Navy near the Greek island ofKea and sank 55 minutes later, killing 30 of 1,066 people on board; the 1,036 survivors were rescued from the water and fromlifeboats.Britannic was the largest ship lost in the First World War.[3] After the War, the White Star Line was compensated for the loss ofBritannic by the award of SSBismarck as part ofpostwar reparations; she entered service asRMS Majestic. The wreck of theBritannic was located and explored byJacques Cousteau in 1975. The vessel is the largest intact passenger ship on the seabed in the world.[4] It was bought in 1996 and is currently owned by Simon Mills, a maritime historian.
The original dimensions ofBritannic were similar to those of her older sisters, but her dimensions were altered whilst still on the building stocks after the loss ofTitanic. With a gross tonnage of 48,158, she surpassed her older sisters in terms of internal volume, but this did not make her the largest passenger ship in service at that time; the GermanSS Vaterland held this title with a significantly higher tonnage.[5]
TheOlympic-class ships were propelled by a combined system of two triple-expansion steam engines which powered the three-bladed outboard wing propellers whilst a low-pressure steam turbine used steam exhausted from the two reciprocating engines to power the central four-bladedpropeller giving a maximum speed of 23 knots.[6]
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Britannic had a similar layout to her sister ships. Following theTitanic disaster and the subsequent inquiries, several design changes were made to the remainingOlympic-class liners. WithBritannic, these changes made before launch included increasing the ship's beam to 94 feet (29 m) to allow for adouble hull along the engine andboiler rooms and raising six out of the 15 watertight bulkheads up to B Deck. Additionally, a larger 18,000-horsepower (13,000 kW) turbine was added instead of the 16,000-horsepower (12,000 kW) units installed on the earlier vessels in response to the increased hull width. The central watertight compartments were enhanced, allowing the ship to stay afloat with six compartments flooded.[7]
Externally the largest visual change was the fitting of largecrane-likegantry davits, each powered by an electric motor and capable of launching sixlifeboats which were stored on gantries; the ship was designed to have eight sets of gantry davits but only five were installed beforeBritannic entered war service, with the difference being made up with boats launched by manually operatedWelin-type davits as onTitanic andOlympic.[8][9]
Additional lifeboats could be stored within reach of the davits on the deckhouse roof, and the gantry davits could reach lifeboats on the other side of the ship, providing that none of thefunnels was obstructing the way. This design enabled all the lifeboats to be launched, even if the ship developed alist that would normally prevent lifeboats from being launched on the side opposite to the list. Several of these davits were placed abreast of funnels, defeating that purpose. The elevators, which previously stopped at A deck, could now reach the boat deck.[10] The ship carried 48 lifeboats, capable of carrying at least 75 people each. Thus, at least 3,600 people could be carried by the lifeboats, which was well above the ship's maximum capacity of 3,309.[citation needed]
In 1907,J. Bruce Ismay, director general of theWhite Star Line, andLord Pirrie, chairman of theHarland & Wolff shipyard inBelfast had decided to build a trio of ocean liners of unmatched size to compete with the Cunard Line'sLusitania andMauretania not in terms of speed but in terms of luxury and safety.[11] The names of the three vessels were decided at a later date and they showed the intention of the designers regarding their size:Olympic,Titanic andBritannic.[12]
Construction of theOlympic and theTitanic began in 1908 and 1909 respectively.[13] Their sizes were so large that it was necessary to build theArrol Gantry to shelter them, wide enough to span the two new building slips and allow two ships to be built at a time.[14] The three ships were designed to be 270 metres long and to have a gross tonnage of over 45,000. Their designed speed was approximately 22 knots, well below that of theLusitania andMauretania, but still allowing for a transatlantic crossing of less than one week.[15]
