Reflex sight with 1× magnification, telescopic sight with 3× magnification (export version has a 1.5× magnified sight) and back-up fixed notch sight Picatinny rails for various optics (later models)
TheHeckler & KochG36(Gewehr 36) is anassault rifle designed in the early 1990s by German weapons manufacturerHeckler & Koch. It is chambered in5.56×45mm NATO, and replaced the heavierG3battle rifle chambered in7.62×51mm.[1] The G36 was accepted into service with theBundeswehr in 1997.[2] Since then, it has been a popular export, and has seen active service in military and police units in several countries, including Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The G36 isgas-operated and feeds from a 30-round detachablebox magazine or 100-roundC-Magdrum magazine.[1]
In 2012, the G36 was found to suffer from significant accuracy issues due to thermal expansion of the barrel, prompting a search for a replacement.[3] In 2017, theBundeswehr launched theSystem Sturmgewehr Bundeswehr, a program designed to field a replacement for the G36. The weapons put forth were theHeckler & Koch HK416,Heckler & Koch HK433, and theHaenel MK 556. The G95A1 and G95KA1, both variants of the HK416, were selected in 2022.
In the 1970s, arms manufacturers in Germany began work on a successor for theG3 rifle, resulting in the creation of the 4.73 mmG11 assault rifle (developed jointly by a group of companies led by Heckler & Koch) that usedcaseless ammunition (designed byDynamit Nobel). This weapon was intended to replace the G3, therefore further development of Heckler & Koch's series of firearms chambered for the5.56×45mm NATO cartridge had been halted. Heckler & Koch, having no incentive to pursue a new 5.56 mm weapon system, was content with the export-orientedHK33 andG41 rifles. However, the G11 program came to an abrupt end when theBundeswehr cancelled its procurement due to defence budget cuts resulting from the unification ofEast andWest Germany, and Heckler & Koch's 1991 acquisition by British Aerospace's Royal Ordnance division (known today asBAE Systems).
Increasing demand for a modernservice rifle chambered in theNATO-standard 5.56 mm cartridge led Heckler & Koch to offer the German armed forces the G41 rifle, which, too, was rejected. Design work was initiated on a completely novel, modern 5.56 mm assault rifle; it would later be designatedProject 50 orHK50.[2] During testing, prototypes were rated higher than the Austrian competition (theSteyr AUG system).[2] The final version of the G36 was completed in 1995, and production began in 1996. The G36C was first adopted as the standard-issue rifle of US special forces unit TF23.[when?]
The HK50 rifle was selected for service and an initial order was placed for 33,000 rifles under theBundeswehr designationGewehr G36. The order included an option for a further 17,000 rifles. Deliveries were first made to theBundeswehr'sNATOQuick Reaction Force during quarter four of 1997. The G36's production line was started in early 1996.
In July 1998, it was announced that the G36 had been selected as the service rifle for theSpanish Armed Forces, replacing the Spanish-designed 5.56 mmCETME Model L andLC rifles.[4] Deliveries started at the end of 1999. From 1999 to 2005, 75,219 rifles were manufactured in Spain under license by General Dynamics'Santa Bárbara Sistemas at the Fábrica de Armas de La Coruña (FACOR) facility inCoruña,Galicia.
The rifle has been licensed for local production in Saudi Arabia by theMilitary Industries Corporation (MIC).[5][6]Technology transfer was granted by Germany to Saudi Arabia on 30 June 2008.[7][8] The first Saudi-made G36 was produced at MIC's factory on 30 June 2009.[8] However, some components of their own G36s are supplied by Heckler & Koch.[7]
In April 2012, reports surfaced that G36 rifles used in Afghanistan would overheat during prolonged firefights after several hundred rounds were fired. Overheating affected the accuracy of the G36, making it difficult to hit targets past 100 metres, ineffective past 200 metres, and incapable of effective fire past 300 metres. The G36 has been called unsuitable for long battles. Operational commanders advised allowing the weapon to cool between periods of rapid shooting.[9][10][11]
In February 2014, theGerman Federal Ministry of Defence announced that the overheating deficiencies of the G36 were not a result of weapon design, but of the ammunition. A report by theBundeswehr on 21 February 2014 revealed that the issues were not the fault of the rifle, but that one manufacturer of ammunition was making bullets with copper-plated jackets that were too thin.[12][13][better source needed] The manufacturer of the ammunition confirmed this,[14] although experts disagreed, and also said the accuracy problems were already known to the defence ministry by 2010.[15]
On 22 June 2014, it was reported that Germany's defense ministry had temporarily halted new orders worth €34 million ($45 million) over accuracy concerns for the rifle. TheBundeswehr consulted theFraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics (Ernst Mach Institut) and theFederal Criminal Police Office.[16] On 30 March 2015,Minister of DefenceUrsula von der Leyen told Associated Press that the weight-saving design was the root of the issues.[17] This was based on a letter fromInspector GeneralVolker Wieker advising the Stewards of Defence and Budget Committee of the Bundestag and the troops in advance of publication of the report.[18][19] The report was released by the Fraunhofer Ernst Mach Institut and Wehrtechnische Dienststelle 91 on 19 April 2015. According to their 372-page report, the observed hit rate of the predominantly plastic weapon with the unsupportedfree-floating barrel drops down to a mere 7% at 100 metres when the temperature increases by 30 °C (86 °F) or more, whereas theBundeswehr required a hit rate of 90% at that distance.[20][21]
On 22 April 2015, von der Leyen announced that the G36 would be phased out of the German army due to these concerns and stated that "The Heckler & Koch G36 has no future in the German army in its current state of construction."[22] Von der Leyen considered the weapon to be useless[23] and stated that the German military would stop using an assault rifle that could not shoot straight when temperatures increased or the rifle heated up during a firefight.[24]
In 2016, theMinistry of Defence attempted to sue Heckler & Koch, saying they were legally obligated to repair the subpar G36 rifles. Because theBundeswehr did not make its specifications for the weapon clear enough in the beginning of the procurement process,[25][3] the District Court of Koblenz rejected claims from theBundeswehr procurement office, and ruled that Heckler & Koch did not have to pay damages on the 167,000 rifles still in use out of more than 176,000 G36 rifles Germany had originally purchased.[26]
TheBundeswehr began theSystem Sturmgewehr Bundeswehr (Bundeswehr Assault Rifle System) effort to replace the G36 in 2017. Initially,C.G. Haenel won the competition in September 2020 offering theirHaenel MK 556. However, German authorities cancelled the contract the next month amid allegations that the MK 556 infringed on Heckler and Koch patents, and theG95A1 (known as the HK416 A8 during field testing) was selected in early 2021. Haenel sued to attempt to reverse the decision, but a German court dismissed the lawsuit in June 2022. In December 2022, theBundestag approved initial funding to begin procuring the rifles. TheBundeswehr expected to purchase 118,718 rifles, designatedG95A1 (with a 16.5 in (420 mm) barrel) andG95KA1 (with a shorter 14 in (360 mm) barrel). Fielding is planned to start in 2024.[27][28]
The G36 is chambered in5.56×45mm NATO and fires from aclosedrotary bolt. The rifle body has a conventional layout and a modular component design. While modifications can vary, all G36 variants share an identicalreceiver,buttstock assembly,bolt carrier group, return mechanism, and guide rod. The receiver contains thebarrel, carry handle with integratedsights,trigger group withpistol grip, handguard andmagazine socket.
The G36 employs a free-floating barrel, meaning the barrel does not make contact with the handguard. The barrel is fastened to the receiver with a special nut, which can be removed with a wrench. The barrel isforged using a cold hammer process. It features achrome-lined bore with 6 right-hand grooves and a 1 in 178 mm (1:7 in) rifling twist rate. The barrel features a collar and lug permitting attachment of abayonet; it can also be used to attachrifle grenades and aflash suppressor.[citation needed]
The fire and safety selector isambidextrous and has controls on both sides of the receiver; this feature is inherited from the design of the originalG3. Selector settings are described with letters: "S"—safe ("Sicher"), "E"—semi-automatic fire ("Einzelfeuer") and "F"—automatic fire ("Feuerstoß").[2] The three-position fire selector has a 0°/45°/90° rotation pattern between the settings. HK offers several other trigger options, including the "Navy" trigger group with illustratedpictograms for each setting. An exclusively semi-automatic trigger is also available.
The G36 uses a proprietary 30-round magazine moulded with translucent shock-resistant plastic. The sides have interlocking studs that allow the magazines to be attachedjungle-style.
An empty G36 magazine weighs 127 g (4.5 oz), while a fully loaded magazine weighs 483 g (17.0 oz).[citation needed]
WhileSTANAG magazines are not normally compatible with the G36, adapters and modifications exist that enable cross-compatibility.[citation needed] Certain types ofBeta C-Mags, which hold 100 rounds, can also be used with the stock G36, and are employed by the MG36 variant.
The G36 features a folding stock, which can shorten the overall length of the weapon forclose-quarters combat. The stock also incorporates holes in which assembly pins can be stored during weapon cleaning and maintenance.[2]
The G36 employs a number of lightweight, corrosion-resistant synthetic materials in its design. The receiver housing, stock, trigger group (including the fire control selector and firing mechanism), magazine well, handguard and carry handle are all made of acarbon fibre-reinforcedpolyamide. The receiver has an integratedsteel barrel trunnion (with locking recesses) and anylon 66-based, steel-reinforced receiver.[29]
Dual combat sighting system ZF 3×4° as used on German G36A1 assault rifles
Sight picture for the main reticle
The standard German Army versions of the G36 are equipped with a ZF 3×4° dual optical sight, which includes a 3×magnifiedtelescopic sight and an unmagnifiedreflex sight mounted slightly higher.[2] The reflex sight is illuminated by ambient light during the day and uses battery-powered illumination for use at night. Electric illumination is activated automatically by a built-inphotoresistor and can be manually activated to boost the brightness of thereticle in lowcontrast situations.[30] The main reticle issighted in at 200 m (219 yd) and includescrosshairs and a range-finding scale. It also features bullet drop compensation markings for 200, 400, 600, and 800 m (219, 437, 656, and 875 yd).
Export versions have a single telescopic sight with 1.5× magnification and a fixed 300 m (328 yd) reticle. All rifles are adapted to use the Hensoldt NSA 80 third-generationnight sight, which clamps into the G36 carry handle adaptor in front of the optical sight housing and mates with the rifle's standard optical sight.[31] The sighting bridge also functions as a carrying handle and features auxiliary open sights moulded on top of the handle that consist of a forward blade and rear notch, but these can only be used with the reflex sight removed, as in the G36V. The optical sight system is produced by Hensoldt AG (a subsidiary ofCarl Zeiss AG).
The G36 uses ashort-stroke piston system[2] from which HK later developed theHK-416's impingement system. Unlikedirect impingement, the system uses gas trailing the bullet to operate the piston instead of pushing directly on the bolt. The G36's bolt is operated by a cam that guides the bolt carrier by its respective cut-out. Then, when fully pushed forward, 7 radial locking lugs fully enclose the chamber.
The design includes several features that are commonplace in modern military firearms. The bolt locks back after the last round is spent, although this can be deactivated using the bolt catch button on front end of the trigger guard. Thecharging handle folds and unfolds automatically via a spring when firing; the handle can also be operated from either side of the firearm.[32][33] The handle also doubles as aforward assist in the event of afailure to feed. The ejection port has a brass deflector that helps left-handed users avoid being struck by casings. The bolt also acts as a dust cover.
Standard equipment supplied with the G36 includes: spare magazines, a cleaning and maintenance kit, sling,speedloader and sometimes modifiedAKM type II bladebayonets (many of which are left over in Germany from stocks of the formerNational People's Army).[citation needed]
Introduced in 1996, theG36 is chambered in5.56×45mm NATO. It features a 18.9 in (480 mm) barrel.
TheG36V (V—Variante "variant") is the export variant of the G36, previously known as theG36E (E—Export). The G36V features an altered sight setup and bayonet mount. It is fitted with a 1.5× or 3× sight and lacks the integratedreflector sight. It features a standard NATO bayonet mount. The G36V was first produced for theSpanish andLatvian National Armed Forces.
TheG36A2 is an upgraded variant of the G36 also in service with in the German Army. It is equipped with a quick-release Zeiss RSA reflexred dot sight[34] mounted on aPicatinny rail, replacing the original red dot sight. The G36A2 includes the shorter G36C stock, a new handguard made of aluminium (permitting better heat dissipation during sustained fire), an optional four Picatinny rails, and a vertical foregrip with an integrated switch for theLLM01 laser light module.[35] Throughout its service life, it has received further modernisation upgrades, designated as theG36A3 andG36A4.
Some G36A1 rifles were given the same modernisation upgrades as the G36A3 while reusing the original, cheaper A1 receiver. These variants are known as theG36A1.1.
