The aircraft was officially named as Tejas in 2003.[19] The name means 'radiance' or 'brilliance' inSanskrit, and continued an Indian tradition of choosing Sanskrit-language names for both domestically produced and imported combat aircraft.[20]
Tejas is the secondjet poweredcombat aircraft developed by HAL, after theHF-24 Marut.[21][22] It has two production combat variants – Mark 1 and Mark 1A apart from trainers. In 2016, the Mark 1 aircraft had an indigenous content of 59.7% by value and 75.5% by the number ofline replaceable units,[9] which was increased in the 1A variant.[23]
As of November 2025[update], the IAF has about 30 Mark 1 aircraft and six trainers in its inventory acrosstwo squadrons.[3][24][25] The first squadron,No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers) became operational in 2016 and is based atSulur in the southern state ofTamil Nadu. The second squadron,No. 18 Squadron IAF (Flying Bullets) is based atNaliya inGujarat in Western India.[20] The IAF has 141 combat aircraft of the Mark 1A type on order, in addition to 41 trainers.[25][26][27] The IAF plans to procure at least 324 aircraft or 18 squadrons of Tejas in all variants, including the heavierTejas Mark 2 which is currently being developed.[28]
In the 1980s, theIndian Air Force (IAF) had been operating ageingfighter aircraft such as theMiG-21. The MiG-21 had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963, and the IAF had operated 874 of these aircraft in the past.[29] The Long Term Re-Equipment Plan of 1981 of theMinistry of Defence noted that most of these fighter aircraft were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.[30]
Theproject definition phase commenced in October 1986.[31] French companyDassault-Breguet acted as a consultant for the design and system integration of the planned aircraft.[34]Kota Harinarayana was appointed as the director and chief designer of the LCA programme.[35][36] While the project was initially conceived to replace the MiG-21 aircraft, theMinister of Defence told theIndian Parliament in 2021 that the aircraft is no longer considered as a replacement for the MiG-21, and is part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.[37]
Design
The design of the LCA was finalised in 1990 as a small taillesscompound delta wing design withrelaxed static stability. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability, it was planned to be acontrol configured vehicle incorporating a digital fly by wire flight control system.[35] Dassault-Breguet offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the project, consisting of three digital channels and one analog channel, with a redundant analog channel as a back up. However, the ADA favored a quadruplex (four) digital channel flight control system.[35] In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law team (CLAW) was set up by theNational Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) to develop an indigenous fly by wire flight control system for the aircraft. While initiallyLockheed Martin was proposed as a partner, it did not materialise following a United States led embargo in response to India's secondnuclear tests in 1998.[38][39] This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.[35][40]
LCA Technology Demonstrator TD-2 (KH2002) in inverted flight
The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system was developed in house for the LCA.[41] The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of anIron Bird test rig. The flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on the test rig.[35] Aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at NAL's 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tri-sonic wind tunnel facility.[42]
For the multi-mode radar (MMR), the team intended to use theEricsson–Ferranti PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar used onSaabJAS 39 Gripen.[43] However, DRDO later decided to develop an indigenous radar for the aircraft. DRDO'sElectronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) laboratory and HAL were jointly assigned the MMR development programme, and with the work commencing in 1997.[44] TheCentre for Airborne Systems was responsible for the MMR's test programme, and aHS-748 airborne surveillance aircraft was re-fitted for the purpose.[45] By 2005, only two radar modes–the air-to-air look-up and look-down were successfully tested, and the performance of other modes that had been tested were rated as sub-optimal.[45] The problem was attributed to the lack of compatibility between the radar and the LRDE'ssignal processor module.[44]
The development of MMR was later abandoned in favour of using a foreign developed radar as an interim option.[46][46] The IsraeliEltaEL/M-2032 multi-mode andEL/M-2052Active electronically scanned array radar units were selected for the Mk1 and initial Mk 1A aircraft respectively.[47] In 2012, the DRDO started development of theUttam AESA Radar, which was undergoing trails as of 2024.[48]
The ADA was successful in the development and manufacturing ofcarbon fibre composite structures and skins, and aglass cockpit for the aircraft.[35][49] TheAutolaycomputer-aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme was later licensed toAirbus for itsA380 wide-body aircraft project.[33] The government's self-reliance goal oriented development considerably increased the sourcing of indigenous components for the programme and contributed to the expansion of the aviation industry.[50][51] For the LCA programme,Amphenol provided loom assemblies,Lakshmi Machine Works producedair intakes, andTata Advanced Systems manufactured the composite parts.[52]
Prototypes and testing
LCA Technology Demonstrator TD-1 (KH2001) at Aero India 2007
On 4 January 2001, the firsttechnology demonstrator (TD-1) successfully achieved flight.[35] The second such aircraft (TD-2) began testing in 2003. The first production variant (PV-1) made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer variant (PV-5) was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.[53] A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for variousaircraft carrier-related trials at theShore Based Test Facility in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrierINS Vikramaditya in January 2020.[54]
Tejas FOC on wet contact trial fromIlyushin Il-78 tanker
The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.[53] A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of theR-73[55] and Python-5 close combat missiles, theI-Derby ER beyond visual range air-to-air missile[56] and guided–unguided munition releases.[57][58] The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the IsraeliEltaEL/M-2032 multi-mode radar, andEL/M-2052 AESA radar,[47] and the IndianUttam AESA Radar[48] and RafaelLitening targeting pod.[45] The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.[48] The high altitude trials[59] and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC[60] and FOC configurations.[59] These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius[59] to more than +45 degrees Celsius.[60]
Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP-3 on landing run
Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at highangle of attack (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across theflight envelope.[61] LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.[62]
In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.[63] In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflightengine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.[64] On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB)bearings andpower take-off shaft. TheCentre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by theCombat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.[65]