Although the White Star Line and theHarland and Wolff shipyard always denied it,[10][16] some sources claim thatBritannic was to be namedGigantic, but her name was changed so as not to compete withTitanic or create comparisons.[17][1] One source is a poster of the ship with the nameGigantic at the top.[18] Other sources are November 1911 American newspapers stating the White Star order forGigantic being placed, as well as other newspapers from around the world both during construction and immediately after the sinking of theTitanic.[19][20][21][22] A more recent article on her rivalAquitania shows a contemporary pictorial comparison from the time ofBritannic's construction including the giant ships of White Star, Cunard and Hamburg-America.Britannic is shown with her gantry cranes in place and being more of aTitanic clone but her name is still revealed asGigantic and down from her 1000 foot length she was intended to be.[23]
Tom McCluskie stated that in his capacity as archive manager and historian at Harland and Wolff, he "never saw any official reference to the nameGigantic being used or proposed for the third of theOlympic-class vessels".[24][25] Some hand-written changes were added to the order book and dated January 1912. These only dealt with the ship's moulded width, not her name.[25]
Britannic's keel was laid on 30 November 1911 at theHarland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, on the gantry slip previously occupied byOlympic, 13 months after thelaunch of that ship, andArlanza, launched seven days before.[9] The acquisition of the ship was planned to be at the beginning of 1914.[26] Due to improvements introduced as a consequence of theTitanic's disaster,Britannic was not launched until 26 February 1914,[27] which was filmed along with the fitting of a funnel.[28] Several speeches were given in front of the press, and a dinner was organised byWhite Star in honour of the launching.[29] Fitting out began subsequently. The ship entered dry dock in September and her propellers were installed.[30]
ReusingOlympic's space saved the shipyard time and money by not clearing out a third slip similar in size to those used for the two previous vessels. In August 1914, beforeBritannic could commence transatlantic service betweenNew York andSouthampton, theFirst World War began. Immediately, allshipyards withAdmiralty contracts were given priority to use available raw materials. All civil contracts includingBritannic were slowed.[31]
The naval authorities requisitioned a large number of ships asarmed merchant cruisers or for troop transport. The Admiralty paid the companies for the use of their ships but the risk of losing a ship in naval operations was high. The larger ocean liners were not initially taken for naval use, because smaller ships were easier to operate.Olympic returned to Belfast on 3 November 1914, while work onBritannic continued slowly.[31]
The need for increased tonnage grew critical as naval operations extended to theEastern Mediterranean. In May 1915,Britannic completed mooring trials of her engines and was prepared for emergency entrance into service with as little as four weeks' notice. The same month also saw the first major loss of a civilian ocean liner when Cunard'sRMS Lusitania was torpedoed near the Irish coast bySM U-20.[32]
The following month, the Admiralty decided to use recently requisitioned passenger liners astroop transports in theGallipoli Campaign (also called theDardanelles service). The first to sail were Cunard'sRMS Mauretania andRMS Aquitania. As the Gallipoli landings proved to be disastrous and the casualties mounted, the need for large hospital ships for treatment and evacuation of wounded became evident.Aquitania was diverted to hospital ship duties in August (her place as a troop transport would be taken byOlympic in September). Then on 13 November 1915,Britannic was requisitioned as a hospital ship from her storage location at Belfast.[citation needed]
Repainted white with large red crosses and a horizontal green stripe, she was renamed HMHS (His Majesty's Hospital Ship)Britannic[31] and placed under the command ofCaptainCharles Alfred Bartlett.[33] In the interior, 3,309 beds and several operating rooms were installed. The common areas of the upper decks were transformed into rooms for the wounded. The cabins of B Deck were used to house doctors. The first-class dining room and the first-class reception room on D Deck were transformed into operating rooms. The lower bridge was used to accommodate the lightly wounded.[33] The medical equipment was installed on 12 December 1915.[31]
When declared fit for service on 12 December 1915 at Liverpool,Britannic was assigned a medical team consisting of 101 nurses, 336 non-commissioned officers and 52 commissioned officers as well as a crew of 675.[33] On 23 December, she left Liverpool to join the port ofMudros on the island ofLemnos on theAegean Sea to bring back sick and wounded soldiers.[34] She joined with several ships on the same route, includingMauretania,Aquitania,[35] and her sister shipOlympic.[36] The four ships were joined a little later byStatendam.[37] She made a stopover atNaples before continuing to Mudros, in order for her stock of coal to be replenished. After she returned, she spent four weeks as a floating hospital off theIsle of Wight.[38]