A modernized G36K being held by a Lithuanian soldierLithuanian soldiers during combat training exercise with a G36KA4M1
Introduced in 1997, theG36K (K—kurz "short") is acarbine variant with a shorter barrel, an open-type flash suppressor, a shorter forend, and a bottom rail. The carbine's barrel lacks the ability to launch rifle grenades and does not support a bayonet. The weapon retains compatibility with the AG36 grenade launcher. G36Ks in service with German special forces are issued with a 100-round C-Mag drum. The G36K has multiple slight variations. One includes a 3× scope/carry handle attached to the top, while the second only includes iron sights and a rail.
TheG36KV (formerly G36KE) is the export variant of the G36K, using the sights on the G36V.
TheG36KA4 is a modernised variant of the G36K made for German special forces. It adds the proprietary HKey mod system to the handguard, a heavier barrel, and a carry handle with a MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rail. The stock was also replaced with an IdZ adjustable stock for better handling while using body armour.
Introduced in 2001, theG36C (C—"compact") is a compact variant and a further development of the G36K. It has a shorter barrel than the G36K and either a four-prong open-type flash hider or a birdcage type flash hider. The extremely short barrel forced designers to move the gas block closer to the muzzle end and reduce the length of the gas piston operating rod. The handguard and stock were also shortened, and it includes the carrying handle from the G36KA4. The dual optical sight found on the standard G36 and G36K models was replaced with a set of rail-mounted detachableiron sights that consist of a semi-shrouded front post and a flip-up rear sight with two apertures of different diameter. The short handguard has four accessory attachment points, one of which could be used for a vertical grip. The G36C was developed and produced in January 2001.
TheMG36 (MG—Maschinengewehr "machine gun") is anautomatic rifle variant of the G36 equipped with a heavier barrel for increased thermal performance andcook-off resistance.[2] The MG36 andMG36E (E—Export) are no longer offered by Heckler & Koch.
Heckler & Koch also created the semi-automaticSL8 rifle and the straight-pull, bolt-actionR8, which are offered to the civilian sport shooting markets, both are loosely based on the G36. The SL8 is substantially different from the G36, it has a modified receiver and a thumbhole stock with a cheek rest, which is integral with the trigger group. The SL8 has a heavy profile, extended, 510 mm (20.1 in) barrel that does not have a flash hider or bayonet lug. The rifle uses a 10-round single-stack magazine and an extended top rail used to mount a wide variety of Picatinny-standard optics. Mounted to the rail are a set of iron sights with a hooded foresight and adjustable flip rear aperture. The SL8 can also mount the G36 carry handle and integrated sight assembly, after removing the mechanical iron sights. The SL8 has an unloaded weight of 4.3 kg (9.5 lb), overall length of 980–1,030 mm (39–41 in) and a trigger rated at 20 N (4.5 lbf).
In November 2013, Heckler & Koch applied for permission from the German Government to sell a new civilian-legal version of the G36. Known as theHK243 in Europe and theHK293 in America, it is more similar to the G36 assault rifle than previous civilian models. The main difference is the bolt is redesigned not to allow a conversion to fully automatic fire. It has quad picatinny rails and accepts STANAG magazines. Four different barrel lengths from 230 mm (9.1 in) to 480 mm (19 in) and four stock models (short fixed, long fixed and two adjustable) will be offered.[36]
In November 2020, semi-automatic only G36 rifles became available for sale on the civilian market in Canada. They were sold withmatch grade barrels by Lothar Walther for CAD $5,999, or with a Heckler & Koch barrel for CAD $7,998.[37][38]
In May 2021,Steyr Arms introduced the G62 upgrade for G36 rifles. According to Steyr, the components of this upgrade kit (metal receiver, barrel and magazine well) can be mounted independently on existing G36 arms without any modifications.[39] German media speculated this might be a relatively inexpensive way to extend the service life of the G36 in theBundeswehr pending the outcome of legal procedures regarding a new system assault rifle tender for theBundeswehr.[40]
The TommyBuilt Tactical T36 is an American-made clone receiver based on the G36, which was started in 2007 by Tom Bostic based on converting a SL8 to a G36.[41] In February 2021, the BATF classified it as a machine gun.[42][43]
Police of the Czech republic: *URNA – Nationwide paramilitary SWAT unit * KZJ – Regional SWAT units * SPJ – Special riot units * PMJ – Emergency motorized units
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