Guinness World Records, known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 asThe Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions asThe Guinness Book of World Records, is a Britishreference book published annually, listingworld records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.Sir Hugh Beaver created the concept in order to settle arguments debated inpubs, and twin brothersNorris andRoss McWhirter co-founded the book inLondon in August 1955.[3]
The first edition topped the bestseller list in the United Kingdom by Christmas 1955. The following year the book was launched internationally, and as of the 2026 edition, it is now in its 71st year of publication, published in 100 countries and 40 languages, and maintains over 53,000 records in its database.[3]
The internationalfranchise has extended beyond print to includetelevision series andmuseums. The popularity of the franchise has resulted inGuinness World Records becoming the primary international source for cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records. The organisation employs record adjudicators to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records.
Following a series of owners, the franchise has been owned by theJim Pattison Group since 2008, with its headquarters moved toSouth Quay Plaza,Canary Wharf, London, in 2017. Since 2008,Guinness World Records has orientated its business model away from selling books, and towards creating new world records as publicity exercises for individuals and organisations, which has attracted criticism.
On 10 November 1951, SirHugh Beaver, then the managing director of theGuinness Breweries,[4] went on a shooting party in theNorth Slob, by theRiver Slaney inCounty Wexford, Ireland. After missing a shot at agolden plover, he became involved in an argument over whether the golden plover or thered grouse was the fastestgame bird in Europe (the plover is faster, but neither is the fastest game bird in Europe).[5] That evening atCastlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.[6][7] Beaver knew that there must have been numerous other questions debated nightly among the public, but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records.[8] He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful.[9]
Beaver's idea became reality when Guinness employeeChristopher Chataway recommended university friendsNorris andRoss McWhirter, who had been running a fact-finding agency in London.[10] The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what becameThe Guinness Book of (Superlatives and now) Records, in August 1954. A thousand copies were distributed for free to pubs across Britain and Ireland as a promotional asset for the Guinness brand, and they became immensely popular with customers.[8][11]
After the founding ofThe Guinness Book of Records office at the top of Ludgate House, 107Fleet Street, London, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestseller list by Christmas.[12] The following year, it was introduced into the United States by New York publisherDavid Boehm and sold 70,000 copies.[13] Since then,Guinness World Records has sold more than 150 million copies in 100 countries and 40 languages.[14][15]
Due to the book's surprise success, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October, in time for Christmas.[16] The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years. Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory; on the British children's television seriesRecord Breakers (based upon the book), which was broadcast on theBBC from 1972 to 2001, they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer.[17]Ross McWhirter was assassinated by two members of theProvisional Irish Republican Army in 1975, in response to offering a £50,000 reward for information that would lead to capture of members of the organisation.[18] Following Ross's assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was calledNorris on the Spot. Norris carried on as the book's sole editor.[10]
Attendees at the 2011Where's Wally? Guinness World Record event in Dublin, Ireland. Setting a record for 3,872 people dressed as Wally, the total was surpassed in 2017 with 4,626 people in Japan.[19]
Guinness Superlatives, later Guinness World RecordsLimited, was incorporated in London in 1954 to publish the first book.[20]Sterling Publishing owned the rights to theGuinness book in the US for decades until it was repurchased by Guinness in 1989 after an 18-month long lawsuit.[21] The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequentlyDiageo until 2001, when it was purchased byGullane Entertainment for £45.5 million ($65 million).[22] Gullane was itself purchased byHIT Entertainment in 2002. In 2006,Apax Partners purchased HIT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to theJim Pattison Group, the parent company ofRipley Entertainment, which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain inSouth Quay Plaza inCanary Wharf, London,[23] while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters inOrlando, Florida.
Lucky Diamond Rich is "the world's most tattooed person", and has tattoos covering his entire body. He holds the Guinness World Records title as of 2006[update].