The third voyage was from 20 March 1916 to 4 April. The Dardanelles was evacuated in January.[39] At the end of her military service on 6 June 1916,Britannic returned to Belfast to undergo the necessary modifications for transforming her into a transatlantic passenger liner. The British government paid the White Star Line £75,000 to compensate for the conversion. The transformation took place for several months before being interrupted by a recall of the ship back into military service.[40]
The Admiralty recalledBritannic back into service as a hospital ship on 26 August 1916, and the ship returned to the Mediterranean Sea for a fourth voyage on 24 September of that year.[41] On 29 September on her way to Naples, she encountered a violent storm from which she emerged unscathed.[42] She left on 9 October for Southampton. Then, she made a fifth trip, which was marked by a quarantining of the crew when the ship arrived atMudros (now Moudros) because of food-borne illness.[43]
Life aboard the ship followed a routine. At six o'clock, the patients were awakened and the premises were cleaned up. Breakfast was served at 6:30 AM, then the captain toured the ship for an inspection. Lunch was served at 12:30 PM and tea at 4:30 PM. Patients were treated between meals and those who wished to go for a walk could do so. At 8:30 PM, the patients went to bed and the captain made another inspection tour.[34] There were medical classes available for training the nurses.[44]
After completing five successful voyages to theMiddle Eastern theatre and back to the United Kingdom transporting the sick and wounded,Britannic departed Southampton forLemnos at 14:23 on 12 November 1916, her sixth voyage to theMediterranean Sea.[33] The ship passedGibraltar around midnight on 15 November and arrived atNaples on the morning of 17 November, for her usualcoaling and water-refuelling stop, completing the first stage of her mission.[45]
A storm kept the ship at Naples until Sunday afternoon when Captain Bartlett decided to take advantage of a brief break in the weather and continue. The seas rose once again asBritannic left the port. By the next morning, the storms died, and the ship passed theStrait of Messina without problems.Cape Matapan was rounded in the first hours of 21 November. By morning,Britannic was steaming at full speed into theKea Channel, betweenCape Sounion (the southernmost point ofAttica, the prefecture that includesAthens) and the island ofKea.[45]
There were 1,066 people on board: 673 crew, 315Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 77 nurses, and the captain.[46]
At 08:12 am European Eastern TimeBritannic was rocked by an explosion after hitting a mine.[48] The mines had been planted in the Kea Channel on 21 October 1916 bySM U-73 under the command ofGustav Sieß [de].
The reaction in the dining room was immediate; doctors and nurses left instantly for their posts but not everybody reacted the same way, as furtheraft, the power of the explosion was less felt, and many thought the ship had hit a smaller boat. Captain Bartlett and Chief Officer Hume were on thebridge at the time and the gravity of the situation was soon evident.[49] The explosion was on thestarboard[49] side, between holds two and three. The force of the explosion damaged the watertightbulkhead between hold one and theforepeak.[48] The first four watertight compartments were filling rapidly with water,[48] theboiler-man's tunnel connecting the firemen's quarters in the bow with boiler room six was seriously damaged, and water was flowing into that boiler room.[48]
Bartlett ordered the watertight doors closed, sent adistress signal, and ordered the crew to prepare the lifeboats.[48] An SOS signal was immediately sent out and was received by several other ships in the area, among themHMS Scourge andHMS Heroic, butBritannic heard nothing in reply. Unknown to either Bartlett or the ship's wireless operator, the force of the first explosion had caused the antenna wires slung between the ship's masts to snap. This meant that although the ship could still send out transmissions by radio, she could no longer receive them.[50]
Along with the damaged watertight door of the firemen's tunnel, the watertight door between boiler rooms six and five failed to close properly.[48] Water was flowing further aft into boiler room five.Britannic had reached her flooding limit. She could stay afloat (motionless) with her first six watertight compartments flooded. There were five watertight bulkheads rising all the way up to B Deck.[51] Those measures had been taken after theTitanic disaster (Titanic could float with only her first four compartments flooded).[52]