In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.[66] The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.[67] To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit,angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of 400–500 km (250–310 mi).[68][69] The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.[70] TheNo. 45 Squadron IAF based atSulur Air Force Station,Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.[71]
LCA Tejas hot refueling
The FOC campaign began in December 2014.[59] Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC andinflight refueling capability.[69] In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,[72] which shortens the turnaround time[73] by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.[74] In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.[72] In January 2019, HAL received permission fromCEMILAC to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.[75]
On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.[76] The HAL handed over the FOC certificate to the then Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at the Yelahanka Air Force base. After the formal ceremoney, ACM Dhanoa stated that Tejas was "ready" and "behaved like a true fighter".[77] The second Tejas squadron – No.18Flying Bullets was formed atSulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.[70][78]
A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned atSulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021. Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.[79]
Upgrades and further development
Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying twodrop tanks on inner pylons
In May 2015, theComptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the ability to survive and operation deployment of the aircraft in actual combat.[80] A few of these shortcomings, including lack ofcombat endurance, were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.[72] Tejas Mark 1 FOC is modified to performin-flight refuelling fromIlyushin Il-78 andSukhoi Su-30MKI. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL,Nashik facility withGryazev-Shipunov GSh-23.[81]
The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed, would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,[82] updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.[83] The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.[82]
An agreement has been signed by the Indian Air Force and the Aeronautical Development Agency to include advanced weaponry and sensors into HAL Tejas. By transferring technical know-how for the smooth integration of weapons and sensors, ADA and the IAF's Software Development Institute (SDI) hope to empower the IAF to carry out integration and flight testing on its own.[84]
On 5 March 2024, the high-altitude testing for On-Board Oxygen Generating System centric Life Support System (OBOGS-ILSS) of Tejas was successfully completed by DRDO. It could be used inMiG-29K,Tejas Mk2,AMCA,TEDBF and other aircraft with modifications. LCA PV-3 aircraft were used to test the system under a variety of flight conditions, including highg force and altitudes of up to 50,000 ft (15 km). OBOGS oxygen concentrations, demand breathing, 100% oxygen availability, and aerobatic maneuvers at the necessary altitudes for complete functional testing were carried out followingCEMILAC flight approval. All of the parameters have been met by the system which will replace the earlier Liquid Oxygen System (LOX).[85][86][87]
Naval variant
LCA Navy prototype NP-1
TheNaval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.[88] According to ADA, theNaval LCA (N-LCA) Programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seatNP-1 and the single-seatNP-2, based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of theGeneral Electric F414 INS6 engine.[89] The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,[90] and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[91] The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.[88][92]
In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from aSBTF atINS Hansa. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.[92]
In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,[93] and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.[94]
Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.[95]
In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at theSBTF in Goa in day time[96] and night time.[97] As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,[96] including 50 ski jump take-offs and 28 arrested landings.[98] In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its firstarrested landing andski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrierINS Vikramaditya.[54][96]
In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy'smulti-role carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.[99] InAero India 2021, a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, theTwin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF).[100][101] The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.[98]
In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrierINS Vikrant.[102]
The Mk 1A variant was first realised as a compromised variant in 2015 whileManohar Parrikar was theDefence Minister. The variant would include four major upgrades including integration ofsmart munitions andelectronic warfare suites. This was due to the already delayed first flight schedule ofTejas Mk2 of 2022. The schedule was further delayed to 2023 (by 2021) and to 2026 (as of 2025).[103]
The Tejas Mark 1A variant has more than 40 overall improvements over the Mark 1 variant.[104][1] Upgraded Mark 1A features a new avionic suite centred onEL/M-2052 AESA Radar andUttam AESA Radar developed in-house.DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability,in-flight refuelling capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed byDefence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting ofAstra BVRAAM andASRAAM.[82][71] Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.[105][106] HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from olderidentification friend or foe system.[106] To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.[81] The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.[1] Tejas Mark 1A will use indigenously developed Angad electronic warfare suite and DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.[107][108][109]
In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL andNational Aerospace Laboratories inked atechnology transfer agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200 °C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.[111] On 28 March 2024, Tejas Mark 1A, equipped with the first set of Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door assembly, successfully completed the inaugural flight from HAL facility.[112]
On 19 April 2024,ADA delivered the first batch of Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A which consists of an indigenously designedleading-edge slat and Airbrake Control Module. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The development was the result of the collaboration between ADA,Research Centre Imarat, andCentral Manufacturing Technology Institute. The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at HAL Accessories Division in Lucknow.[113][114] On 30 May 2025, the first centre fuselage assembly for the Tejas Mk 1A was handed over to HAL by subcontractor VEM Technologies in Hyderabad.[115]
Milestones
According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead, and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022, and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in the second half of 2022.[116]
On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.[117][118] HAL intends to obtain a certificate fromCentre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production.
On 28 March 2024, the first production series Mark 1A aircraft (LA 5033) conducted its inaugural flight which lasted for 18 minutes. The aircraft will undergo more testing before being officially transferred to the IAF.[119][108]
On 12 March 2025,Astra Mk-1 successfully demonstrated a direct hit on a flying target from Tejas. This was a significant test for Mark 1A induction.[120]
The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerfulGeneral Electric F414 INS6 engine,canards and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2025, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integratedinfrared search and track (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.[121][74] TheDefence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is developing aircrafthealth and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.[122] The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in late 2025 or early 2026.[123]
Program costs
Development costs
LCA Programme -₹9,063.96 crore (equivalent to₹110 billion or US$1.3 billion in 2023) (up to March 2020)[124]
Kaveri engine programme -₹2,032 crore (equivalent to₹24 billion or US$280 million in 2023)[124]
₹1,202 crore (equivalent to₹13 billion or US$160 million in 2023) additional design and development (Jan 2021)[125]
Flyaway costs
₹146.2 crore (equivalent to₹234 crore or US$28 million in 2023) for IOC Mark 1 (2014)[126][127]
₹156 crore (equivalent to₹350 crore or US$41 million in 2023) for FOC Mark 1 (2010)[127]
₹303 crore (equivalent to₹340 crore or US$40 million in 2023) for Mark 1A and₹309 crore (equivalent to₹347 crore or US$41 million in 2023) for export variant (2021)[128][129][130]
Design
Overview
The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless,compound delta wing design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry outInterception,air-to-surface andanti-shipping roles in a single mission.[131] The wind tunnel testing andcomputational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wavedrag, as well lowwing-loading.[35]
Tejas airshow demo
Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-sideair-intake, one under thefuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such asFLIR,IRST orlaser rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.[132] It has anaerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.[133] The Tejas weapon suite consists ofI-Derby ER andAstra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.[74] The Tejas has an internal 23 mmGryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barreledautocannon under the starboard side air-intake.[134] TheBrahMos-NG supersoniccruise missile is being developed for the Tejas.[135]
The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application ofradar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings[45] and so on, reduces the overallradar cross-section of the aircraft.[131]
Airframe
Apart fromaluminium-lithium alloys andtitanium alloys,[136]carbon-fibre composite materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,[137] the highest among contemporary aircraft.[138] The upper and lower wing surfaces,wing spars andwing ribs are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,[139] while the fin tip is made out offiberglass.[140] The extensive use ofcomposite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number ofjoints orrivets, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility tofatigue cracks.[131] The tailfin is a monolithichoneycomb structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.[141] Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with aradome made out ofKevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.[74]
The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA has wingleading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).[45] The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,[92] and anarrestor hook system for carrier landings.[142] The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.[143]
The Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A consists of an indigenously designedLeading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Module.Aeronautical Development Agency, on 19 April 2024, delivered the first batch of these flight control system. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL,Lucknow.[113][114]
The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such asforward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,[152] while an advanced version namedLitening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.[153] The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.[133]
The Tejas has anight vision goggles compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developedHUD, three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays byCSIO. The Tejas hashands-on-throttle-and-stick arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.[133][45] The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with anair data computer developed byBharat Electronics Limited to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped withMartin-Baker 16LGzero-zero ejection seat[140] andcanopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.[133][154] For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.[155] The ADA has developedvirtual reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,[156] and N-LCA.[92] Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IVhelmet-mounted display system.[45][157]
Tejas Mk 1A'sSwayam Raksha Kavach EW package, which includes theAdvanced Self Protection Jammer pod and theDhruti DR118 RWR, is based on theD-29 EW Suite developed for theMiG-29.[158] The RWR has four channel wide band receivers, which enhance the possibility of detecting and precisely determining the direction of enemy airborne and ground-based radars. The LSP-3 (KH2013) aircraft was used to test theSRK EW suite for an integrated mode of operation with internal RWR sensor and theASPJ pod. It included a restricted multi-emitter test scenario for ground and aerial radar jamming. In 2023, several tests and sorties were carried out to check the integration of the SRK EW suite withUttam radar.[85][159] As of 30 October 2025, the EW suite is undergoing flight trials which is scheduled to conclude by mid-2026. Development of the system started in 2021, and deployment is anticipated by the end of 2026. While the RWR is integrated within the aircraft, the ASPJ pod will be mounted on ahardpoint.[158]
Flight control system
Naval variant has additional flight control laws (source codes) for LEVCON and hands-free take off
The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-sectionslats on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generatevortex lift over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wingtrailing edge fits two-segmentelevons to providepitch and roll control. The onlyempennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piecerudder and twoairbrakes, located in the upper rear part of thefuselage, one each on either side of the fin.[132] Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digitalfly-by-wire flight control system[35] and an open architecture[160]digital flight control computer developed by BEL.[144] Itsflight control surfaces are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.[161] The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature calledauto low-speed recovery. This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature isdisorientation recovery function, once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by theIIT Bombay research university.[162]
On 19 February 2024, Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed sortie with indigenously designed high performance Digital Flight Control Computer.[163] The system was developed byAeronautical Development Establishment (ADE).[164] The latestDFCC has a quadraplexPowerPC-based processor, a fast I/O controller based on an autonomous state machine, increased computational throughput, and sophisticated on-board software that satisfiesDO-178Clevel-A safety regulations. All important metrics and the flight controls' performance were deemed adequate during the flying test.[165]
Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by theGas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, theKaveri, was launched as early as in 1986.[166] However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence theGeneral Electric F404-GE-F2J3afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.[166] Ten units of the F404-F2J3 engine power the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype variants of Tejas.[167] Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are being used on LSP, Naval prototypes and Mark 1 variants of Tejas.[168][169]
The production Tejas Mark 1 is powered by the F404-IN20 engine, with the same power-plant intended to power Mark 1A variant also,[170] while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by aGeneral Electric F414-INS6 engine.[170]
Serial production
Orders
First Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):
31 March 2006 — Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Air Force placed an initial order for 20 LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas IOC II.[171]
September 2024 — The delivery, scheduled for completion in 2011, was finally completed in September 2024.[172]
Second Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):
23 December 2010 — Indian Government ordered 20 additional LCA Tejas, comprising 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas FOC bringing the total aircrafts to 40. It was to be delivered by December 2016.[171]
27 March 2025 — The original contract value of₹5,989.39crore (equivalent to₹130 billion or US$1.6 billion in 2023) was revised to₹6,542.20 crore (US$770 million).[173]
10 January 2025 — 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.[4]
11 January 2025 — The last of the 40 Tejas aircrafts - LT-5208 - took its first flight.[174][175]
13 January 2021 —Cabinet Committee on Security cleared the procurement of 73 single seater Tejas Mk 1A and 10 twin seater trainer Tejas Mk1 at the cost of₹45,696 crore (equivalent to₹510 billion or US$6.1 billion in 2023) with additional funds for Design & Development and Infrastructure worth₹1,202 crore (equivalent to₹13 billion or US$160 million in 2023).[178]
3 February 2021 —Ministry of Defence signed the contract with HAL on the inaugural day ofAero India 2021 at a cost of almost₹48,000 crore (equivalent to₹540 billion or US$6.4 billion in 2023).[179]
17 August 2021 — HAL signed a contract with GE worth₹5,375 crore (equivalent to₹60 billion or US$710 million in 2023) to supply 99 F404 engines and service support by 2029.[180][181]
Second Tejas Mk 1A contract (total 97 jets):
16 September 2023 —Air Chief MarshalVR Chaudhari stated that the IAF has decided to order 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets[182] including 29 Tejas Mk 1A standard trainer jets.[177]
30 November 2023 — The Defence Acquisition Council accorded Acceptance of Necessity for procurement of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A for IAF from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category[183][184]
12 April 2024 — MoD issued₹65,000 crore (US$7.7 billion) tender to HAL for 97 Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets.[185] Clearance for the deal expected to be received fromCCS in December 2024 and deal to be signed by year-end.[186]
August 2025 — Negotiations for additional F404 engines is expected to be completed this month,[187] while the contract for 97 Tejas Mark 1A was cleared by the CCS on 19 August 2025 for₹66,500 crore (US$7.9 billion).[188]
25 September 2025 — The agreement was signed one day prior to theretirement of MiG-21 on September 26 and was valued at₹62,370 crore (US$7.4 billion).[c] Along with related equipment, the 97 jets would consist of 29 twin-seaters and 68 fighters. The delivery is expected to start in 2027–2028 and conclude in the next six years. In comparison to the 2021 deal, this order will include 67 additional items and more than 64% indigenous content. These jets will incorporate control surfaceactuators,Swayam Raksha Kavach EW Suite, andUttam AESA Radar.[27][189][103]
October 2025 — HAL is expected to place an additional order for 113 F404 engines worth $1 billion this month. The contract signing was earlier expected in September.[190][191]
7 November 2025 — A contract for 113 F404 engines and the related support package, valued at about₹8,870 crore (US$1 billion), was signed. Delivery are scheduled to start in 2027 and will conclude by 2032.[192][193]
Delivery schedule — As per a report byMoneycontrol on 19 November 2025, the first batch of eight Mark 1A aircraft is expected to be delivered within the next 24–36 months. Additionally, HAL plans to deliver three majortranche of 24 aircraft to be delivered following months 37, 49 and 61 with the final batch of 12 aircraft to be delivered between month 73 and 84. Hence, the delivery timeline is expected to end in late 2032.[194][195]
Production lines
Bengaluru Plant I: HAL's first Tejas production line is situated atBangalore nearHAL Airport. The production line was set up at a cost of₹1,556crore (equivalent to₹25 billion or US$290 million in 2023), with HAL holding 50% stake and the rest held by IAF and Navy. First serial production aircraft delivered in 2015 with production rate of 8 per year.[196][197]
Bengaluru Plant II: In March 2017, Government of India sanctioned₹1,381.04 crore (equivalent to₹19 billion or US$230 million in 2023) for setting up an additional production line under Aircraft Division, HAL. This would increase the production capacity from 8 to 16. Production of sub-components like Front Fuselage, Centre Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings were outsourced to private partners.[171] The production plant was inaugurated by theDefence Minister,Rajnath Singh, on 2 February 2021.[179]
Nashik Plant: On 5 April 2023, the thenDefence Secretary,Giridhar Aramane, laid the foundation stone for a third production line at HAL, Nashik with an investment of over₹150 crore (US$18 million). This would bring the total production capacity from 16 to 24 aircraft annually. The production of aircraft at this plant would start from October 2024[198][199] with the first example then expected by the end of April 2025.[200] The first Tejas Mk 1A took its first flight on 17 October 2024 after being inaugurated by the Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh.[201][202]
The facility is spread on 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) and employs 30 structural assembly jigs for all major aircraft modules like the centre fuselage, front fuselage, rear fuselage, wings and air intake. The facility outsources 40% of its workshare to private firms amd plans to enhance annual aircraft output to 10 in two years.[203][204]
Nashik Plant II: HAL also plans to setup another production line at Nashik to ramp up production capacity from 24 to 32 as reported on 10 January 2025. The line can start production within one and a half years of sanction.[4] The establishment of the plant is subject to a regular supply of GE engines.[205]
Delivery
Mark 1 contracts
On 1 October 2014, LCA-SP1 aircraft took the first flight. On 17 January 2015 the aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force. Left head till then flow on 5 sorties to test various equipment. Due to delays in production the cost per aircraft rose from₹120crore (equivalent to₹385 crore or US$46 million in 2023) in 2006 to₹160 crore (equivalent to₹241 crore or US$29 million in 2023) in 2015.[206] However, the aircraft was not be inducted into a squadron till 2016 until sufficient numbers were delivered by HAL. The aircraft would also require additional flight hours before induction. Expected delivery timeline was as follows: SP-2 in March, up to SP-5 by June, up to SP-8 by March 2016; completing a total of 8 aircraft.[196]
When the first order was placed in 2006, it was expected that ADA would receive Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008. Induction was scheduled by December 2011. However, IOC was originally received in December 2013 and the first IOC variant was delivered in FY2016-17.[171]
As of 11 February 2019, 12 IOC aircraft were delivered with 4 due to be delivered by March 2019. Also, on 31 December 2018, ADA has handed over Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents, for FOC configuration to HAL for production. The production and delivery of 8 Tejas Trainer would start after design clearance by ADA.[171]
The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron,Squadron 18, was formed atSulur on 27 May 2020.[208]
The first front fuselage of Tejas Mk1 FOC aircraft for the second order was delivered by Dynamatic Technologies on 2 November 2020.[209]
By August 2023, the delivery of all 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (IOC and FOC) were completed.[3]
The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.[210] IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.[211][212] Next trainer variant delivery expected by 31 March.[213][214]
As of 18 September 2024, 4 trainer aircraft have been delivered to IAF while the rest of 4 are to be delivered by March 2025.[172]
As of 10 January 2025, 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.[4] On 11 January 2025, the last of the 40 Tejas - LT-5208 - took its first flight.[174][175]
First Mark 1A contract delays
As of February 2021, three units of Tejas Mk 1A was to be delivered in the third year from contract signing (2024) followed by a production rate of 16 aircraft per year for five years, completing deliveries within eight years of contract signing. The first aircraft will have an indigenous content of 50% which will be elevated to 60% by the end of contract.[179]
As of October 2022, the delivery date of the first aircraft was reportedly scheduled on 3 February 2024 with three aircraft to be delivered by 31 March.[215] In December 2023, it was reported that the IAF has plans to raise the first squadron of Tejas Mark 1A atNal Air Force Station.[216] Later in June 2024, it was confirmed thatNo. 3 Squadron andNo. 23 Squadron would be the first units to operate the Mk 1A variant replacing their in-serviceMiG 21s.[217]
The delivery of F-404 engines, which were scheduled to begin from February 2024 have been delayed, due to supply chain issues, as claimed byGE.[218] The delivery of the first aircraft itself was shifted to the end of March 2024.[219] By then, the IAF's latest requests for software upgrades and minor design changes caused the delay in delivery timeline, according to sources within the military and defence establishment. Also, a number of certifications were pending. The delivery of essential components that were ordered from Israel, Russia and Ukraine have also been delayed due to theRussian invasion of Ukraine. All of which is impacting the production and delivery schedule.[219][220]
In May 2024, theMoD asked HAL in May to deliver at least 18 Tejas Mk 1A by March 2025 and the entire 180 jets (including later 97 Tejas Mk 1A order) within 10 years.[221][222] Subsequently, the delivery dates were shifted several times from February 2024 to July-end (as of May),[223][224] to 15 August (as of July)[225] and again to November (as of August).[226]
In August, the first aircraft was undergoing critical flight tests with weapons trials to be expected soon while the second was in high speed taxi trials phase. The next 4 units were in advanced stages of production. HAL then planned to manufacture at least 14 airframes in "ready-to-go state" by thefiscal year in order to ensure swift engine integration and aircraft deliveries within few weeks after arrival of new engines.[226]
Again, in September 2024,Denmark prohibited the export of engine charge amplifiers, previously installed on Tejas Mk1, resulting in further delays of Tejas Mk 1A deliveries. Later, HAL assigned a Bengaluru-based company to indigenously develop the component which would then be tested before integration. The engine charge amplifier is a crucial component tasked to sense engine temperature and adjust operation accordingly.[227]
The same month, a report suggested that the fighter aircraft's Israeli software integration being finished and is undergoing final trials and deliveries could begin from October 2024. The delivery would begin with category B engines, which refers to the engines previously used or procured from GE. The F404-IN20 engine delivery had been shifted to arrive in November 2024.[228]
There was an additional problem for the delivery.General Electric had closed down the production line of F404-IN20 atLynn, Massachusetts engines earlier without further prospects of orders from India and the first engine was yet to be delivered even in October 2024. First engine delivery dates were delayed to September 2024 as of then and followed by a production rate of two per month.[225][229] By November, engine deliveries was delayed by 10 months.[230] In October 2024, GE again delayed the engine deliveries to April 2025. The reason for delay was cited as supply chain issues since a South Korean firm with financial issues failed to deliver certain components of the engine. HAL had 5-6 aircraft ready for delivery. The Mk 1A is in the final stages of trials before delivery.[218][231][232] Following the orders, a lengthy process of sorting out supply chain problems was undertaken and the F404 production line atBoston restarted by late 2024 to enable deliveries after a stagnation of 5 years.[233][234] As of 10 January 2025, GE had a backlog of 26 engines.[235][4] The first engines are expected to be delivered in March or April 2025, but there is uncertainty.[218]
As of late December, further critical trials of Tejas Mk 1A using Category B F404 engines were to commence in January 2025 as a part of acontingency plan. The new deadline for delivery of first aircraft was set for 31 March 2025. The older engines would be replaced once the new engines are delivered. The trials will also includeAstra Mk1beyond visual range air-to-air missiles (BVRAAM),EL/M-2052 and indigenousElectronic Warfare Suite (radar warning receiver and advanced self-protection jammer). The aircraft will be delivered after certain certifications are done.[236][233]
As of 6 February 2025, HAL had three Tejas Mk 1A aircraft "ready in the flight line" with another two to be prepared by March–April. Deliveries were expected within few days after GE starts engine deliveries in March. Integration of EW Suite and radars was complete while trials of Astra missiles form these jets was expected soon. GE "promised" to deliver 12 engines in 2025-26 starting in March 2025 with 20 engines to be delivered from 2026-27 onwards. Tejas delivery rate will depend on the revised engine delivery schedules. Meanwhile, Nashik line is reportedly operational and the first Tejas Mk 1A is planned to roll out in one or two months.[237][238] Secretary of Defence Production Sanjeev Kumar stated duringAero India's2025 edition that Tejas' production line was stabilized, both with HAL and GE engines, and that Tejas' supply will follow the original plan starting in 2025–2026 when 16 to 24 jets would be delivered.[238][239]
On 9 March 2025, the first rearfuselage for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL by Alpha Tocol Engineering Services. Also, 12 rear fuselages manufactured by HAL was also ready on production line.[240][241]
As of 16 March 2025, the first Tejas Mk 1A from the Nashik (Ozar) production line is expected to be rolled out in April.[200] On 22 March, a report confirmed that, after two years of delay, the General Electric was preparing to deliver the first engine by March-end from the contracted 99 GE F404-IN20 engines as it was undergoing flight tests in theirtestbed aircraft. Further, GE plans to deliver a total of 12 engines in 2025 followed by a steady rate of only 20 engines per year from 2026 onwards.[242]
After a two-year delay from the anticipated timeframes, the first of 99 F404-IN20 engines was rolled out from GE's factory on 25 March 2025, signaling the start of deliveries.[243][244] The engine will be further tested at the HAL plant when it arrives in India in April. HAL produced three aircraft in 2025, will receive twelve engines from GE, and plans to produce eleven more aircraft by the end of 2025.[245]
As of 30 March, Tejas Mk 1A was undergoing extra firing and EW trials. Also, the first Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be delivered from Nashik facility in the first quarter of FY 2025-26 after the HAL gets physical possession of the first engine in India in early April.[246] Tejas Mk 1A failed an Astra Mk1 trial during the trials.[177]
On 30 May, the first centre fuselage byHyderabad-based VEM Technologies for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL. Another assembly jig to manufacture the component has also been cleared. The centre fuselage of the aircraft is asemi-monocoque construction with both metallic andcarbon fiber composite material.[247][248] This was followed by the delivery of second centre fuselage on 4 September 2025. Each unit needs a total of 1,595 parts to be manufactured before they are assembled. HAL officials inspect every component at every stage of their production. The firm is scheduled to deliver a total of five fuselage units by year-end.[249][250]
As of June 2025, the first aircraft is now expected to be delivered by the end of the month from the Nashik plant.[251][252] Further, HAL chief revealed that the company has six jets ready on the production line, all of which are to be delivered to IAF by March 2026. Also, 12 engines in addition to the one delivered so far are expected to be delivered by General Electric to HAL within the same timeframe while the latter also expects to deliver 16 jets in fiscal year 2026-27 given that there is a steady engine supply from GE.[253][254]
On 8 July, PK Mishra, principal secretary to the Prime Minister, visited the HAL's LCA Tejas Assembly Hangar and Aerospace Division to review the progress of the programme. Mishra was shown that six Tejas Mk 1A single-seat and two twin-seat trainer variants on the assembly line fitted with "some other test engines" which would be replaced by GE F404-IN20 engines when delivered. Additionally, the two new engines will reportedly arrive in the same month, as per reports.[255][256] Meanwhile,Defence SecrataryRajesh Kumar Singh also confirmed that GE will deliver two engines per month from July 2025 to March 2026. The next engine is to be delivered by the end of the month. While HAL has limited Category B engines, these available engines are being rotated among new aircraft to conduct test flights.[257]
On 13 July, it was reported that the second engine had been dispatched for delivery to HAL. The unit reached India on 14 July.[258][259] Additionally,Larsen & Toubro (L&T) completed the construction of the first pair of private sector-manufactured wings. Reportedly, the official delivery was be undertaken with a ceremony on 17 July at Precision Engineering & Systems Complex ofCoimbatore,Tamil Nadu. Meanwhile, the three sections of the fuselage have been already delivered by the respective private sector counterparts. With almost the entire aero structure produced by private sector companies, HAL will remain the final integrator and will ensure the assembly, testing, and certification of Tejas at its Final Assembly Lines at Nashik and Bangalore.[260][261] As reported on 28 July, the aircraft were moving towards its "next phase" and is ready to "roll out". The testing ofAstra Mk1BVRAAM is scheduled for early August 2025.[262]
On 11 August, the Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA) approved the flight clearance for the Tejas Mk 1A aircraft produced by HAL's Nashik division. The Additional Director General, AQA, also formally handed over the Flight Clearance Document to the Executive Director of the Nashik division. The Office of the Additional Director General (OADG), a field establishment of DGAQA, in Nashik was also responsible for theTransfer of Technology of LCA Mk 1A to the Nashik division.[205][263] As of 19 August, the first two of the jets were "fully ready" and their final weapons trial was due by September.[188]
The third engine is scheduled to be delivered in August as per GE's revised delivery timeline of one engine per month, followed by two engines monthly from October onwards.[187] However, GE missed its scheduled delivery of two units in the month and has committed to deliver three to five engineers by October.[264]
As of 30 August, 10 airframes of Tejas Mk 1A are ready with 2 of them equipped with newly delivered engines, including one from the Nashik plant.[264] As of now, both of them are expected to be delivered by September-end and it is only after the delivery of two aircraft that the contract of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A would be signed.[265] In early September, the dates were again pushed to October, still subject to the jets' weapons trials, including Astra missile,ASRAAM andlaser-guided bomb trials, which is underway[264] is conpleted in September itself.[249][250]
The third engine to HAL was delivered on 11 September with another engine to be supplied by month end. An overall of 12 engines are to be delivered in this fiscal year. In the current year, the Nashik plant could prepare 3-4 aircraft with the numbers reaching 8 units from the following year. Also, the private sector supply chain will enhance HAL's annual production capacity by 6 aircraft to 30.[266]
As of 16 September, there are overall 24 airframes in the production lines combined of which eight are ready for delivery while two have been integrated with the new engines. Seven further engines would be delivered to HAL this year followed by 20 units next year. The two aircraft began their weapons trials involving ASRAAM missiles in the country's eastern sector which will be followed by Astra trials. After the Astra firing from Tejas Mk 1A in late March failed, theDRDL was compelled to undertake certain software tweaks to address the shortcomings and HAL is now awaiting approval fromCEMILAC's safety review board to continue with its trials.[177] As of 25 September, it was reported that the deliveries could be delayed until the first quarter of 2026. This is because of the Air Force's mandate of accepting only fully ready fighter aircraft with four distinct validations including firing validation of specialised munitions, integration of Electronic Warfare suite among others. However, these validations is not complete yet.[103]
As on 30 September, the maiden flight of the first aircraft from the Nashik plant is expected in October.[267] On 1 October, the fourth engine was delivered to HAL.[191][268][269] By 3 October, the weapons firing trials of the first two aircraft was completed, which included Astra and ASRAAM missiles trials, and were ready to be delivered following necessary certifications.[270][271]
The third production line of Tejas Mk1A along with the second production line ofHTT-40 at HAL's Nashik facility was inaugurated by the Defence Minister on 17 October,[201][202] as was reported on 8 October.[203][271] The preceding production lines of both aircraft is based in Bengaluru. The first Mark 1A (LA-5043)[272] from the Nashik plant conducted its maiden flight and had already completed its assembly and pre-flight trials.[272] A flying formation of Tejas,Su-30MKI andHTT-40 was exhibited on the occasion. The Mark 1A aircraft also received a water cannon.[201][202] Additionally, the first aircraft is expected to be delivered in the last week of the month,[203][271] along with the scheduled delivery of two engines within the month.[271]
The delivery deadline was again delayed to March 2026. Several Air Force officials reportedly expects further delays of over six months as multiple checks and pre-delivery procedures are due.[273]
In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.[28] In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "swing role" capability.[276]
On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border (line of control). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.[279]
On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test firedPython-5 high off-boresight (HOBS) close combatair-to-air missile and further validated enhanced capability ofI-Derby ER (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.[56]IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and twoC-17 Globemaster III aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.[280]
On 23 August 2023, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from HAL Tejas aircraft off the coast ofGoa from an altitude of 20,000 ft (6.1 km). This is the first time when India test fire an indigenously developed BVRAAM from a homegrown fighter aircraft.[281][282]
In December 2023, plans were revealed to deploy the first batch of Tejas Mk 1A in theNal airbase in Bikaner,Rajasthan.[283]No. 3 Squadron andNo. 23 Squadron, the last and current operators ofMiG-21s, are expected to become the first operators of Tejas Mk 1A. Both the squadrons were deployed in Nal AFS by June 2024. The first delivery of Tejas Mk 1A is expected by November 2024.[217][226]
HAL Tejas Mk 1 participated in the first phase ofExercise Tarang Shakti 2024. The jets were escorted by a formation of four HAL Tejas Mk 1 aircraft, one of which was piloted byVice Chief of the Air StaffAir MarshalAmar Preet Singh. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise.[285] HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proved in both the cases. The jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, theChief of French Air Force, GeneralStéphane Mille [fr] and the Chief of German Air ForceLieutenant GeneralIngo Gerhartz piloted HAL Tejas.[286]
The first production aircraft of Tejas Mk 1A will be showcased atAero India 2025.[4]
On 12 March 2025, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from a Tejas Mk1 prototype over theIntegrated Test Range,Chandipur, Odisha. The missile scored a direct hit on a flying target at a range of over 100 km. This test was significant for the subsequent induction of Tejas Mk 1A aircraft. Further trials are also expected for performance evaluation.[120]
During the 2025Dubai Airshow, a HAL Tejascrashed while performing an airshow display, killing the pilot.[287]
Potential operators
HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.[288] It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.[289]
According to the FAB, the AMX is due to be retired by 2025 with the F-5s being next by 2030.[292] In November 2024, Brazil offered to India a swap between the C-390 Millennium and the HAL Tejas, to replace the older F-5s in operation.[294] In December 2024, an Indian delegation visited Brazil to negotiate the deal.[295]
The FAB is also looking into the Rafale to replace their AMX jets.[296]
DR Congo
In October 2024, a report suggested that theAir Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FAC) was interested to acquire HAL Tejas.[297] It was reported in August 2024 that a FAC delegation visited India to speak with HAL representatives about the Tejas.[297]
The FAC plans to replace theirSukhoi Su-25s with the Tejas if purchased.[298]
Failed bids
Argentina
TheArgentine Air Force had indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.[299]HAL had offered the Tejas to Argentina, amidst other offers of theJF-17 fromChina and theMiG-35 fromRussia.[300][301] Multiple sources had also indicated that the Tejas may likely be a good option for Argentina.[18]
However, any potential sale of the Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by Britishimposed arms sanctions, since the Tejas utilizes the BritishMartin-Baker MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat, along with other British-origin components — including anaerial-refueling probe and a quartz radome, both supplied byCobham Limited.[302][299] The UK has barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the 1982Falklands War.[303] Argentina's previous efforts to procure modern fighter aircraft, including theMirage F1M, theIAI Kfir, theJAS 39 Gripen and theKAI FA-50 were scuttled due to British diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.[304][305]
Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny. Nevertheless, HAL reportedly stated multiple times that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to retrofit the Tejas,[306][307] and had offered a customised-variant of the Tejas which replaces around 50-specific components and the substitutes all major British-origin components with diplomatically suitable non-British alternatives,[308] including possibly substituting the ejection seat with one indigenously developed and manufactured in India.[309]However, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.[310] Subsequently, there were indications that the Argentines were willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.[311][312]
In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.[313] With PresidentAlberto Fernandez stating in an interview that "Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."[313][314] In July 2023,[315] Argentine newspaperLa Nacion reported that Tejas had been eliminated, with the remaining options being second-hand Danish F-16 fighters or Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s, both which the bidding selection board deemed more advantageous.[316] In March 2024, Denmark agreed to the purchase of 24 Danish F-16s by Argentina.[317]
However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.[321] During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021,The Indian Express reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.[322] In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.[323]
Botswana
TheBotswana Defence Force Air Wing had approached HAL to procure the Tejas for potentially replacing itsCanadair CF-5s due to the aircraft's age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.[324] The BDFAW had previously considered acquiring Gripens,[325] the F-16,[326] KAI T-50,[327] and the LeonardoM-346.[324]
As of July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.[328] In January 2025, Botswana officially ended negotiations to purchase the Tejas.[329]
Egypt
During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas[330] to replace 100Hongdu JL-8s.[331] Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.[332]
During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt was seeking around 20 multi-role aircraft.[333] HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.[333][334] In August 2024, it was reported that an agreement to purchase the ChineseChengdu J-10C, had been signed.[335]
Malaysia
Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for theRoyal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement itsMiG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.[336]
In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at theLangkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially by the RMAF.[337] However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing todiplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia.[338] After the diplomatic skirmishes had ceased in 2020,[339][340] an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility atBangalore in 2021, to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas. Possibly in anticipation of a potential order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.[341][342]
In 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender andrequest for proposals for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - labelled as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageingBAE Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and itsMB-339CM trainers.[343][344][345] Six aircraft were running in the bid for the FLIT/LCA tender — the HAL Tejas MK1A,KAI FA-50,HAIC L-15,Aermacchi M-346,TAI Hürjet andMikoyan MiG-35.[345] Coincidentally, theJF-17 — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, did not participate in the FLIT/LCA tender.[346][347]
In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.[348] Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.[349] The FA-50 was reportedly chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.[350]
Nigeria
On 7 December 2023, HAL reported that Nigeria has expressed interest in acquiring the Tejas.[334] It was reportedly in competition with the JF-17.[351] However in July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.[328] In January 2025, Nigeria withdrew from negotiations to purchase the Tejas.[329] Nigeria instead bought JF 17 from Pakistan which were delivered in 2021.
