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Gyrocompass

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Type of non-magnetic compass based on the rotation of the Earth

This article is about devices used on ships. For the type of gyroscope used to determine aircraft heading, seeHeading indicator.

Cutaway of an Anschütz gyrocompass

A gyrocompass repeater

Agyrocompass is a type of non-magneticcompass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of theEarth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to find geographicaldirection automatically. A gyrocompass makes use of one of the seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehicle.^[1] Agyroscope is an essential component of a gyrocompass, but they are different devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect ofgyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the generalgyroscopic effect.^[2]^[3] Gyrocompasses, such as thefibre optic gyrocompass are widely used to provide a heading fornavigation onships.^[4]^[5] This is because they have two significant advantages overmagnetic compasses:^[3]

they findtrue north as determined by the axis of theEarth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than,magnetic north, and
they have a greater degree of accuracy because they are unaffected byferromagnetic materials, such as in a ship'ssteel hull, which distort themagnetic field.^[4]

Aircraft commonly use gyroscopic instruments (but not a gyrocompass) for navigation and attitude monitoring; for details, seeflight instruments (specifically theheading indicator) andgyroscopic autopilot.

History

The first, not yet practical,^[6] form of gyrocompass was patented in 1885 by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos.^[6] A usable gyrocompass was invented in 1906 in Germany byHermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, and after successful tests in 1908 became widely used in the German Imperial Navy.^[2]^[6]^[7] Anschütz-Kaempfe founded the companyAnschütz & Co. inKiel, to mass produce gyrocompasses; the company is today Raytheon Anschütz GmbH.^[8] The gyrocompass was an important invention for nautical navigation because it allowed accurate determination of a vessel’s location at all times regardless of the vessel’s motion, the weather and the amount of steel used in the construction of the ship.^[9]

In the United States,Elmer Ambrose Sperry produced a workable gyrocompass system (1908:U.S. patent 1,242,065), and founded theSperry Gyroscope Company. The unit was adopted by the U.S. Navy (1911^[3]), and played a major role in World War I. The Navy also began using Sperry's "Metal Mike": the first gyroscope-guided autopilot steering system. In the following decades, these and other Sperry devices were adopted by steamships such as theRMS Queen Mary, airplanes, and the warships of World War II. After his death in 1930, the Navy named theUSS Sperry after him.

Meanwhile, in 1913, C. Plath (a Hamburg, Germany-based manufacturer of navigational equipment including sextants and magnetic compasses) developed the first gyrocompass to be installed on a commercial vessel. C. Plath sold many gyrocompasses to the Weems’ School for Navigation in Annapolis, MD, and soon the founders of each organization formed an alliance and became Weems & Plath.^[10]

The 1889 Dumoulin-Krebs gyroscope

Before the success of the gyrocompass, several attempts had been made in Europe to use a gyroscope instead. By 1880,William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) tried to propose agyrostat to the British Navy. In 1889,Arthur Krebs adapted an electric motor to the Dumoulin-Froment marine gyroscope, for theFrench Navy. That gave theGymnote submarine the ability to keep a straight line while underwater for several hours, and it allowed her toforce a naval block in 1890.

In 1923Max Schuler published his paper containing his observation that if a gyrocompass possessedSchuler tuning such that it had an oscillation period of 84.4 minutes (which is the orbital period of a notional satellite orbiting around the Earth at sea level), then it could be rendered insensitive to lateral motion and maintain directional stability.^[11]

Operation

Agyroscope, not to be confused with a gyrocompass, is a spinning wheel mounted on a set ofgimbals so that its axis is free to orient itself in any way.^[3] When it is spun up to speed with its axis pointing in some direction, due to the law of conservation ofangular momentum, such a wheel will normally maintain its original orientation to a fixed point inouter space (not to a fixed point on Earth). Since the Earth rotates, it appears to a stationary observer on Earth that a gyroscope's axis is completing a full rotation once every 24 hours.^{[note 1]} Such a rotating gyroscope is used for navigation in some cases, for example on aircraft, where it is known asheading indicator or directional gyro, but cannot ordinarily be used for long-term marine navigation. The crucial additional ingredient needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north,^[2]^[3] is some mechanism that results in anapplication of torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north.

One method usesfriction to apply the needed torque:^[9] the gyroscope in a gyrocompass is not completely free to reorient itself; if for instance a device connected to the axis is immersed in a viscous fluid, then that fluid will resist reorientation of the axis. This friction force caused by the fluid results in atorque acting on the axis, causing the axis to turn in a direction orthogonal to the torque (that is, toprecess) along aline of longitude. Once the axis points toward the celestial pole, it will appear to be stationary and won't experience any more frictional forces. This is because true north (or true south) is the only direction for which the gyroscope can remain on the surface of the earth and not be required to change. This axis orientation is considered to be a point of minimumpotential energy.

Another, more practical, method is to use weights to force the axis of the compass to remain horizontal (perpendicular to the direction of the center of the Earth), but otherwise allow it to rotate freely within the horizontal plane.^[2]^[3] In this case, gravity will apply a torque forcing the compass's axis toward true north. Because the weights will confine the compass's axis to be horizontal with respect to the Earth's surface, the axis can never align with the Earth's axis (except on the Equator) and must realign itself as the Earth rotates. But with respect to the Earth's surface, the compass will appear to be stationary and pointing along the Earth's surface toward the true North Pole.

Since the gyrocompass's north-seeking function depends on the rotation around the axis of the Earth that causestorque-induced gyroscopic precession, it will not orient itself correctly to true north if it is moved very fast in an east to west direction, thus negating the Earth's rotation. However, aircraft commonly useheading indicators or directional gyros, which are not gyrocompasses and do not align themselves to north via precession, but are periodically aligned manually to magnetic north.^[12]^[13]

Errors

A gyrocompass is subject to certain errors. These include steaming error, where rapid changes in course, speed andlatitude causedeviation before the gyro can adjust itself.^[14] On most modern ships theGPS or other navigational aids feed data to the gyrocompass allowing a small computer to apply a correction.Alternatively a design based on astrapdown architecture (including a triad offibre optic gyroscopes,ring laser gyroscopes orhemispherical resonator gyroscopes and a triad of accelerometers) will eliminate these errors, as they do not depend upon mechanical parts to determinate rate of rotation.^[15]

Mathematical model

We consider a gyrocompass as a gyroscope which is free to rotate about one of its symmetry axes, also the whole rotating gyroscope is free to rotate on the horizontal plane about the local vertical. Therefore there are two independent local rotations. In addition to these rotations we consider the rotation of the Earth about its north-south (NS) axis, and we model the planet as a perfect sphere. We neglect friction and also the rotation of the Earth about the Sun.

In this case a non-rotating observer located at the center of the Earth can be approximated as being an inertial frame. We establish cartesian coordinates $(X_{1},Y_{1},Z_{1})$ for such an observer (whom we name as 1-O), and the barycenter of the gyroscope is located at a distance $R {\displaystyle R}$ from the center of the Earth.

First time-dependent rotation

Consider another (non-inertial) observer (the 2-O) located at the center of the Earth but rotating about the NS-axis by $\Omega .$ We establish coordinates attached to this observer as ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{2}\\Y_{2}\\Z_{2}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \Omega t&\sin \Omega t&0\\-\sin \Omega t&\cos \Omega t&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{1}\\Y_{1}\\Z_{1}\end{pmatrix}}$ so that the unit ${\hat {X}}_{1}$ versor $(X_{1}=1,Y_{1}=0,Z_{1}=0)^{T}$ is mapped to the point $(X_{2}=\cos \Omega t,Y_{2}=-\sin \Omega t,Z_{2}=0)^{T}$ . For the 2-O neither the Earth nor the barycenter of the gyroscope is moving. The rotation of 2-O relative to 1-O is performed with angular velocity ${\vec {\Omega }}=(0,0,\Omega )^{T}$ . We suppose that the $X_{2}$ axis denotes points with zero longitude (the prime, or Greenwich, meridian).

Second and third fixed rotations

We now rotate about the ${\textstyle Z_{2}}$ axis, so that the ${\textstyle X_{3}}$ -axis has the longitude of the barycenter. In this case we have ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{3}\\Y_{3}\\Z_{3}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \Phi &\sin \Phi &0\\-\sin \Phi &\cos \Phi &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{2}\\Y_{2}\\Z_{2}\end{pmatrix}}.$

With the next rotation (about the axis ${\textstyle Y_{3}}$ of an angle ${\textstyle \delta }$ , the co-latitude) we bring the ${\textstyle Z_{3}}$ axis along the local zenith ( ${\textstyle Z_{4}}$ -axis) of the barycenter. This can be achieved by the following orthogonal matrix (with unit determinant) ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{4}\\Y_{4}\\Z_{4}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \delta &0&-\sin \delta \\0&1&0\\\sin \delta &0&\cos \delta \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{3}\\Y_{3}\\Z_{3}\end{pmatrix}},$

so that the ${\textstyle {\hat {Z}}_{3}}$ versor ${\textstyle (X_{3}=0,Y_{3}=0,Z_{3}=1)^{T}}$ is mapped to the point ${\textstyle (X_{4}=-\sin \delta ,Y_{4}=0,Z_{4}=\cos \delta )^{T}.}$