The next crucial bulkhead between boiler rooms five and four and its door were undamaged and should have guaranteed the ship's survival. However, there were openportholes along the front lower decks, which tilted underwater within minutes of the explosion. The nurses had opened most of those portholes to ventilate the wards, against standing orders. As the ship'sangle of list increased, water reached this level and began entering aft from the bulkhead between boiler rooms five and four. With more than six compartments flooded,Britannic could not stay afloat.[52]
On the bridge, Captain Bartlett was already considering efforts to save the ship. Only two minutes after the blast, boiler rooms five and six had to be evacuated. In about ten minutes,Britannic was roughly in the same conditionTitanic had been in one hour after thecollision with the iceberg. Fifteen minutes after the ship was struck, the open portholes on E Deck were underwater. With water also entering her aft section from the bulkhead between boiler rooms four and five,Britannic quickly developed a serious list to starboard.[53]
Bartlett gave the order to turn starboard towards the island ofKea in an attempt to beach her. The effect ofBritannic's starboard list and the weight of therudder made attempts to navigate the ship under her own power difficult, and the steering gear had been knocked out by the explosion, which eliminated steering by the rudder. The captain ordered the port shaft driven at a higher speed than the starboard side, which helped the ship move towards Kea.[53]
At the same time, the hospital staff prepared to evacuate. Bartlett had given the order to prepare the lifeboats, but he did not allow them to be lowered into the water. Everyone took their most valuable belongings with them before they evacuated. The chaplain of the ship recovered his Bible. The few patients and nurses on board were assembled. Major Harold Priestley gathered his detachments from the Royal Army Medical Corps to the back of the A deck and inspected the cabins to ensure no one was left behind.[53]
While Bartlett continued his desperate manoeuvre,Britannic's list steadily increased. Fearing that the list would become too large to launch, some crew decided to launch lifeboats without waiting for the order to do so.[53] Two lifeboats were put onto the water on the port side without permission by Third Officer Francis Laws. These boats were drawn towards the still-turning, partly surfaced propellers. Bartlett ordered the engines to stop but before this could take effect, the two boats were drawn into the propellers, completely destroying both and killing 30 people.[52] Bartlett was able to stop the engines before any more boats were lost.[54]
By 08:50, most of those on board had escaped in the 35 successfully launched lifeboats. At this point, Bartlett concluded that the rate at whichBritannic was sinking had slowed so he called a halt to the evacuation and ordered the engines restarted in the hope that he might still be able to beach the ship.[55] At 09:00, Bartlett was informed that the rate of flooding had increased due to the ship's forward motion and that the flooding had reached D-deck. Realising that there was now no hope of reaching land in time, Bartlett gave the final order to stop the engines and sounded two final long blasts of the whistle, the signal to abandon ship.[56] As water reached the bridge, he and Assistant Commander Dyke walked off onto the deck and entered the water, swimming to a collapsible boat from which they continued to coordinate the rescue operations.[57]
Britannic gradually capsized to starboard, and the funnels collapsed one after the other as the ship rapidly sank. By the time the stern was out of the water, the bow had already slammed into the seabed. AsBritannic's length was greater than the depth of the water, the impact caused major structural damage to the bow before she slipped completely beneath the waves at 09:07, 55 minutes after the explosion.[56]Violet Jessop (who was one of the survivors of theTitanic, and had also been on board when theOlympic collided withHMS Hawke) described the last seconds:[58]
She dipped her head a little, then a little lower and still lower. All the deck machinery fell into the sea like a child's toys. Then she took a fearful plunge, her stern rearing hundreds of feet into the air until with a final roar, she disappeared into the depths, the noise of her going resounding through the water with undreamt-of violence....