Philippines
In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with thePhilippine Aerospace Development Corporation,[352] which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.[353] On 7 July 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. TheF-16V Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are currently the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.[354]
In February 2024, HAL reported that it has offered the Tejas Mark 1A to the PADC as a naval strike platform, equipped with theBrahMos NG missile. HAL also agreed to help set up a local partnership for the assembly of the MK1A.[355]
Sri Lanka
In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets ofIAI Kfir andChengdu J-7 aircraft.[356] The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.[357]
In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.[358]
United Arab Emirates
The Tejas had attracted interest from theUnited Arab Emirates (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.[359] By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any further interest[360] with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France.
In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12Hongdu L-15 trainer and light combat aircraft from China,[361] with options for another 36.[362] UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.[363]
Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.[365][367][368] Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums ofBoeing-Saab andKAI-Lockheed Martin, offering theT-7 and theT-50A, respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.[369]
PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.[371]
PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
PV-3 (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[53]
PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[5]
Naval Prototypes (NP)
NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.[90] NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[372]
NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required inSTOBAR carrier.[373]
NP-5 (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.[374] It will help in the development ofHAL TEDBF.[6]
Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firingPython-5.LCA LSP-4 on its maiden test flight
LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.[375][53]
LSP-2 (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.[375]
LSP-3 (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar[47] and will be close to the IOC standard.
LSP-4 (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to theIndian Air Force.[55] The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, aCountermeasure Dispensing System, and anidentify friend or foe electronic system.[376]
LSP-5 (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.[377]
LSP-7 (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.[378]
LSP-8 (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.[7]
Tejas Mark 1 IOC − Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constitutingNo. 45 Squadron IAF.
Tejas Mark 1 FOC −Adding a Cobham refuelling pod and Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 auto-cannon, to the IOC specification. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.[70] FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 areBVRAAM capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,[379] updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling andaerial refueling.[70] Delivery of all 32 single seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft is complete.[3]
Tejas Trainer − Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft.
Tejas Mark 1A − An enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped withEL/M-2052 andUttam AESA radar,self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an externalECM pod.[380][1] The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.[381][213][214]
Future developments
SPORT - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seaterLead-in Fighter Training (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes aslight fighter.[365]
Tejas Mark 2 - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.[382] The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.[383] In January 2019, Air Chief MarshalBirender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.[384]
CATS MAX - The main component ofHAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.[385][386]
Tejas Trainer - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.
Cancelled variants
Tejas Mark 1 Navy - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighterHAL TEDBF.[387]
Tejas Mark 2 Navy - Proposed naval variant based on theTejas Mk 2. Cancelled in favour of theHAL TEDBF.
Tejas Trainer IN - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.
Gallery
Naval LCA
LCA Navy Trainer
LCA Trainer
Operators
Tejas Mk 1 and trainer (forefront) of the Indian Air Force
Since its first flight in 2001, two Tejas aircraft have been lost in accidents:
12 March 2024: A Tejas Mk 1 aircraft from theNo. 18 Squadron of the Indian Air Force crashed nearJaisalmer in Rajasthan, after taking part in a tri-service exercise,Bharat Shakti. The pilot ejected safely and no one was harmed.[393][394] The crash was the first for the Tejas since the project's inception.[24][395] Subsequent investigation stated that an oil pump failure led to engine seizure that resulted in the crash.[396]
21 November 2025: A Tejas Mk 1 aircraft from the No. 45 Squadron of the Indian Air Force, in service with the IAF since 2016, crashed during theDubai Airshow held at theAl Maktoum International Airport while performing abarrel roll maneuver, and the pilot lost his life in the incident.[397][398] The Indian Air Force announced the constitution of acourt of inquiry to investigate the cause of the accident.[399]
Specifications (Tejas Mk-1A)
3-view line drawing of Tejas Mark 1AWeapon Stations on-board Tejas Mark 1
Fuel capacity: 2,458 kg (5,419 lb)3,060 L (670 imp gal; 810 US gal) internal; 2 × 1,200 L (260 imp gal; 320 US gal), 800 L (180 imp gal; 210 US gal) drop tank inboard, 725 L (159 imp gal; 192 US gal) drop tank under fuselage
Payload: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb)[404] – 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) external stores[403][405]
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