Constant translation

We now choose another coordinate basis whose origin is located at the barycenter of the gyroscope. This can be performed by the following translation along the zenith axis ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{5}\\Y_{5}\\Z_{5}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}X_{4}\\Y_{4}\\Z_{4}\end{pmatrix}}-{\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\R\end{pmatrix}},$

so that the origin of the new system, $(X_{5}=0,Y_{5}=0,Z_{5}=0)^{T}$ is located at the point $(X_{4}=0,Y_{4}=0,Z_{4}=R)^{T},$ and $R {\displaystyle R}$ is the radius of the Earth. Now the $X_{5}$ -axis points towards the south direction.

Fourth time-dependent rotation

Now we rotate about the zenith $Z_{5}$ -axis so that the new coordinate system is attached to the structure of the gyroscope, so that for an observer at rest in this coordinate system, the gyrocompass is only rotating about its own axis of symmetry. In this case we find ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{6}\\Y_{6}\\Z_{6}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &\sin \alpha &0\\-\sin \alpha &\cos \alpha &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{5}\\Y_{5}\\Z_{5}\end{pmatrix}}.$

The axis of symmetry of the gyrocompass is now along the $X_{6}$ -axis.

Last time-dependent rotation

The last rotation is a rotation on the axis of symmetry of the gyroscope as in ${\begin{pmatrix}X_{7}\\Y_{7}\\Z_{7}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos \psi &\sin \psi \\0&-\sin \psi &\cos \psi \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{6}\\Y_{6}\\Z_{6}\end{pmatrix}}.$

Dynamics of the system

Since the height of the gyroscope's barycenter does not change (and the origin of the coordinate system is located at this same point), itsgravitational potential energy is constant. Therefore its Lagrangian ${\mathcal {L}}$ corresponds to its kinetic energy $K {\displaystyle K}$ only. We have ${\mathcal {L}}=K={\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {\omega }}^{T}I{\vec {\omega }}+{\frac {1}{2}}M{\vec {v}}_{\rm {CM}}^{2},$ where $M {\displaystyle M}$ is the mass of the gyroscope, and ${\vec {v}}_{\rm {CM}}^{2}=\Omega ^{2}R^{2}\sin ^{2}\delta ={\rm {constant}}$ is the squared inertial speed of the origin of the coordinates of the final coordinate system (i.e. thecenter of mass). This constant term does not affect the dynamics of the gyroscope and it can be neglected. On the other hand, the tensor of inertia is given by $I={\begin{pmatrix}I_{1}&0&0\\0&I_{2}&0\\0&0&I_{2}\end{pmatrix}}$ and ${\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}&={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos \psi &\sin \psi \\0&-\sin \psi &\cos \psi \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}{\dot {\psi }}\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos \psi &\sin \psi \\0&-\sin \psi &\cos \psi \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &\sin \alpha &0\\-\sin \alpha &\cos \alpha &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\{\dot {\alpha }}\end{pmatrix}}\\&\qquad +{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos \psi &\sin \psi \\0&-\sin \psi &\cos \psi \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &\sin \alpha &0\\-\sin \alpha &\cos \alpha &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \delta &0&-\sin \delta \\0&1&0\\\sin \delta &0&\cos \delta \end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \Phi &\sin \Phi &0\\-\sin \Phi &\cos \Phi &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \Omega t&\sin \Omega t&0\\-\sin \Omega t&\cos \Omega t&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\\Omega \end{pmatrix}}\\&={\begin{pmatrix}{\dot {\psi }}\\0\\0\\\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0\\{\dot {\alpha }}\sin \psi \\{\dot {\alpha }}\cos \psi \end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \\\Omega (\sin \delta \sin \alpha \cos \psi +\cos \delta \sin \psi )\\\Omega (-\sin \delta \sin \alpha \sin \psi +\cos \delta \cos \psi )\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$

Therefore we find ${\begin{aligned}{\mathcal {L}}&={\frac {1}{2}}\left[I_{1}\omega _{1}^{2}+I_{2}\left(\omega _{2}^{2}+\omega _{3}^{2}\right)\right]\\&={\frac {1}{2}}I_{1}\left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \right)^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\left\{\left[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin \psi +\Omega (\sin \delta \sin \alpha \cos \psi +\cos \delta \sin \psi )\right]^{2}+\left[{\dot {\alpha }}\cos \psi +\Omega (-\sin \delta \sin \alpha \sin \psi +\cos \delta \cos \psi )\right]^{2}\right\}\\&={\frac {1}{2}}I_{1}\left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \right)^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\left\{{\dot {\alpha }}^{2}+\Omega ^{2}\left(\cos ^{2}\delta +\sin ^{2}\alpha \sin ^{2}\delta \right)+2{\dot {\alpha }}\Omega \cos \delta \right\}\end{aligned}}$

The Lagrangian can be rewritten as ${\mathcal {L}}={\mathcal {L}}_{1}+{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\Omega ^{2}\cos ^{2}\delta +{\frac {d}{dt}}(I_{2}\alpha \Omega \cos \delta ),$ where ${\mathcal {L}}_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}I_{1}\left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \right)^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\left({\dot {\alpha }}^{2}+\Omega ^{2}\sin ^{2}\alpha \sin ^{2}\delta \right)$ is the part of the Lagrangian responsible for the dynamics of the system. Then, since $\partial {\mathcal {L}}_{1}/\partial \psi =0$ , we find $L_{x}\equiv {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}_{1}}{\partial {\dot {\psi }}}}=I_{1}\left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \right)=\mathrm {constant} .$

Since the angular momentum ${\vec {L}}$ of the gyrocompass is given by ${\vec {L}}=I{\vec {\omega }},$ we see that the constant $L_{x}$ is the component of the angular momentum about the axis of symmetry. Furthermore, we find the equation of motion for the variable $\alpha$ as ${\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}_{1}}{\partial {\dot {\alpha }}}}\right)={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}_{1}}{\partial \alpha }},$ or ${\begin{aligned}I_{2}{\ddot {\alpha }}&=I_{1}\Omega \left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \cos \alpha \right)\sin \delta \sin \alpha +{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\Omega ^{2}\sin ^{2}\delta \sin 2\alpha \\&=L_{x}\Omega \sin \delta \sin \alpha +{\frac {1}{2}}I_{2}\Omega ^{2}\sin ^{2}\delta \sin 2\alpha \end{aligned}}$

Particular case: the poles

At the poles we find $\sin \delta =0,$ and the equations of motion become ${\begin{aligned}L_{x}&=I_{1}{\dot {\psi }}=\mathrm {constant} \\I_{2}{\ddot {\alpha }}&=0\end{aligned}}$

This simple solution implies that the gyroscope is uniformly rotating with constantangular velocity in both the vertical and symmetrical axis.

The general and physically relevant case

Let us suppose now that $\sin \delta \neq 0$ and that $\alpha \approx 0$ , that is the axis of the gyroscope is approximately along the north-south line, and let us find the parameter space (if it exists) for which the system admits stable small oscillations about this same line. If this situation occurs, the gyroscope will always be approximately aligned along the north-south line, giving direction. In this case we find ${\begin{aligned}L_{x}&\approx I_{1}\left({\dot {\psi }}-\Omega \sin \delta \right)\\I_{2}{\ddot {\alpha }}&\approx \left(L_{x}\Omega \sin \delta +I_{2}\Omega ^{2}\sin ^{2}\delta \right)\alpha \end{aligned}}$

Consider the case that $L_{x}<0,$ and, further, we allow for fast gyro-rotations, that is $\left|{\dot {\psi }}\right|\gg \Omega .$

Therefore, for fast spinning rotations, $L_{x}<0$ implies ${\dot {\psi }}<0.$ In this case, the equations of motion further simplify to ${\begin{aligned}L_{x}&\approx -I_{1}\left|{\dot {\psi }}\right|\approx \mathrm {constant} \\I_{2}{\ddot {\alpha }}&\approx -I_{1}\left|{\dot {\psi }}\right|\Omega \sin \delta \alpha \end{aligned}}$

Therefore we find small oscillations about the north-south line, as $\alpha \approx A\sin({\tilde {\omega }}t+B)$ , where the angular velocity of this harmonic motion of the axis of symmetry of the gyrocompass about the north-south line is given by ${\tilde {\omega }}={\sqrt {\frac {I_{1}\sin \delta }{I_{2}}}}{\sqrt {\left|{\dot {\psi }}\right|\Omega }},$ which corresponds to a period for the oscillations given by $T={\frac {2\pi }{\sqrt {\left|{\dot {\psi }}\right|\Omega }}}{\sqrt {\frac {I_{2}}{I_{1}\sin \delta }}}.$

Therefore ${\tilde {\omega }}$ is proportional to the geometric mean of the Earth and spinning angular velocities. In order to have small oscillations we have required ${\dot {\psi }}<0$ , so that the North is located along the right-hand-rule direction of the spinning axis, that is along the negative direction of the $X_{7}$ -axis, the axis of symmetry. As a side result, on measuring $T {\displaystyle T}$ (and knowing ${\dot {\psi }}$ ), one can deduce the local co-latitude $\delta .$

See also

Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Heading indicator, also known as direction indicator, a lightweight gyroscope (not a gyrocompass) used on aircraft
HRG gyrocompass
Fluxgate compass
Fibre optic gyrocompass
Inertial navigation system, a more complex system that also incorporates accelerometers
Schuler tuning
Binnacle

Notes

^Although the effect is not visible in the specific case when the gyroscope's axis is precisely parallel to the Earth's rotational axis.

References

^Gade, Kenneth (2016)."The Seven Ways to Find Heading"(PDF).The Journal of Navigation.69 (5). Cambridge University Press:955–970.doi:10.1017/S0373463316000096.S2CID 53587934.
^^a ^b ^c ^dElliott-Laboratories (2003).The Anschutz Gyro-Compass and Gyroscope Engineering. Watchmaker. pp. 7–24.ISBN 978-1-929148-12-7.Archived from the original on 2017-03-04.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fTime Inc. (Mar 15, 1943)."The gyroscope pilots ships & planes".Life. pp. 80–83.Archived from the original on 2017-02-27.
^^a ^bSafe Nav Watch. Edinburgh:Witherby Publishing Group. 2023. pp. 26–27.ISBN 9781914993466.
^郭素云, ed. (1985).陀螺仪原理及应用 [The Principle and Application of Gyroscopes] (in Chinese (China)).Harbin Institute of Technology Press [zh].统一书号 (National Standard Book Number of China) [zh] 15341·26. Retrieved2025-04-12.
^^a ^b ^cGalison, Peter (1987).How experiments end. University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–37.ISBN 978-0-226-27915-2.Archived from the original on 2012-03-02.
^"Standard 22: Anschütz Gyro Compass System"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2015-06-29. Retrieved2012-02-19. Standard 22Anschütz Gyro Compass [sic] System: Gyro Compass [sic] Technology [sic] for over than [sic] 100 years
^Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Schleswig-Holstein Archived 2017-02-22 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on February 22, 2017.
^^a ^bGyrocompass, Auxiliary Gyrocompass, and Dead Reckoning Analyzing Indicator and Tracer Systems Archived 2013-06-01 at theWayback Machine, San Francisco Maritime National Park Association.
^The Invention of Precision Navigational Instruments for Air and Sea Navigation Archived 2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine, Weems & Plath.
^Collinson, R. P. G. (2003),Introduction to avionics systems, Springer, p. 293,ISBN 978-1-4020-7278-9,archived from the original on 2014-07-07
^NASANASA Callback: Heading for Trouble Archived 2011-07-16 at theWayback Machine, NASA Callback Safety Bulletin website, December 2005, No. 305. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
^Bowditch, Nathaniel.American Practical Navigator Archived 2017-03-07 at theWayback Machine, Paradise Cay Publications, 2002, pp.93-94,ISBN 978-0-939837-54-0.
^Gyrocompass: Steaming Error Archived 2008-12-22 at theWayback Machine, Navis. Accessed 15 December 2008.
^Seamanship Techniques:Shipboard and Marine Operations, D. J. House, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004, p. 341

Bibliography

U.S. patent 1,279,471 : "Gyroscopic compass" byE. A. Sperry, filed June, 1911; issued September, 1918
Trainer, Matthew (2008). "Albert Einstein's expert opinions on the Sperry vs. Anschütz gyrocompass patent dispute".World Patent Information.30 (4):320–325.Bibcode:2008WPatI..30..320T.doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2008.05.003.

External links

Feynman's Tips on Physics - The gyrocompass
Anschütz gyrocompasses are resilient to jamming and spoofing
Case Files: Elmer A. Sperry at theFranklin Institute contains records concerning his 1914 Franklin Award for the gyroscopic compass
Britannica - Gyrocompass

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