When theBritannic came to rest, she became the largest ship lost in the First World War.[59]
Compared toTitanic, the rescue ofBritannic was facilitated by three factors: The water temperature was higher (20 °C (68 °F)[61] compared to −2 °C (28 °F)[62] forTitanic), more lifeboats were available (35 were successfully launched and stayed afloat[63] compared toTitanic's 20[64]), and help was closer (it arrived less than two hours after first distress call[63] compared to three and a half hours forTitanic[65]).
The first to arrive on the scene were fishermen from Kea on theircaïque, who picked many survivors from the water.[66] At 10:00,HMS Scourge sighted the first lifeboats and 10 minutes later stopped and picked up 339 survivors.Armed boarding steamer HMSHeroic had arrived some minutes earlier and picked up 494.[67] Some 150 had made it toKorissia, Kea, where surviving doctors and nurses fromBritannic were trying to save the injured, using aprons and pieces oflifebelts to make dressings. A little barren quayside served as their operating room.[citation needed]
Scourge andHeroic had no deck space for more survivors, and they left forPiraeus signalling the presence of those remaining at Korissia.HMS Foxhound arrived at 11:45 and, after sweeping the area, anchored in the small port at 13:00 to offer medical assistance and take on board the remaining survivors.[67] At 14:00 the light cruiserHMS Foresight arrived.Foxhound departed for Piraeus at 14:15 whileForesight remained to arrange the burial on Kea of RAMC Sergeant William Sharpe, who had died of his injuries. Another two survivors died on theHeroic and one on the FrenchtugGoliath. The three were buried with military honours in the Piraeus Naval and Consular Cemetery.[68] The last fatality was G. Honeycott, who died at the Russian Hospital at Piraeus shortly after the funerals.[citation needed]
In total, out of the 1,066 people on board, 1,036 people survived the sinking. Thirty people lost their lives in the disaster[69] but only five were buried; others were not recovered and are honoured on memorials inThessaloniki (theMikra Memorial) and London. Another 38 were injured (18 crew, 20 RAMC).[70] Survivors were accommodated in the warships that were anchored at the port of Piraeus while nurses and officers were hosted in separate hotels atPhaleron. Many Greek citizens and officials attended the funerals. Survivors were sent home, and few arrived in the United Kingdom before Christmas.[71]
In November 2006,Britannic researcher Michail Michailakis discovered that one of the 45 unidentified graves in the New British Cemetery in the town ofHermoupolis on the island ofSyros contained the remains of a soldier collected from the church of Ag. Trias at Livadi (the former name of Korissia). Maritime historian Simon Mills contacted theCommonwealth War Graves Commission. Further research established that this soldier was aBritannic casualty, and his remains had been registered in October 1919 as belonging to a certain "Corporal Stevens".[72]
When the remains were moved to the new cemetery at Syros in June 1921, it was found that there was no record relating this name with the loss of the ship, and the grave was registered as unidentified. Mills provided evidence that this man could be Sergeant Sharpe and the case was considered by theService Personnel and Veterans Agency.[72] A new headstone for Sharpe was erected and the CWGC has updated its database.[73]
The plan ofBritannic showed that she was intended to be more luxurious than her sister ships in order to compete withSS Imperator,SS Vaterland andRMS Aquitania. Enough cabins were provided for passengers divided into three classes. TheWhite Star Line anticipated a considerable change in its customer base. Thus, the quality of the Third Class (intended for migrants) was lowered when compared to that of her sisters, while the quality of the Second Class increased. In addition, the number of crew planned was increased from about 860 – 880 onboardOlympic andTitanic to 950 aboardBritannic.[74]
The quality of the First Class was also improved. Children began to appear as part of the clientele that needed to be satisfied, and thus a playroom for them was built on the boat deck.[75] Similar to her two sister ships, the first class amenities included theGrand Staircase, butBritannic's amenities were more sumptuous, with worked balustrades, decorative panels and a pipe organ.[76] The A Deck of the ship was devoted in its entirety to the First Class, being fitted with a salon, two veranda cafes, a smoking room and a reading room.[77] The B Deck included a hair salon, post office, and redesigned deluxe Parlour Suites, dubbed Saloons in the Builder's Plans.[78] The most important addition was that of individual bathrooms in almost every First Class cabin, which would have been a first on an ocean liner. Aboard theOlympic andTitanic, most passengers had to use public bathrooms.[79]
These facilities were installed but were soon removed because the ship was converted to a hospital ship and were never re-installed because the ship sank before she could enter transatlantic service, so the planned facilities were either cancelled, destroyed, reused on other vessels, like theOlympic orMajestic, or just never used.[31] Of these accessories, only a large staircase and a children's playroom remained installed. Under the glass dome was a white wall above the first-class staircase instead of a clock and a large painting.