Recent editions have focused on record feats by individuals. Competitions range from obvious ones such asOlympic weightlifting to the longestegg tossing distances, or for longest time spent playingGrand Theft Auto IV or the largest number ofhot dogs consumed in three minutes.[24] Besides records about competitions, it contains such facts such as the heaviest tumour,[25] the mostpoisonous fungus,[26] the longest-running soap opera[27] and the most valuable life-insurance policy,[28] among others. Many records also relate to the youngest people to have achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, currently held byMaurizio Giuliano.[29]
Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness World Records database, as well as select new records, with the criteria for inclusion changing from year to year.[30] The latest edition is the 72nd, published in August 2025.[31]
The retirement of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sellThe Guinness Book of Records brand have shifted the focus of the books from text-oriented to illustrated reference. A selection of records are curated for the book from the full archive but all existing Guinness World Records titles can be accessed by creating a login on the company's website. Applications made by individuals for existing record categories are free of charge. There is an administration fee of £5 (or $5) to propose a new record title.[32]
The North Beach (Nazaré, Portugal), listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed
A number of spin-off books[33] and television series have also been produced.Guinness World Records bestowed the record of "Person with the most records" onAshrita Furman ofQueens, New York, in April 2009; at that time, he held 100 records.[34]
In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November asInternational Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records.[35] In 2006, an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries. Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months, which was a 173% increase over the previous year.[35] In February 2008,NBC airedThe Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.[36]
The popularity of the franchise has resulted inGuinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records.[37][38][39][40]
Over its history, numerous world record categories have been discontinued. This list may include that the record poses a threat to health or the environment.
Animal welfare. Encouraged people to over-feed their pets
The winner for heaviest cat, Himmy, had to be transported in a wheelbarrow and weighed 21.3 kg (46 lb 15 oz) upon his death from respiratory failure in 1986.
The 1955 edition declared the fastest time to eat an ox was 42 days, completed in 1880 by Germany's Johann Ketzler. A total of 43 gluttony records were discontinued in 1989, with just greatest omnivore remaining for historic value (Michel Lotito consumed chandeliers, bicycles, television sets, and a Cessna light aircraft). Though Guinness was not aware of anyone dying while attempting the records, a representative said "they are simply gross".[46]
In 1998, a "human mole" named Geoff Smith remained underground for 147 days in order to achieve the Guinness record and beat his mother's 101-day stint. Guinness denied the award for safety reasons, and Geoff stated "There are far more dangerous things in the book. There is a record for a man who eats cars."
Young British brain cancer patientCraig Shergold set a record for receiving 33 million cards between 1989 and May 1991. However, due to anemail hoax, the deluge of mail continued for more than a decade after Craig's recovery.[57][58]
There were 143,199 tweets sent in a second on 2 August 2013. It occurred as theStudio Ghibli filmCastle in the Sky aired on Japan television because of a tradition of tweeting the wordbalse as it is said on screen. The previous record of 33,388 was set during a different airing of the film.[21]
Chandra Bahadur Dangi from Nepal,measuring 1 ft 9 1⁄2 in (54.6 cm), is recognised as the world's shortest man ever, while the tallest isRobert Wadlow from the US, at 8 feet 11 inches (2.72 m), both verified byGuinness World Records.
For many records,Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside, the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts. The list of records which theGuinness World Records covers is not fixed, records may be added and also removed for various reasons. The public is invited to submit applications for records, which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record.[61] The company also provides corporate services for companies to "harness the power of record-breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses."[62]
Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons, such as those related to the killing or harming of animals.[63] In the 2006Guinness Book of World Records, Colombian serial killerPedro López was listed as the "most prolific serial killer", having murdered at least 110 people (with Lopez himself claiming he murdered over 300 people) in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in the late 1960s to 1980s.[64] This was later removed after complaints that the it made a competition out of murder, however the record was reinstated in the 2026 edition.
Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977.[65][66] Petrosino set record times for 250 ml, 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well, but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre. They later dropped all alcohol records from their compendium in 1991, then reinstated the records in 2008.
Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons, including concerns for the well-being of potential record breakers. For example, following publication of the "heaviest pet" record, many owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy, and therefore such entries were removed.[67] The Guinness Book also dropped records within their "eating and drinking records" section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potentiallitigation.[68] These changes included the removal of allspirit, wine and beer drinking records, along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees.[68] Other records, such assword swallowing and rally driving (on public roads), were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels.There have been instances of closed categories being reopened. For example, the sword swallowing category was listed as closed in the 1990Guinness Book of World Records, but has since been reopened withJohnny Strange breaking a sword swallowing record on Guinness World Records Live.[69][70] Similarly, the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991, reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition, but were moved from the "Human Achievements" section of the older book[71] to the "Modern Society" section of the newer edition.[72]
As of 2011[update], it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage.[61]Chain letters are also not allowed: "Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters, sent by post or e-mail."[73] AfterRoger Guy English set the record forsleeplessness in 1974, the category was discontinued for being too dangerous.[53][56] At the request of theU.S. Mint, in 1984, the book stopped accepting claims of large hoardings of pennies or other currency.[74] Environmentally unfriendly records (such as the releasing ofsky lanterns andparty balloons) are no longer accepted or monitored, in addition to records relating totobacco orcannabis consumption or preparation.[75]
In 2024, Guinness World Records was accused of laundering the reputation of the oppressive governments as it set world records for the UAE's police forces and Egypt's military. By 2024, the UAE achieved 526 records, of which 21 were credited to the Emirates' police force. Matthew Hedges, a British academic who was forced to sign a false confession, asked the records body to take down the Abu Dhabi police department's certificate for "most signatures on a scroll", along with other such titles. Concerns were also raised around the activities around Egypt, which moved from 22 records to 110 within a decade until 2024. James Lynch, co-founder of FairSquare, said the records were legitimising Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's regime. The Guinness World Records stated that its record titles "cannot be purchased".[76]
Guinness World Records has been accused of romanticising diseases, such as Grave's Disease andPica.[77]
For some potential categories,Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine. For example, its website states: "We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is notobjectively measurable."[63]
On 10 December 2010,Guinness World Records stopped accepting submissions for the "dreadlock" category after investigation of its first and only female title holder, Asha Mandela, determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately.[78]
Traditionally, the company made a large amount of its revenue via book sales to interested readers, especially children. The rise of the Internet began to cut into book sales starting in the 2000s, part of a general decline in the book industry. According to a 2017 story byPlanet Money ofNPR, Guinness began to realise that a lucrative new revenue source to replace falling book sales was the would-be record-holders themselves.[79] While any person can theoretically send in a record to be verified for free, the approval process is slow. Would-be record breakers that paid fees ranging from US$12,000 to US$500,000 would be given advisors, adjudicators, help in finding good records to break as well as suggestions for how to do it, prompt service, and so on. In particular, corporations and celebrities seeking apublicity stunt to launch a new product or draw attention to themselves began to hireGuinness World Records, paying them for finding a record to break or to create a new category just for them.[79] As such, they have been described as anative advertising company, with no clear distinction between content and advertisement.[80]
Television talk show hostJohn Oliver criticisedGuinness World Records on the programmeLast Week Tonight with John Oliver in August 2019, during an episode aboutPresident of TurkmenistanGurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.[81][82] Oliver said Guinness took money fromauthoritarian governments for pointless vanity projects such as Berdimuhamedow's.[81] Oliver asked Guinness to work withLast Week Tonight to adjudicate a record for "Largest cake featuring a picture of someone falling off a horse", but according to Oliver, the offer did not work out after Guinness insisted on a non-disparagement clause.Guinness World Records denied the accusations and stated that they declined Oliver's offer to participate because "it was merely an opportunity to mock one of our record-holders," and that Oliver did not specifically request the record for the largest marble cake.[83] As of 2021, the Guinness World Record for "Largest marble cake" remains withBetty Crocker Middle East in Saudi Arabia.[84] Following Oliver's episode,Guinness World Records' ethics were called into question by human rights groups.[85]
In 1976, aGuinness Book of World Records museum opened in theEmpire State Building. Speed shooterBob Munden then went on tour promotingThe Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single-action revolver from a Western movie-type holster. His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds.[86] Among exhibits were life-size statues of the world's tallest man,Robert Wadlow, and world's largestearthworm, anX-ray photo of a sword swallower, repeated lightning strike victimRoy Sullivan's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem-studded golf shoes on sale for $6,500.[87] The museum closed in 1995.[88]
Guinness World Records operates an official online shop, the Guinness World Records Store,[92] which offers items related to record-breaking achievements, including certificates of participation, apparel, and the annual Guinness World Records book.
The shop provides record-holders and the general public with access to official Guinness World Records materials. Merchandise is part of the organisation's broader engagement efforts beyond its publications and events.[93]
In 2008,Guinness World Records released its gamer's edition, a supplement that keeps records for popular video game high scores, codes and feats in association withTwin Galaxies. The Gamer's Edition used to contain 258 pages, over 1,236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founderWalter Day.[94] Editions were published for the years 2008 through 2020, with the 2009 edition in hardcover. The 2025 edition is the first since 2020, returning after a five-year hiatus. Since 2020, the supplement had 192 pages.
The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles was a music reference book first published in 1977. It was compiled by BBC Radio 1 DJsPaul Gambaccini andMike Read with brothersTim Rice and Jonathan Rice. It was the first in a number of music reference books that were to be published by Guinness Publishing with sister publicationThe Guinness Book of British Hit Albums coming in 1983. After being sold to Hit Entertainment, the data concerning the Official Chart Company's singles and albums charts were combined under the titleBritish Hit Singles & Albums, with Hit Entertainment publishing the book from 2003 to 2006 (under the Guinness World Records brand). After Guinness World Records was sold to The Jim Pattison Group, it was effectively replaced by a series of books published by Ebury Publishing/Random House with theVirgin Book of British Hit Singles first being published in 2007 and with aHit Albums book following two years later.[95][96][97]
In 1975,Parker Brothers marketed a board game,The Guinness Game of World Records, based on the book.[98] Players compete by setting and breaking records for activities such as the longest streak of rolling dice before rolling doubles, stacking plastic pieces, and bouncing a ball off alternating sides of a card, as well as answering trivia questions based on the listings in theGuinness Book of World Records.
In 2012,Warner Bros. announced the development of a live-action film version ofGuinness World Records withDaniel Chun as scriptwriter. The film, however, never entered production.[100]
^Michal (March 2017)."A Peek Inside Guinness World Records' London Headquarters".Officelovin'.Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved7 October 2022.Having outgrown their existing space in Warren Street GWR appointedCBRE to start an extensive building search, which ultimately led to the selection of South Quay, Canary Wharf.
^"Midlands World Record Breakers". ITV News.Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved15 October 2022.The Guinness World Records, the global authority on record breaking achievements
^"Guinness World Records: How the Irish Brewer Became an Authority on Firsts, Feats and Pub Trivia".The Independent.Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved5 August 2020.The book recounting record-breaking achievements from all manner of disciplines across the world is now in its 63rd edition and continues to be a bestseller, the place to go for anyone interested in finding out who is the world's most tattooed man or who built the fastest jet-powered go-kart.
^Guinness World Records.Fastest Violin Player.Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved23 November 2023. The pinned comment reads: "It's worth noting that this is no longer a category that our records team monitor – the record has been rested. Our records managers are no longer able to monitor fastest musician records as it has become impossible to judge the quality of the renditions, even when slowed down. In terms of monitoring the number of musical notes, it is not clear if all notes have been played fully."
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