At 17 years old, Petro joined the guerrilla group19th of April Movement (M-19). Seventeen years later it evolved into the M-19 Democratic Alliance, a political party. Petro also served as a councilman in Zipaquirá. He was arrested in 1985 by the army for his affiliation with M-19. After the peace process between the Colombian government and the M-19, he was released and then elected to theChamber of Representatives in the1991 Colombian parliamentary election. Some years later, he was elected to the Colombian Senate as a member of theAlternative Democratic Pole (PDA) party following the2006 Colombian parliamentary election, where he secured the second-largest vote. In 2009, he resigned his Senate seat to run in the2010 Colombian presidential election, finishing fourth.[3] He was elected mayor of Bogotá in 2011, and held the post until 2015.[4]
Due to ideological disagreements with the leaders of the PDA, he founded theHumane Colombia movement to compete for the mayoralty ofBogotá. On 30 October 2011, he was electedmayor in the local elections, a position he assumed on 1 January 2012.[5] In the first round of the2018 Colombian presidential election, he came second with over 25% of the votes on 27 May, and lost in the run-off election on 17 June.[6] He defeatedRodolfo Hernández Suárez in the second round of the2022 presidential election on 19 June.[7]
Petro was born on 19 April 1960 in the municipality ofCiénaga de Oro in theCórdoba Department, the son of Gustavo Petro Sierra and Clara Nubia Urrego.[d] Petro is predominantly descended from long-establishedmestizo Colombian families, though his father is of one quarterItalian descent through Petro's paternal great-grandfather, Francesco Petro, who migrated fromSouthern Italy in 1870,[8] and Petro's mother is of half Italian descent via Petro's maternal grandmother, Lucia Pellegrini, who was fromConza della Campania,[9][10] thus earning himdual Colombian andItalian citizenship.[11]
Petro was raised in theCatholic faith and has stated that he has a vision of God fromliberation theology,[12] although he also questionedGod's existence.[13] Seeking a better future, Petro's family decided to migrate to the more prosperous Colombian inland town ofZipaquirá, just north of Bogotá, during the 1970s.[14]
During his time inM-19, Petro emerged as a leader; he was electedombudsman of Zipaquirá in 1981 and councilman from 1984 to 1986.[18] In 1985, the M-19 assassinated 13 Colombian politicians at thePalace of Justice. This group was also involved with kidnapping and violence in villages across the country. He led the M-19's seizure of land to house 400 poor families who had been forcibly displaced by paramilitary groups, and then contributed to the construction of what would become the Bolívar 83 neighborhood. He then went underground and allied withCarlos Pizarro, one of the main commanders of the M-19, insisting on the need for a negotiated political solution to the Colombian armed conflict and the transition to a Constituent Assembly.[17]
In 1985, Petro was arrested by the army for illegal arms possession. He was tortured for ten days in the stables of the XIII Brigade,[17] then sentenced to 18 months in prison.[19][14] It was during his incarceration that Petro shifted his ideology, no longer viewing armed resistance as a feasible strategy to gain public backing. In 1987, M-19 engaged in peace talks with the government.[20]
After the demobilization of the M-19 movement, former members of the group (including Petro) formed a political party called theM-19 Democratic Alliance which won a significant number of seats in theChamber of Representatives in 1991, representing the department ofCundinamarca.[27] In July 1994, he met with Lieutenant ColonelHugo Chávez (just released from prison after theFebruary 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt) during an event onBolivarian thought at the Simón Rodríguez Cultural Foundation in Bogotá, directed by José Cuesta, Petro's parliamentary assistant.[28][29]
In 2002, Petro was elected to the Chamber of Representatives representing Bogotá, this time as a member of the Vía Alterna political movement he founded with former colleagueAntonio Navarro Wolff and other former M-19 members. During this period, Petro received 25 votes of 125 consulted representatives to be chosen as the 2006 "Best Congressman", against 24 that held that no representative was worthy of being considered the best because the legislative period was characterized by absenteeism and shortage of sessions.[30]
In 2006, Petro was elected to theSenate, mobilizing the second highest voter turnout in the country. During that year he also exposed theparapolitics scandal, accusing members and followers of the government of mingling withparamilitary groups in order to "reclaim" Colombia.[31][32]
Senator Petro vehemently opposed the government ofÁlvaro Uribe. In 2005, while a member of the Chamber of Representatives, Petro denounced the lottery businesswoman Enilse López (also known as "La Gata" [the cat]). As of May 2009, she was imprisoned and under investigation for ties to the (now disbanded) paramilitary groupUnited Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). Petro alleged that the AUC financially contributed to the presidential campaign of Álvaro Uribe in 2002. Uribe refuted these statements by Petro but, during his presidential reelection campaign in 2006, admitted to having received financial support from Enilse López.[33]
During Álvaro Uribe's second term as president, Petro encouraged debate on the Parapolitics scandal. In February 2007 Petro began a public verbal dispute with President Uribe when Petro suggested that the president should have recused himself from negotiating the demobilization process of paramilitaries in Colombia; this followed accusations that Uribe's brother, Santiago Uribe, was a former member of the Twelve Apostles paramilitary group in the mid-1990s. President Uribe responded by accusing Petro of being a "terrorist in civilian clothing" and by summoning the opposition to an open debate.[34]
On 17 April 2007, Petro began a debate in Congress aboutCONVIVIR and the development of paramilitarism inAntioquia Department. During a two-hour speech, he revealed a variety of documents demonstrating the relationship between members of the Colombian military, the current political leadership,narcotraffickers and paramilitary groups. Petro also criticized the actions of Álvaro Uribe as Governor ofAntioquia Department during the CONVIVIR years, and presented an old photograph of Álvaro Uribe's brother, Santiago, alongside Colombian drug traffickerFabio Ochoa Vázquez.[35]
The Minister of Interior and Justice,Carlos Holguín Sardi and theMinister of Transport, Andrés Uriel Gallego, were asked to defend the president and his government. Both of them questioned Petro's past as a revolutionary member and accused him of "not condemning the warfare of violent people". Most of Petro's arguments were condemned as mud-slinging. The day after this debate the president said "I would have been a great guerrilla because I wouldn't have been a guerrilla of mud, but a guerrilla of rifles. I would have been a military success, not a fake protagonist".[36]
President Uribe's brother, Santiago Uribe, affirmed that his father and theOchoa brothers had grown up together and were in thePaso Fino horse business together. He then mentioned that he also had many photographs, taken with many people.[37]
On 18 April 2007, the Vigilance and Security Superintendency released a communique rejecting Petro's accusations concerning the CONVIVIR groups. The Superintendency said that many of the groups mentioned were authorized by the Departments of Sucre and Córdoba, but not by the Antioquia government; it also added that Álvaro Uribe, then Antioquia's governor, had eliminated the legal liability of eight CONVIVIR groups in 1997. It was also mentioned that the paramilitary leader known as "Julian Bolívar" had not yet been identified as such and was not associated with any CONVIVIR during the authorization of these groups.[38]
Petro has frequently reported threats against his life and the lives of his family, as well as persecution by government-run security organizations.[39] On 7 May 2007 the Colombian army captured two Colombian Army intelligence non-commissioned officers who had been spying on Petro and his family in the municipality ofTenjo,Cundinamarca. These members had first identified themselves as members of theDepartamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) the Colombian Intelligence Agency but their claims were later denied by Andrés Peñate, director of the agency.[40]
In 2008, Petro announced his interest in a presidential candidacy for 2010.[41] He distanced himself from government policies and, along with Lucho Garzón and Maria Emma Mejia, led a dissenting faction within theAlternative Democratic Pole. Following Garzón's resignation from the party, Petro proposed a "great national accord to end Colombia's war," based on removing organized crime from power, cleaning up the judicial system, land reform, democratic socialism and a security policy differing considerably from the policies of President Uribe. On 27 September 2009, Gustavo Petro defeated Carlos Gaviria in a primary election as the Alternative Democratic Pole candidate for the 2010 presidential election.[42]
In the presidential election held on 30 May 2010, Petro did better than polls had predicted. He obtained a total of 1,331,267 votes, 9.1% of the total, finishing as the fourth candidate in the vote total, behindGermán Vargas Lleras and ahead ofNoemí Sanín.[43]
On 30 October 2011, Gustavo Petro won the municipal election in Bogota. He took office on 1 January 2012. He is the first ex-guerrilla to hold such an important position in Colombia.
The program of hisBogotá Humana movement was to fight poverty and inequality through public policies for the poorest, to protect the environment and fightclimate change, to strengthen citizen participation in decision-making, and to fight structural corruption, as the previous mayor and his senatorial brother had enriched themselves by granting public contracts to companies in exchange for bribes. However, his program is not well received by the traditional ruling classes; even before his inauguration, several media outlets were calling for his resignation.[17]
Mayor Petro in 2012
During Petro's administration, measures such as the prohibition on the carrying of firearms were advanced, which led to the reduction of the homicide rate, reaching the lowest figure of the last two decades;[44][45] interventions were carried out by the police in El Bronx sector of the city, where seizures of drugs and weapons were made; the Women's Secretariat was created; the LGBTI Citizenship Center was inaugurated; and 49 centers for birth control and abortion care were also created in cases permitted by law.[46]
The social policies implemented and the improvement of public services accelerated the reduction of poverty; during his administration, nearly half a million people were lifted out of poverty and infant mortality dropped. This is the result of a combination of public policies (minimum drinking water supply for every family, preventive health program in poor neighborhoods, kindergartens, strengthening of public education, youth centers for art education, preferential transportation rates for the poor).[17]
Petro proposed a policy to conserve the wetlands of Bogotá and plan for the preservation of water in the face ofglobal warming. He also announced plans to plant over 200,000 trees.[47] Following the order of theConstitutional Court, a process of suppression of animal-drawn vehicles used by waste pickers began, putting many out of work; some were replaced by automotive vehicles and subsidies.[48]
In the area of public health, Mobile Attention Centers for Drug Addicts (CAMAD) were established.[50] With these measures, the aim was to reduce the dependency of the destitute in the streets of the sector to the providers of narcotic drugs, providing psychological and medical assistance.[51]
During his administration, the District put into operation two primary-care clinics at the San Juan de Dios Hospital, which had closed in 2001. The Mayor promised that he would allocate resources to purchase the hospital grounds and reopen one of the buildings of the complex.[52] The project was delayed due to theCundinamarca government's suspension of the sale of the properties.[53] On 11 February 2015, as mayor of Bogotá, the protocol ceremony for the reopening of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Complex was finally formalized. The District bought the hospital intending to reopen it. During his last month in office, before the liquidation of Saludcoop on 1 December 2015, the district had difficulties with the new patients who became part of the EPS Capital Salud.[54]
During Petro's administration, the application of the Integrated Public Transport System (SITP) began, inaugurated in mid-2012.[55] Likewise, subsidies paid by the District to reduce Transmilenio tariffs were created. In turn, from early 2014 the administration provided a 40% subsidy for the value of the ticket for the population affiliated to SISBEN 1 and 2, for which it allocated 138 billion pesos. This subsidy was not available to all individuals immediately, as they were required to register in a database.[56][57]
Petro proposed the construction of asubway for the city.[58] During his administration, he contracted studies of the subway infrastructure to a Colombian-Spanish company for $70 billion pesos, which successfully ended at the end of 2014.[59] The subway plans contracted by Petro's administration were discarded by his successorEnrique Peñalosa, who opted for an elevated railway system with lower capital expenditure and greater coverage. Detractors of the new plan claimed that the social and economic cost of an elevated railway system would be higher than the original underground railway system planned by the previous administration.
Protesters inBolívar Square, Bogotá, demonstrating against Petro's removal from the mayoralty, March 2014
During his administration as mayor, Petro faced a recall process started by opposition parties and supported by the signatures of more than 600,000 citizens. After the legal verification, 357,250 signatures were validated,[60] many more than legally required to start the process.[61][62] On 9 December 2013, he was removed from his seat and banned from political activity for 15 years,[63] byInspector General Alejandro Ordóñez Maldonado, following the sanctions stipulated by the law. His sanction was allegedly caused by mismanagement and illegal decrees signed during the implementation of his waste collection system.[64] This led to a protest which deemed the Inspector's move as controversial, politically biased and undemocratic.[65][66]
Despite being granted aninjunction by theInter-American Commission on Human Rights, which suspended the sanction imposed by Inspector General Ordóñez, PresidentJuan Manuel Santos upheld the removal and Petro was removed from office 19 March 2014.[67] For his temporary replacement, Santos appointed as Mayor theLabor Minister,Rafael Pardo Rueda. On 19 April 2014, a magistrate from the Superior Tribunal of Bogotá ordered the president to obey the recommendations laid out by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Petro was reinstated as mayor on 23 April 2014 and finished his term.[68][69]
Petro and his running mateÁngela Robledo (far left) receiving endorsements fromAntanas Mockus (third from left) andClaudia López Hernández (third from right) at an event in Bogotá, during the campaign for the second round, June 2018
In 2018, Gustavo Petro was again a presidential candidate, this time getting the second best result in voting counting in the first round on 27 May, and advanced to the second round.[70] His campaign was run by publicists Ángel Beccassino, Alberto Cienfuegos and Luis Fernando Pardo.[71] A lawsuit was filed by citizens againstIván Duque, Petro's right-wing opponent, alleging bribery and fraud. The news chainWradio made the lawsuit public on 11 July, which was presented to the CNE ('Consejo Nacional Electoral', National Electoral Council, by its acronym in Spanish).[72] The state of the lawsuit will be defined by theMagistrado Alberto Yepes.[citation needed]
In the second round of voting, Duque won the election with more than 10 million votes, while Petro took second place with 8 million votes. Duque was inaugurated on 7 August; meanwhile, Petro returned to the Senate.[75] He served until the inauguration of a new congress in 2022.[76][77]
Petro received death threats from the paramilitary groupÁguilas Negras.[78]
In 2021, Petro declared that he would be running in the 2022 elections.[79] In September 2021, Petro announced that he would retire from politics if his campaign were not to succeed, stating that he does not intend to be an "eternal candidate".[80] Petro's campaign platform included promoting green energy overfossil fuels and a decrease in economic inequality.[81] He has promised to focus onclimate change and reducinggreenhouse gas emissions that cause it by ending fossil fuel exploration in Colombia.[81] He also pledged to raise taxes on the wealthiest 4,000 Colombians and said thatneoliberalism would ultimately "destroy the country". Petro also announced that he would be open to having presidentIván Duque stand trial for police brutality committed during the2021 Colombian protests.[82] Furthermore, he promised to establish the ministry of equality. Following his victory in the Historic Pact primary, Petro selected Afro-Colombian Human Rights and environmental activist and recipient of theGoldman Environmental Prize,Francia Márquez, to be his running mate.[83]
Among the key points of his program, he proposes an agrarian reform to restore productivity to 15 million hectares of land to end "narco-feudalism" (in Spanish, "narco-latifundismo"); a halt to all new oil exploration in order to wean the country off its dependence on the extractive and fossil fuel industries; infrastructure for access to water and development of the rail network; investment in public education and research; tax reform and reform of the largely privatized health system.[84] Petro announced that his first act as president will be to declare a state of economic emergency to combat widespread hunger. He is advocating progressive proposals on women's rights and LGBTQ issues.[85][86] Petro also stated that he would restore diplomatic relations with Venezuela.[87] He proposed combattingColombia's cocaine trade with the growth oflegal marijuana, and has opposed extraditions of accused drug criminals to the United States.[88]
Petro and his running mate Francia Márquez faced numerous death threats from paramilitary groups while on the campaign trail. Petro cancelled rallies in Colombiaʼs coffee region in early May 2022 after his security team uncovered an alleged plot by the La Cordillera gang.[89] In response to this and many other similar situations, 90 elected officials and prominent individuals from over 20 countries signed an open letter expressing concern and condemnation of attempts of political violence against Márquez and Petro. The letter also highlighted the assassination of over 50 social leaders, trade unionists, environmentalists and other community representatives in 2022. Signatories of the letter included former Ecuadorian presidentRafael Correa, American linguist and philosopherNoam Chomsky and member of the French National AssemblyJean-Luc Mélenchon.[90] During the campaign, Petro received support from foreign politicians, such as former president of Uruguay,José Mujica and former Prime Minister of Spain,José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.[91][92]
During the campaign, his opponents said that he planned expropriation measures if he becomes president, and argued similarities with Venezuela'sNicolás Maduro. Proposals from Petro to change the nation's economic model were criticized for increasing taxes on unproductive landowners and for upsetting oil and coal investors by his platform to move to clean energy. Critics said his efforts to shift more of Colombia's wealth to the poor could turn Colombia into another Venezuela, and also compared his ideas to those of the early days ofHugo Chávez's government in Venezuela.[93] In response, he signed a public document on 18 April in which he pledged not to carry out any type of expropriation if elected.[94] During a presidential debate hosted byEl Tiempo on 14 March, candidates responded to a question about relations with Venezuela and Nicolás Maduro. Whilst other participants responded by stating Venezuela is a dictatorship and expressing reluctance toward restoring relations, Petro replied, "if the theory is that with a dictatorship you can't have diplomatic relations, and Venezuela is, [then] why does this government have relations with the United Arab Emirates, which is a dictatorship, perhaps worse [than Venezuela]?". He also stated that diplomatic relations are established with nations and not with individuals.[95] Whilst he has praised former Venezuelan presidentHugo Chávez for bolstering equality, Petro said during an interview with French newspaperLe Monde in May 2022 that Chávez made a "serious mistake of linking his social program to oil revenues". He also criticized Venezuela's commitment to oil by president Maduro. Petro argued that "Maduro's Venezuela and Duque's Colombia are more similar than they seem", pointing to the Duque administration's commitment to non-renewable energy and the "authoritarian drift" of both governments.[96] General Eduardo Zapateiro, commander of theNational Army of Colombia, also criticized Petro during the campaign, causing controversy.[97] Later, after the elections, the Colombian mediaNoticia Uno revealed that Gustavo Petro's campaign had been spied on by Colombian intelligence agents and that information had been passed on to the press to try to discredit him.[98]
Petro received the most votes in the first round held on 29 May but fell short of the 50% required to avoid a runoff. He and Márquez faced the former mayor ofBucaramanga and businessman,Rodolfo Hernández Suárez and his running mateMarelen Castillo in the run-off on 19 June.[99][100] Shortly after the first round,Luis Gilberto Murillo, who was the running mate ofSergio Fajardo on theHope Center Coalition ticket, endorsed Petro for the second round.[101] In the second round, Petro and Márquez won the election by winning 50.44% of the popular vote against Hernández.[102][103]
He spent the month and a half between his election and his inauguration negotiating with centrist and right-wing political parties to build a majority in Congress, where the left had a minority in both houses. He had an early success in building a congressional coalition, said Fitch.[105] In exchange for several seats in his government, he obtained the support of theLiberal Party, the largest force in the House and third largest in the Senate, and theParty of the U. Both parties had called for votes against him in both the first and second rounds of the presidential election. In the end, his coalition included a dozen political groups, had seasoned ministers, and was considered by The Economist as "moderate".[106] TheLiberal Party would leave Petro's governing coalition on 28 November 2023, citing significant ideological differences.[107] The conservative reformistÁlvaro Leyva was appointed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and three former liberal ministers were appointed to Finance, Agriculture and Education. Human rights activistLeonor Zalabata was named ambassador to theUnited Nations, making her the first indigenous person to be appointed to the post, which until now has always been held by career diplomats.[108]
A few days before his inauguration, on 26 July, he passed his first political test with the approval by the Senate of theEscazú Agreement, the most important environmental protection treaty adopted in Latin America, which had previously been rejected four times by the senators. Petro had made its ratification a campaign promise.[109] However, the team in charge of the transition from the outgoing government warns that "the fiscal situation and the level of debt are even more critical than we imagined."
The arrival of Gustavo Petro as president was not well received by the army command and several generals spoke out in the press. The commander in chief of the army, Enrique Zapateiro, resigned from his position. On 12 August Petro appointed a new military command with the objective of "substantially increasing respect for human rights and public freedoms."[110]
Colombia and Venezuela re-established diplomatic relations on 11 August after a three-year break.[111][112] Petro announced plans to resume peace negotiations with theNational Liberation Army (ELN) guerrillas, which had been suspended after the2019 Bogotá car bombing, where more than 20 cadets at a police academy were killed.[113] Due to Petro’s "total peace" policy, the army has been accused of remaining in the barracks while illegal organizations gain ground.[114]
The cabinet of Petro's government took office on 7 August 2022, in conjunction with the inauguration of the president. After taking office, Petro was considered by analysts as Colombia's first-everleft-wing president,[115][102][103][116] although this claim has been disputed by Charlotte Eaton of theLondon School of Economics who asserted that it was the two-term presidentAlfonso López Pumarejo (1934–1938 and 1942–1946) of theColombian Liberal Party instead.[117][118]
In 2025, Petro sacked his whole government following his previous choice to appoint the scandal-ridden political operatorArmando Benedetti as chief of staff, while promotingLaura Sarabia, a 30-year-old confidante, to foreign minister despite her lack of foreign policy experience. Both were embroiled in a campaign finance scandal.[119]
Aseries of protests began in Colombia on 26 September 2022 against the cross-sectoral structural reforms of President Petro[120] and thegovernment. The protests continued on 20 June 2023 in major cities, motivated by his political agenda, the alleged drug-money involved on his 2022 presidential campaign, and accusations of possibly illegal interceptions to civilians by close members of his cabinet.[121] A scandal emerged nicknamed "Nannygate" and involving recordings of his ambassador inVenezuela,Armando Benedetti, speaking with Petro'sChief of Staff,Laura Sarabia, over possible illegal financing and threats of revealing compromising information on campaign running. Both of them had to resign his position as a result of this. This seriously decreased Petro's credibility and approval, exposing possible corruption inside the current government,[122][123] making his presidential approval rate to drop to only 26% according to Bloomberg.[124]
At the beginning of his presidency, Gustavo Petro announced that he wanted to initiate agrarian reform to promote access to property for poor peasant families in a country where one per cent of farms hold 80 per cent of the cultivable land. Several difficulties must be overcome: the land registry is largely deficient (according to an official estimate, 65% of land is not formally titled), the state lacks the institutions and officials to enforce the law, and there are fears that the large landowners will rearm theirparamilitary militias. Finally, indigenous and peasant movements have increased their land occupations to put pressure on the new government.[125]
While it does not foresee any expropriation, the government intends to enforce the first chapter of thepeace agreement signed in 2016 between the state and the FARC. The first chapter of the agreement, which was devoted to the agrarian question, provided for the distribution of three million hectares to peasants, but the government of Ivan Duque never implemented it. On the other hand, the government committed itself to buying three million hectares of arable land at market price. An agreement to this effect was reached in early October 2022 with the powerful Federation of Ranchers (Fedegan). However, the agreement has been criticized by the mayor of Bogotá,Claudia López Hernández, who said that "the land grabbers must be told the truth and receive compensation. They do not deserve impunity, let alone billions," recalling that the report of the Truth Commission confirms the historical responsibility of the ranchers in paramilitarism, displacement and land plundering. In addition, some experts on agrarian issues have estimated that the land purchases would have a high cost for the public finances: "Since the market is not competitive, the ranchers will sell at a high price." The government has also pledged to build infrastructure to enable farmers to sell their crops.
Petro took office in August 2022 with an approval rating of 48%.[126] By the start of 2023, more Colombians disapproved of Petro's performance than approved. In March 2023, 53% disapproved of his performance. Residents in theeastern region of Colombia,Bogotá and the central region were most likely to disapprove of Petro.[127]
By June 2023, 33% of Colombians approved of Petro's performance, and 61% disapproved.[128] His disapproval rate fell to 66% in December, with only 26% approving.[129] By June 2025, his approval rating remained in the 27% area, with disapproval at 67%.[130]
Since taking office, Petro and his allies have been embroiled in several scandals.[131] In 2025, Petro sacked his whole government following his previous choice to appoint the scandal-ridden political operatorArmando Benedetti as chief of staff, while promotingLaura Sarabia, a 30-year-old confidante, to foreign minister despite her lack of foreign policy experience. Both were embroiled in a campaign finance scandal.[132] Several factors such as heightened crime,[131] his stalled reforms in the legislative branch, failing to pass labor and health reforms,[131] as well as his frequent use of presidential decrees, being the first president to use it for a budget in 2024 since 1904,[131] his disagreements with theOffice of the Attorney General of Colombia and his supporters' violent attack against theSupreme Court,[133] the arrest of his son Nicolas in amoney laundering scandal involving campaign financing,[134][135] and the scandal involving his ministers,[136] have contributed to the fall of Petro's public support.[137]
Petro's public image has also been marred by his "erratic behaviour". In 2025, theFinancial Times noted that Petro "frequently turn[ed] up late to important meetings or misse[d] them and has disappeared from public view for days at a time," and noted that he was in the habit of making "long, rambling posts on social media in the early hours of the morning".[138] One such notable post followed a public spat with Donald Trump, in which he variously referencedSacco and Vanzetti, hisgastritis, theCaliphate of Cordoba, and seeing "Blacks and Latinos fighting" inWashington, D.C.[139] In April 2025,Álvaro Leyva, Petro's former foreign minister, publicly accused Petro of being a drug addict, saying that he had disappeared for two days during a visit to Paris. This followed a November 2023 article by left-wing investigative journalistMaría Jimena Duzán that likewise suggested that Petro's behavior "had to do with a problem of addiction".[138] Petro has denied such claims and said that "the only addiction which I have is to coffee in the morning".[138]
In January 2025, a dispute arose between Colombia and the United States after President Petro refused to allow two previously authorizedUS military aircraft carryingdeported Colombian nationals to land in Colombia. Each flight was carrying approximately 80 Colombians. In response,President Trump of the U.S. initially threatened to impose 25% tariffs on all Colombian imports, implement travel bans and visa revocations for Colombian government officials, and to implement enhanced customs and border protection inspections for all Colombian nationals and cargo from Colombia.[140][141] Trump said he would double the tariffs to 50 percent in one week if Petro did not reverse his decision.[142] The government did not go ahead with these plans after Colombia agreed to accept deported migrants without restrictions.[143] Diplomats from both countries reached a deal which has seen Colombia send its own air force planes to collect the migrants, a process that Petro said ensured they were treated "with dignity" and without being handcuffed.[144][145] The U.S. government did make concessions to Colombia by agreeing not to handcuff and photograph the deportees, and dispatching Homeland Security staffers, instead of military officers, as flight escorts.[146]
Earlier in the dispute, president Petro criticised the use of US military for deportation flights, and noted, "We are the opposite of the Nazis," and that he would never carry out a raid to return handcuffed Americans to the US.[147][148] President Petro, during the social media exchange stated, "I do not shake hands with white enslavers," and questioned whether president Trump was trying to topple him.[149] The president's daughter Andrea Petro posted, "For every Colombian deported we will return a gringo from the Poblado," seemingly implying to the 2024 extradition request to the US of an American.[150][151]
On 27 September 2025, theUnited States revoked Petro'svisa after he spoke at apro-Palestinian demonstration on September 26, 2025, atDag Hammarskjöld Plaza outsideU.N. Headquarters during the 80th United Nations General Assembly inNew York City. Petro urged U.S. soldiers "not to point their guns at people. Disobey the orders of Trump. Obey the orders of humanity".[152][153]
On October 19, 2025, Trump accused Petro of being the leader of the Colombian cartels, and called subsidies to the Colombian government to curb and halt drug production a scam, which would be permanently blocked.[154] On October 24, the US Treasury Department sanctioned Petro, along with his wife, son and Armando Benedetti, by introducing them into theSpecially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, accusing the group of being involved in the global illicit drug trade.[155][156][157][158][159] Petro responded, "I don’t do business like you do — I am a socialist. I believe in solidarity, the common good, and the shared resources of humanity, the greatest of all: life, now endangered by your oil".[160] Trump said that if cocaine production is not stopped on Colombian territory, the United States would take direct action to stop the production and massive drug trade, including on Colombian territory.[161][162]
In a widely recognized speech before theUnited Nations General Assembly on September 20, 2022, Petro asked the question "What is more poisonous for humanity, cocaine, coal or oil?" He said the "addiction to irrational power, profit and money” being at the heart of theclimate crisis and called thewar on drugs a failure, accusing theglobal north of turning a blind eye to the destruction of theAmazon rainforest.[163]
According to a government statement and theInstitute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia) (IDEAM) deforestation rates inthe Colombian Amazon fell by 70% in the first 9 months of 2023 going from 59,345 hectares deforested to 17,909 hectares,[164] compared to the same period in the previous year, what can be attributed to the conservation policies of the government, like paying local residents for conserving the forest.[165] However, theMinister of Environment and Sustainable Development,Susana Muhamad followed this up with the statement that: “These figures indicate a trend, it is not the official data. As we promised, we want to show the country how deforestation is going. This is an encouraging figure, but we do not want to be triumphalist, nor communicate that here we are already winning the battle against deforestation" (translated from Spanish).[164]
According to theWorld Resources Institute,old-growth forest loss in Colombia was nearly halved in 2023 partly due to Gustavo Petro's policies. The Natural Resources Manager of the institute in Colombia, Alejandra Laina stated: "The story ofdeforestation in Colombia is complex and deeply intertwined with the country’s politics, which makes 2023’s historic decrease particularly powerful…”, adding: “There is no doubt that recent government action and the commitment of the communities has had a profound impact on Colombia’s forests, and we encourage those involved in current peace talks to use this data as a springboard to accelerate further progress.” The institute noted that overall, the world still lost 10 football fields of tropical forests per minute in 2023.[166]
Petro had met Chávez in 1994, onSeventh Street in Bogotá, after inviting the latter to come to Colombia to learn more about the newPolitical Constitution of 1991. At theBridge of Boyacá, both "swore an oath ofBolivarianintegration for Latin America".[169] After Chávez's death in 2013, Petro affirmed that he was a "great Latin American leader", saying: "You lived in Chávez's times and maybe you thought he was a clown. You were fooled. You lived in the times of a great Latin American leader". He also expressed: "Even if many do not like him, Hugo Chávez will be a man who will be remembered by the history of Latin America, his critics will be forgotten", "a friend and a hope is gone".[168]
In 2016, Petro ironized about thecrisis in Venezuela, in a year whenshortages and malnutrition were rampant, by posting a photo of a supermarket with full shelves on Twitter and saying, "I went into a supermarket in Caracas and look what I found. DidRCN fool me?".[168] In a 2018 interview inAl Punto, Mexican journalistJorge Ramos asked Petro if he considered Chávez as a political leader, to which Petro answered that he believed that "he was popularly elected", but that authoritarianism in Venezuela under Maduro was putting an end to all freedoms.[170]
In 2019, Petro criticized the idea of an Americanmilitary intervention against Maduro's regime, stating that "only Venezuelans should solve Venezuela's problems", that "it's not acoup d'état backed by foreigners that will bring democracy to Venezuela", and that "what is happening in Venezuela is a frontal struggle for the control of oil".[167] In 2020, Petro said that if Colombia reestablisheddiplomatic relations, cut off by Maduro, and sold food to Venezuela,Venezuelan immigration would cease.[171]
In response to Maduro's attack of him and president of ChileGabriel Boric as well as president of PeruPedro Castillo, describing them as a "cowardly left wing" attacking theBolivarian Revolution in February 2022, Petro responded on social media saying "I suggest Maduro to stop his insults. Cowards are those who do not embrace democracy", adding, "Get Venezuela out of oil, take it to the deepest democracy, if you must step aside, do it".[168]
Following the results of the second round of the 2022 presidential elections in Colombia, Maduro congratulated Petro on his victory, saying "I congratulate Gustavo Petro and Francia Márquez, for the historic victory in the presidential elections in Colombia. The will of the Colombian people was heard, who came out to defend the path of democracy and peace. New times are on the horizon for this brother country".[168]
In an August 2022 interview with the Colombian magazineSemana, Petro stated that he would only recognize Nicolás Maduro as Venezuelan president, and that the partially recognized interim president of Venezuela,Juan Guaidó, was a "non-existent" president, and that Guaidó had no control over the country.[172][173] Guaidó reproached the lack of recognition of his interim government, and responded in a press conference: "I would have expected that his first decision would not have been to approach one who today shelters world terrorism in Venezuela".[174]
On 28 September 2022, Colombia's ambassador to theOrganization of American States, Luis Ernesto Vargas, declared that he would condemn human rights violations inNicaragua when necessary, but that he would prioritize the integration of the countries in the region.[175]
In October 2022, Petro claimed that the number of migrants returning to Venezuela at that time outnumbered those leaving the country, arguing that there were more Colombian migrants entering Venezuela than Venezuelans entering Colombia.[176][177]
In May 2025, Petro granted asylum to former Panamanian presidentRicardo Martinelli, who had been taking refuge in the Nicaraguan embassy inPanama City following a conviction for money laundering in 2023.[178]
Colombia formally supported South Africa's case against Israel at theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ).[182] In May 2024, Colombia suspended diplomatic relations with Israel.[183] Subsequently, Colombia announced the opening of a diplomatic mission inRamallah, headed by an ambassador to Palestine.[184] In July 2025, Colombia was reported to have promoted an agreement with other nations to cease purchasing weapons from Israeli companies.[185]
Petro's stance escalated significantly in September 2025 during theUN General Assembly. In his speech, he declared that diplomacy had failed and called for the formation of a "powerful army" from countries that "do not accept genocide" to "liberate Palestine".[186] He argued that "words are no longer enough" and invoked the spirit ofSimón Bolívar's "liberty or death".[187] A few days later, at a pro-Palestinian rally in New York, he repeated this call and urged U.S. soldiers to "disobey the orders of Trump".[188] In response, theU.S. State Department revoked his visa, calling his actions "reckless and incendiary".[189] Petro condemned this decision, stating it "breaks all the norms of immunity" for UN attendees.[190]
Promoting progressive views and policies towards LGBTQ issues, he opened the Center for LGBTI Citizenship when he was Mayor of Bogotá.[191][192] The opening of the Subdirectorate for LGBT Affairs had the purpose of restoring rights and eradicating discrimination.[191] Several LGBTQ people held administrative positions.[191]
He has supported an advance in the elimination of obstacles and stigmas to recognizethe union of same-sex couples and their rights to adoption and social security. In addition to that, he affirmed that he will support and accompany with medical and psychosocial support the transition of gender with explicit protocols and with the participation of the trans population, and will promote a national program of safe cities free of violence and discrimination against women and people with sexual orientations, as well as diverse gender identities.[193]
In the past, he received criticism fromFrancia Márquez, who was later the Historic Pact's vice presidential nominee. She denounced that Petro betrayed the agreement to include female leaders and Afro leaders on their lists to Congress. In response, and after a storm broke out, Petro asked that the men registered in the Senate move one seat from eleven to enable the space and comply with what she had said.[194] Afro-Colombian communities were highlighted by the triumph of Gustavo Petro in the 2022 presidential election, where he swept thePacific andCaribbean regions,[195] both being places with the largest Afro-Colombian demographics.[196]
Petro is a supporter of thefeminist movement,[197] with his government program including proposals such as the creation of the Ministry of Equality and a chapter dedicated to women.[194] However, some of his proposals within the movement have been controversial.
Petro on the issue of abortion has been ambiguous. During 2020 and 2021, Petro has supported the idea of "zero abortion", but during an interview, he stated that "every society must prevent, with sexual education and technological measures so that abortion does not exist, I call that zero abortion. Abortion is not positive nor should it be encouraged, but that does not imply criminalizing women in that way, if you criminalize women you are not achieving a zero abortion society".[198] Several supporters of the movement expressed their disagreement with Petro's statements, while some analysts, professors and politicians contradicted the proposals stating that a zero abortion society is "science fiction"[199] and that Petro's statements are made to gather votes from members of theanti-abortion movement. In October 2021, Márquez said that Petro should "learn more about feminism".[194] To placate the criticism that feminists made of him at the time, Petro published the photo of the Christmas gift that his daughter Sofía gave him: a book titled "Feminism for beginners".[194][200]
On 22 February 2022, one day after the Colombian Constitutional Court decriminalized abortion, Petro said on Twitter: "I congratulate the women who waged the fight against the criminalization of abortion that criminalized them and killed them. Their victory is theirs. The empowerment of women that arises from here, sexual education and freedoms are the best way to protect life",[198][201] and despite the fact that two weeks after the court's decision, he again mentioned the issue of "zero abortion", he has not mentioned it again nor does it appear in his government program.[194]
In June 2022, Petro attended the Feminist Debate, a space convened by more than 30 social organizations of women, feminists and the LGBTIQ+ population, in order to present their proposals to the presidential candidates.[194] Petro wore agreen scarf throughout the event. Petro promised that he will enforce the constitutional ruling that decriminalized the interruption of pregnancy until the 24th week.[197] He also said: "When a woman makes that free decision, it is not criminal (...) abortion is a woman's free decision and therefore there should be no social sanction".[197]
With the issue of the land conflict in which indigenous people have been affected in the country, he invited on his the indigenous movement, the sugar cane agro-industrial sector (Asocaña) and the social movements of northern Cauca to initiate "the first regional dialogue of Colombia for Peace" to seek a "solution to the conflict over land".[202]
In August 2022, Petro proposed decriminalizing the production ofcocaine andmarijuana, declaring "It is time for a new international convention that accepts that the war on drugs has failed."[203]
In January 2023, Petro indicated that he wanted Colombia to move towards apreventive healthcare system in which disease is prevented as far as possible. Under the system the state would employ doctors to care for people who live in remote places and to care for poor farmers. Petro also said he would deliver a monthly bonus of about US$110 to almost three million recipients of the state'sage based pension.[204]
In a speech given on May 1, Gustavo Petro proposed that private banks should be forced to invest in projects designated by the government, such as agriculture and the tourism industry.[205]
Petro has been married three times. At age 26, Petro and his childhood sweetheart Katia Burgos eloped due to the Burgos family's disapproval of the union. The couple had a son,Nicolás Petro, who was primarily brought up by his mother and Petro's mother, Clara Nubia Urrego, as Petro had gone into hiding due to his rebel activity.
Shortly after, while on the run, Petro began a relationship withMary Luz Herrán, ten years his junior. He met Herrán when he was seeking refuge in her hometown. They were together for over 15 years and had two children, a daughter Andreá and a son Andrés. Both reside abroad and keep a low profile.
Petro met his current wife, Verónica Alcocer, in the late 1990s at a conference where Petro filled in for the absent primary speaker. Alcocer was a law student 17 years his junior. Petro divorced Herrán and married Alcocer in 2000; he initially had a shaky relationship with the conservative Alcocer family, but he later won the approval of Verónica's father. Petro and Alcocer have two daughters,Sofía and Antonella. Alcocer has a son from a previous relationship who, like Petro's oldest son, is named Nicolás. Petro adopted him in September 2022.[206][207]
In July 2023, Petro's son Nicolás Petro Burgos was arrested onmoney laundering charges.[208]
2022: Grand Collar of theOrder of Boyacá, Collar of theOrder of San Carlos, Grand Cross Extraordinary of the National Order of Merit and Order of Merit Colonel Guillermo Fergusson, by presidentIván Duque.[216]
^Petro was a member of the guerrilla movement until its demobilization. It then became a political party (the M-19 Democratic Alliance), which Petro remained a part of until 1997.
^In thisSpanish name, the first or paternal surname is Petro and the second or maternal family name is Urrego.
^Cite error: The named referenceCARACNAC was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
^Carlsen, Laura; Dickinson, Elizabeth; Dimitroff, Sashe; Guzmán, Sergio; Molina, Marco; Shifter, Michael; Velez de Berliner, Maria (21 June 2022)."What Will Petro's Presidency Mean for Colombia?".The Dialogue. Inter-American Dialogue.Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved25 June 2022.
^"Archived copy".www.fitchratings.com.Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved3 August 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^@petrogustavo (22 February 2022)."https://twitter.com/petrogustavo/status/1474772531882176513" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.Felicito a las mujeres que libraron la lucha contra la criminalización del aborto que las criminalizaba y las mataba a ellas. De ellas es su triunfo. El empoderamiento de la mujer que surge de aquí, la educación sexual y las libertades son mejor camino para proteger la vida
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