| SA 315B Lama | |
|---|---|
.jpg) An SA 315B Lama in flight | |
| General information | |
| Type | Utility helicopter |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Aérospatiale |
| Built by | Helibras Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | Indian Army |
| History | |
| Introduction date | July 1971 |
| First flight | 17 March 1969 |
| Developed from | Aérospatiale Alouette II |
TheAérospatiale SA 315B Lama is a French single-engined helicopter. It combines the lighterAérospatiale Alouette II airframe withAlouette III components and powerplant. The Lama possesses exceptional high altitude performance.
The helicopters have beenbuilt under licence byHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India, known as theCheetah; HAL later developed an upgraded variant, powered by theTurbomeca TM 333-2M2 engine, which is known as theCheetal. Anarmed version, marketed as theLancer, was also produced by HAL. It was also built under licence byHelibras in Brazil as theGavião.
The SA 315B Lama was originally designed to meet aNepalese Army Air Service andIndian Air Force requirement for a rotorcraft capable of undertaking operations athot and high conditions. Both countries possessed extreme mountain ranges in the form of theHimalayas in which even relatively powerful medium-sized helicopters could not be effectively operated within, thus there was an expressed desire for an aerial vehicle capable of operating in this challenging environment.[1] To achieve the desired performance, Aerospatiale elected to combine elements of two existing popular helicopters in their inventory, theAérospatiale Alouette II and theAérospatiale Alouette III to produce a new rotorcraft specialised for high altitude performance. Specifically, the new helicopter, namedLama, was equipped with the Alouette III'sTurbomeca Artousteturboshaft powerplant and its dynamic systems, and was furnished with a reinforced version of the Alouette II's airframe.[2][1]
On 17 March 1969, the first SA 315B, powered by an Artouste IIB engine, undertook itsmaiden flight.[1] On 30 September 1970, the type received itsairworthiness certificate, and it was introduced to operational service in July 1971. Due to its favourable high altitude performance, the Lama quickly became popular with operators worldwide, often being deployed within mountainous environments.[1] As with the Alouette series, the type can be fitted for various roles, such as light passenger transport, agricultural tasks, oil-and-gas exploration, aerial firefighting, and other specialised duties. The military variants of the Lama include liaison, observation, photography, air/sea rescue, transport and ambulance duties. The SA315B is particularly suited to mountainous areas due to its performance and can carry underslung loads of up to 1000 kg (2,205 lb). By December 1976, 191 Lamas had been ordered by 68 operators.[3]
A large proportion of all SA 315B Lamas to be manufactured were produced under licence in India byHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), under the nameCheetah. More than three decades after production in India began, HAL was still receiving export orders for the original Cheetah.[4] Along with the Alouette III, the Cheetah was a key product for HAL; experience from manufacturing the type aided in the later development of more advanced indigenous helicopters such as theHAL Dhruv.[5] During the 1990s, HAL developed an armed lightattack helicopter based upon the Cheetah, which was given the nameLancer.[6][7]
In 2006, HAL proposed a modernised variant to the Indian Army, designated asCheetal, the principal change of which was the adoption of a modern, more powerful Turbomeca TM 333-2M2 powerplant in the place of the Artouste; HAL promoting the Cheetal's capabilities for operating in high altitude environments, such as theSiachen Glacier. Other improvements include new warning indicates, acockpit voice recorder,flight monitoring system,artificial horizon, and modernised electronics. In 2006, an initial 10 Cheetals were ordered by the Indian Air Force.[8][9] In February 2013, it was announced that theIndian andNepalese Armies had signed a 300 crore (~US$55 million) contract for the urgent procurement of a further 20 Cheetals.[9][10]
The Lama was developed specifically to provide a rotorcraft with exceptional high-altitude performance. In practice, the type found considerable use within regions that possessed extensive mountain ranges, such asSouth America and India, being capable of lifting loads and deploying personnel in areas that had been previously impossible to have otherwise achieved.[1]
During 1969, a series of early demonstration flights involving the SA 315B were performed in the Himalayas; during one such flight, a single rotorcraft carrying a crew of two and 120 kg of fuel landed and then took off at what was then the highest altitude to be recorded, 7,500 m (24,605 ft). On 21 June 1972, a Lama with a single pilot (Jean Boulet) aboard established a helicopter absolute altitude record of 12,442 m (40,814 ft), a record which still stands as of June 2022.[11] During the same flight, the Lama's engineflamed out at the peak altitude of the flight, which led to an inadvertent record being set for the longest everautorotation after which the rotorcraft was brought to a safe unpowered landing.[12][13][1] Days before, the same pilot and aircraft had set a similar record at a higher weight.[14]
Following in the aftermath of the records set by the helicopter, a major order was placed by the Indian government in 1971. The Indian order included an arrangement for the indefinite licence production of the SA 315B to be conducted by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at their facility in Bangalore, India. The first Indian-assembled SA 315B flew on 6 October 1972, with deliveries starting in December 1973; Indian-produced helicopters were given the nameCheetah. Operated by both the Indian Air Force and theIndian Army's Aviation Corps, the Cheetah have proved capable, operating in difficult and remote areas such the mountainousSiachen region, and during times of conflict with neighbouringPakistan.[4] Cheetahs have also been operated for civil purposes, such asaerial agriculture.[15]
HAL-built Lamas have also been procured by neighbouringNepal for military use. Sales have included a quantity of an armed variant, marketed as theHAL Lancer; one batch was reportedly delivered to Nepal between June 2003 and September 2004. The sale of Lancers to Nepal encountered international controversy due to allegations that these rotorcraft have participated in combat operations against members of theCommunist Party of Nepal during theNepalese Civil War.[16]
In addition to India, other countries have participated in licence production activities. In 1978, an export agreement was reached with Brazilian aircraft manufacturerHelibras, under which it would perform domestic assembly of the Lama. Such Helibras-produced SA 315Bs were marketed under the designationGavião;[17] (Hawk) several examples of which were successfully exported to neighboring Bolivia.
In later life, the Lama's commercial appeal waned in favour of the newerEurocopter AS350 Écureuil, which had lower maintenance requirements and was capable of higher speeds but incapable of equalling the Lama's high altitude performance.[1] The type remained in commercial service into the 21st century, being only slowly retired as it typically continued to be adequate for its given tasks. According to Vertical Magazine, popular qualities of the Lama included its capable engine, favourable stability while hovering, and its ability to effectively convey payloads at altitude even during peak temperatures.[1]
In 2009, due to issues with the newly introducedHAL Dhruv helicopter, the Indian Army increased operational usage of their older Cheetah/Cheetal rotorcraft to meet the temporary shortfall.[18] In September 2012, it was reported that an ever-decreasing amount of spare parts compatible with the Cheetah has led to the type's operators being required to cannibalise helicopters in order to provide components for others.[19] In August 2016, it was reported thatNo. 114 Helicopter Unit were keen to introduce the upgraded Cheetal as a replacement for its existing Cheetah rotorcraft for continuous deployment on theSiachen Glacier.[20]
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83[41]
General characteristics
Performance
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Footage of SA 315B Lamas performing aerobatic manoeuvres | |
| Video of Lama operations amongst mountainous terrain | |
| A Lama performing several utility flights in the Alps |
Related development
Related lists