AWelte philharmonic organ was planned to be installed on boardBritannic but because of the outbreak of war, the instrument never made its way to Belfast from Germany.[31] After the war, it was not claimed by Harland and Wolff sinceBritannic sank before she could have ever entered transatlantic service. It also was not installed onOlympic orMajestic since White Star Line did not want it. For a long time, it was thought that the organ was lost or destroyed.[31]
In April 2007, the restorers of a Welte organ, now in theMuseum für Musikautomaten [de] inSeewen, Switzerland, detected that the main parts of the instrument were signed by the German organ builders with "Britanik".[80] A photograph of a drawing in a company prospectus, found in the Welte-legacy in theAugustiner Museum inFreiburg, proved that this was the organ intended forBritannic. It was found that Welte had first sold the organ to a private owner in Stuttgart instead. Later, in 1937 it had been transferred to a company's concert hall in Wipperfürth, where it was eventually acquired by the founder of the Swiss Museum of Music Automatons in 1969. At the time, the museum was still unaware of the organ's original history.[81][82] The museum maintains the organ in working condition and it is still used for fully automated and manual performances.
The wreck of HMHSBritannic is at37°42′05″N24°17′02″E / 37.70139°N 24.28389°E /37.70139; 24.28389 in about 400 feet (122 m) of water.[4] It was discovered on 13 November 1975 byJacques Cousteau via side-scan sonar imagery.[83][84] In filming the expedition, Cousteau also held conference on camera with several surviving personnel from the ship including Sheila MacBeth Mitchell, a survivor of the sinking.[85] In 1976, Cousteau entered the wreck with his divers for the first time.[86] He expressed the opinion that the ship had been sunk by a single torpedo, basing this opinion on the damage to her plates.[87]
The giant liner lies on her starboard side relatively intact, hiding the large hole that was torn open by the mine. There is a huge hole just beneath the forwardwell deck. Thebow is heavily deformed and attached to the rest of the hull only by some pieces of C-Deck. The crew's quarters in the forecastle were found to be in good shape with many details still visible. The holds were found empty.[86]
The forecastle machinery and the two cargo cranes in the forward well deck are well preserved. The foremast is bent and lies on the seabed near the wreck with the crow's nest still attached. The bell, thought to be lost, was found in a dive in 2019, having fallen from the mast and is now lying directly below the crow's nest on the seabed. Funnel number 1 was found a few metres from the Boat Deck. Funnel numbers two, three, and four were found in the debris field (located off the stern).[86] Pieces of coal lie beside the wreck.[88]
In mid-1995, in an expedition filmed byNOVA, Dr.Robert Ballard, best known for having discovered the wrecks ofTitanic in 1985, and theGerman battleship Bismarck in 1989, visited the wreck, using advanced side-scan sonar. Images were obtained from remotely controlled vehicles, but the wreck was not penetrated. Ballard found all the ship's funnels in surprisingly good condition. Attempts to find mine anchors failed.[89]
In August 1996, the wreck was bought by Simon Mills, who has written two books about the ship:Britannic – The Last Titan andHostage to Fortune.[90]
In November 1997, an international team of divers used open circuittrimix diving techniques to visit and film the wreck in the newly availableDV digital video format.[89]
In September 1998, another team of divers made an expedition to the wreck.[91][92] Usingdiver propulsion vehicles, the team made more man-dives to the wreck and produced more images than ever before, including video of four telegraphs, a helm and atelemotor on the captain's bridge.[93]
In 1999GUE divers acclimated tocave diving and ocean discovery led the first dive expedition to include extensivepenetration intoBritannic. Video of the expedition was broadcast byNational Geographic, BBC, the History Channel and the Discovery Channel.[94]
In September 2003, an expedition dived into the wreck.[95] This was the first expedition to diveBritannic where all the bottom divers were using closed circuit rebreathers (CCR). DiverLeigh Bishop brought back some of the first photographs from inside the wreck and another diver found that several watertight doors were open. It has been suggested that this was because the mine strike coincided with the change of watches. Alternatively, the explosion may have distorted the doorframes. A number of mine anchors were located off the wreck byBill Smith using sonar,[96][97][98] confirming the German records ofU-73 thatBritannic was sunk by a single mine and the damage was compounded by open portholes and watertight doors. The September 2003 dive found mine anchorage apparatus with its time-delay release mechanism activated. The expedition was broadcast extensively across the world for many years by National Geographic and the UK's Channel 5.[99][failed verification]
In 2006, an expedition, funded and filmed by the History Channel, brought together fourteen skilled divers to help determine what caused the quick sinking ofBritannic.[99]
On 24 May 2009, a diver died in Greece due to equipment difficulties while filming the wreck for National Geographic.[100][101]
In 2012, divers using rebreathers installed and recovered scientific equipment used for environmental purposes, to determine how fast bacteria are eating atBritannic's iron compared toTitanic.[102]
On 29 September 2019, a British technical diver died during a 120-metre (390 ft) dive on the wreck ofBritannic.[103]
In 2025 Greece announced the recovery of artefacts, including the ship's lookout bell, from the wreck ofBritannic. The operation was carried out in May but the Greek culture ministry released details of the finds only in September. An 11-member team of divers conducted the recovery, organised by Simon Mills.[104]
Having her career cut short in wartime, never having entered commercial service, and having had few victims,Britannic did not experience the same notoriety as her sister shipTitanic. After being largely forgotten by the public, she finally gained fame when her wreck was discovered.[105] Her name was reused by theWhite Star Line when it putMV Britannic into service in 1930. That ship was the last to fly the flag of the company when it retired in 1960.[106]
After Germany capitulated at the end of the First World War followed by theTreaty of Versailles, it handed over some of its ocean liners as war reparations, two of which were given to the company. The first,Bismarck, renamedMajestic, replacedBritannic. The second,Columbus, renamedHomeric, compensated for other ships lost in the conflict.[107]
The last survivor, George Perman, died on 24 May 2000, just short of his 100th birthday. At the time of the sinking, he was a 15-year-old Scout working onBritannic, and the youngest person onboard the ship.[108][109]
A fictionalised version of the sinking of the ship was dramatised in a 2000 television film,Britannic, that featuredEdward Atterton,Amanda Ryan,Jacqueline Bisset andJohn Rhys-Davies, depicting a German agent sabotaging the ship, due to it secretly carrying munitions.[citation needed]
A BBC2 documentary,Titanic's Tragic Twin – the Britannic Disaster, was broadcast on 5 December 2016; presented byKate Humble andAndy Torbet, it used up-to-date underwater film of the wreck and spoke to relatives of survivors.[110]
The historical docudramaThe Mystery Of The Britannic was released in 2017, in which the maritime explorer Richard Kohler investigates the ship's last voyage.[citation needed]
Alma Katsu's 2020 novelThe Deep was set partly onBritannic andTitanic, and centred around the sinking of both ships.[111]
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| Sinking | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Officers |
| ||||||||||||||
| Crew members |
| ||||||||||||||
| Passengers |
| ||||||||||||||
| Monuments and memorials |
| ||||||||||||||
| Popular culture (cultural legacy) |
| ||||||||||||||
| Museums and exhibitions | |||||||||||||||
| Places | |||||||||||||||
| Related |
| ||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
