Gymnodinium is a genus ofdinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwaterplankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part ofGymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.[1]Amphidinium was redefined later.[2][3] Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can causered tides.[4] The red tides produced by someGymnodinium, such asGymnodinium catenatum, are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, includingparalytic shellfish poisoning.[5][6][7]
^Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, Ø. (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates".Phycologia.39 (4):302–317.doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.S2CID86456565.
^Jorgensen, M. Flo; Murray, S.; Daugbjerg, N. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis".Journal of Phycology.40 (2):351–365.doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x.S2CID53637890.
^Murray, S.; Flo Jorgensen, M.; Daugbjerg, N.; Rhodes, L. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov".Journal of Phycology.40 (2):366–382.doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x.S2CID53572161.
^Ramirez, Camarena; Cortes, Altamirano; Munoz, Cabrera (1999). "Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico in 1997".Revista de Biología Tropical.47:77–80.
^Kofoid, C.A. andSwezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA
