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Guyenne orGuienne (/ɡiˈjɛn/ghee-YEN,French:[ɡɥijɛn];Occitan:Guiana[ˈɡjanɔ]) was an oldFrench province which corresponded roughly to the Roman province ofAquitania Secunda and theCatholic archdiocese of Bordeaux.
The name "Guyenne" comes fromAguyenne, a popular transformation ofAquitania.[1] In the 12th century it formed, along withGascony, theduchy of Aquitaine, which passed under the dominion of the kings of England by the marriage ofEleanor of Aquitaine toHenry II.[2]
In the 13th century, as a result of the conquests ofPhilip II,Louis VIII andLouis IX, Guyenne was confined within the narrower limits fixed by the1259 Treaty of Paris and became distinct from Aquitaine. Guyenne then comprised theBordelais (the old countship of Bordeaux), theBazadais, part ofPérigord,Limousin,Quercy andRouergue, and theAgenais ceded byPhilip III toEdward I in the1279 Treaty of Amiens. Still united with Gascony, it formed a duchy extending from theCharente River to thePyrenees mountains. This duchy was held as afief on the terms ofhomage to the French kings and, bothin 1296 and 1324, it was confiscated by the kings of France on the ground that there had been a failure in thefeudal duties.[2]
By the 1360Treaty of Brétigny, KingEdward III of England acquired the full sovereignty of the duchy of Guyenne, together withAunis,Saintonge,Angoumois, andPoitou. Soon after, the victories ofBertrand du Guesclin andGaston III, Count of Foix, restored the duchy to its 13th-century limits. In 1451, it was conquered and finally united to the French crown byCharles VII. In 1469,Louis XI gave it in exchange for the territories ofChampagne and Brie to his brotherCharles, Duke of Berry, after whose death in 1472 it again became part of theroyal domain.[2]
Guyenne then formed a government (gouvernement général) which from the 17th century onwards was united with Gascony.[2] In 1779,Louis XVI convened the provincial assemblies of Guyenne and considered expanding the assembly to other provinces, but abandoned this idea after experiencing the opposition of the privileged classes in Guyenne.[3] The government of Guyenne and Gascony (Guienne et Gascogne), with its capital at Bordeaux, lasted until the end of theAncien Régime in 1792. Under theFrench Revolution, thedepartments formed from Guyenne proper were those ofGironde,Lot-et-Garonne,Dordogne,Lot,Aveyron and the chief part ofTarn-et-Garonne.[2]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guienne".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.The weapon used byLouis XVI, in preference to all others was deceit. Only fear made him yield, and, using always the same weapons, deceit and hypocrisy, he resisted not only up to 1789, but even up to the last moment, to the very foot of tile scaffold. At any rate, in 1778, at a time when it was already evident to all minds of more or less perspicacity, as it was toTurgot andNecker, that the absolute power of the King had had its day, and that the hour had come for replacing it by some kind of national representation, Louis XVI could never be brought to make any but the feeblest concessions. He convened the provincial assemblies of the provinces of Berri and Haute-Guienne (1778 and 1779). But in face of the opposition shown by the privileged classes, the plan of extending these assemblies to the other provinces was abandoned, and Necker was dismissed in 1781.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)43°58′37″N0°10′34″W / 43.977°N 0.176°W /43.977; -0.176
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