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Gutian dialect

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Eastern Min Chinese dialect

Not to be confused withGutian language.

Gutian
Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話
Native to	SouthernChina,Malaysia
Region	Gutian,Ningde,Fujian;Sibu,Sarawak;Sitiawan,Manjung,Perak
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Eastern Min Gutian
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese^[a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	`79-AAA-ich`
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

TheGutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect ofEastern Min spoken inGutian,Ningde in northeasternFujian province,China.

Phonology

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The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

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		Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Glottal
Stop	Tenuis voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Stop	Aspirated voiceless	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative	Voiceless		s			h
Fricative	voiced	β	ʒ
Affricate	Tenuis voiceless		ts
Affricate	Aspirated voiceless		tsʰ
Approximant				l

Rimes

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a 嘉	ɛ 西	œ 初	o 歌
i 之	u 孤	y 須
ai 開	oi 催	au 郊	ɛu 抖
ia 遮	ie 批	iu 秋	iau 燒
ua 花	uo 過	uai 歪	ui 輝
uɔi 杯	yø 橋
aɳ 山	iɳ 賓	uɳ 春	yŋ 銀
iaŋ 聲	ieŋ 天	uaŋ 歡	uoŋ 元
yøŋ 香	eiŋ 燈	ouŋ 郎	øyŋ 東
ak 答	ik 必	uk 不	yk 竹
iak 揭	iek 哲	uak 撥	uok 拙
yøk 箬	eik 八	ouk 駁	øyk 北
aʔ 拍	œʔ 嗝	oʔ 桌	iaʔ 壁
uaʔ 劃	uoʔ 剝	yøʔ 藥

Tones

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No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tone name	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	rising 上聲	dark departing 陰去	light departing 陽去	dark entering 陰入	light entering 陽入
Tone contour	˥ (55)	˧ (33)	˦˨ (42)	˨˩ (21)	˧˨˦ (324)	˨ (2)	˥ (5)

Initial assimilation

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The two-syllable initialassimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or/-ʔ/	/p/ and/pʰ/ change to/β/; /t/,/tʰ/ and/s/ change to/l/; /k/,/kʰ/ and/h/ change to null initial (without/ʔ/); /ts/ and/tsʰ/ change to/ʒ/; /m/,/n/,/ŋ/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/	/p/ and/pʰ/ change to/m/; /t/,/tʰ//s/ and/l/ change to/n/; /k/,/kʰ/,/h/ and the null initial change to/ŋ/; /ts/ and/tsʰ/ change to/ʒ/; /m/,/n/ and/ŋ/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/	All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

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The two-syllable tonalsandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

	dark level 55	light level 33	rising 42	dark departing 21	light departing 324	dark entering 2	light entering 5
dark level 55	21+55	21+33	21+42	24+21	24+544	24+2	21+5
light level 33			21+42	21+21	21+324	21+2
rising 42	21+55	21+24	21+42	24+21	24+544	24+2	21+5
dark departing 21	33+55	33+544	33+53	24+21	55+33	55+2	33+5
light departing 324	55+55	544+33	544+42	42+21	544+21	42+2	55+5
dark entering 2	33+55	33+55	33+53	55+21	55+33	55+2	55+5
light entering 5	33+55	21+33	21+42	21+21	21+324	21+2	33+5

Notes

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^Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[1]^[2]^[3]

References

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^Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,30:86–110,doi:10.2307/2718766,JSTOR 2718766
^Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984),Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert;Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10)."Glottolog 4.8 - Min".Glottolog.Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962.Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved2023-10-13.

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Gutian County 古田县地方志编纂委员会 (1997).Gu tian xian zhi古田县志 ["Chorography of Gutian County"]. Vol. 32. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company.ISBN 7-101-01663-4..

Min Chinese

Languages

Eastern Min

Houguan	Fuzhou dialect Fuqing dialect Changle dialect Gutian dialect Matsu dialect
Funing	Xiapu dialect Fu'an dialect Ningde dialect
Others	Manjiang dialect Zhongshan Min Longdu dialect Nanlang dialect

A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese.

Southern Min

Teochew	Swatow dialect
Hokkien	Amoy dialect Quanzhou dialects Hui'an dialect Yongchun dialect Zhangzhou dialects Chawan dialect Longyan dialect Taiwanese Banana colloquial speech NorthernMalacca Straits Hokkien Penang Hokkien Medan Hokkien Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien Philippine Hokkien SouthernMalacca Straits Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien
Others	Datian Min Houlu dialect Haklau Min Zhenan Min Zhongshan Min Sanxiang dialect

Pu–Xian Min
(Hinghwa)

Zhanjiang dialect

Hainanese

Writing system

Logographic	Chinese characters
Alphabetic	Pe̍h-ōe-jī Pe̍h-ūe-jī Hainan Romanized Foochow Romanized Hinghwa Romanized Kienning Colloquial Romanized Taiwanese Romanization System Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet Daighi tongiong pingim Bbánlám pìngyīm Peng'im Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
Mixed	Hàn-lô

Research

Proto-languages	Proto-Min
Rime dictionaries	Qi Lin Bayin Jianzhou Ba Yin

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