Guilloche work withoutenamel

Guilloche work withenamel

Guilloché (French:[ɡijɔʃe]), orguilloche (/ɡɪˈloʊʃ/), is a decorative technique in which a very precise, intricate, and repetitivepattern is mechanicallyengraved into an underlying material viaengine turning, which uses a machine of the same name. Engine turning machines may include therose engine lathe and also thestraight-line engine. This mechanical technique improved on more time-consuming designs achieved by hand and allowed for greater delicacy, precision, and closeness of line, as well as greater speed.^[2]

The termguilloche became also used more generally for repetitive architectural patterns of intersecting or overlapping spirals or other shapes, as used in the AncientNear East, classical Greece and Rome andneo-classical architecture, and Early Medievalinterlace decoration inAnglo-Saxon art and elsewhere. MedievalCosmatesque stone inlay designs with two ribbons winding around a series of regular central points are very often called guilloche. These central points are often blank, but may contain a figure, such as a rose.^[3] These senses are a back-formation from the engravingguilloché, so called because the architectural motifs resemble the designs produced by later guilloché techniques.

The name guilloché isFrench, dating back at least to the 1770s,^[4] and is often said to be called after a French engineer named Guillot, who invented a tool or turning machine. However no dates nor first name are provided for this shadowy figure, and many dictionaries seem suspicious of his existence.^[5]

Engine turning machines were first used in the 1500–1600s on soft materials such as ivory and wood. In the 18th century they were adopted for metals such as gold and silver.^[6][7] Some accounts give the credit of developing tightly-packed engraved guilloché decoration to theNuremberg glass-making dynasty of the Schwanhardt family in the 17th century,^[8] using a wheel to engrave the glass.

Engine turning machines made of cast iron and heavy wooden bases, with precision machined surfaces were made until circa 1967 (e.g. Neuweiler und Engelsberger). Individuals continue the craft of making these elegant machines, but in limited quantities.^[9]

A Guilloche Machine was granted a US Patent in 1968 by Wilhelm Brandstatter.^[10] The original assignor was a firm called Maschinenfabrik Michael Kampf KG. A photo of this machine can be seen at Turati Lombardi's history page.^[11]

In the 1920s and '30s, automobile parts such asvalve covers, which are atop the engine, were also engine-turned. Similarly,dashboards or the instrument panel of the same were often engine-turned.Customizers also would decorate their vehicles with engine-turning panels similarly.

Guilloche describes a narrow instance of guilloche: a design, frequently architectural, using two curved bands that interlace in a pattern around a central space. Some dictionaries give only this definition ofguilloche, although others include the broader meaning associated with guilloché as a second meaning. Note that in the original sense, even a straight line can be guilloché, and persons using the French spelling and pronunciation generally intend the broader, original meaning.^[12][13][14] Translucentenamel was applied over guilloché metal byPeter Carl Fabergé on theFabergé eggs and other pieces from the 1880s.^[15]

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In consequence of the nature of the design, which is usually a series of lines that are, or look very much like they are interwoven into one another, any design engraved on metal, printed, or otherwise erected on surfaces such as wood or stone, that go in a similar style of constant wriggling that interlock – or look like they are interlocking – with one another, is referred to as guilloché.

Some of the more common ones are the following:

• Engraved (in metal, mainly sterling): in fine timepieces (mainly pocket watches), fine pens, jewelry charms, snuffboxes, hair-styling accessories, wine goblets etc. Examples of famous works of Guilloché are the engravings onFabergé eggs.
• Erected: on stone for architecture, in wood for styling, on furniture or molding, etc.
• Printed: onbank notes, currency, passports, certificates, etc., to protect againstforged copies.^[16] The pattern used in this instance is called aspirograph in mathematics, that is, ahypotrochoid generated by a fixed point on a circle rolling inside a fixed circle. It has parametric equations. These patterns bear a strong resemblance to the designs produced on theSpirograph, a children's toy.

Theengine turning machine characteristic of guilloché is called by other names in specific uses:

• Rose engine (metalwork)
• Straight line engine turningTour à guilloché (metalwork)
• Holtzapffel lathe, named after the founder of an ornamental lathe manufacturer John JacobHoltzapffel
• Decoration lathe (metalwork)
• Damaskeening (watch movements and horology)
• Geometric lathe (security printing)
• Cycloidal engine (security printing)
• Ornamental turning orornamental lathe (woodcarving).

The different types of the machines refer to different models and different times during the development of the engine-turning machine.

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  A red guilloché enamelBoule de Genève
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  Guilloche work withenamel
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  Bouquet of Lilies Fabergé Egg
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  Solar guilloche pattern on awatch movement crown wheel
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  Barley guilloche pattern on a watch movement main plate

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  Assyrian tile with a guilloché border from the North-West Palace atNimrud (now in modern Iraq), 883-859 BC, glazed earthenware,British Museum, London^[17]
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  19th century illustration of multiplepolychrome elements ofAncient Greek architecture, including a guillochés on the right, byJacques Ignace Hittorff
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  Ancient Greek guilloché on the Klazomenian sarcophagus,c.500–470 BC, painted clay,Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek,Copenhagen,Denmark
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  Ancient Greek guilloché on anIonic column of theErechtheion, Athens, Greece, unknown architect, 421–405 BC^[18]
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  Ancient Greek guilloché on agorytos, 400-336 BC, silver and gold,Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai,Vergina, Greece^[19]
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  Roman guilloché on the base of a column of the Trajaneum fromPergamon, now in thePergamon Museum,Berlin, Germany, unknown architect, 115–30 AD
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  Roman guilloché on theOrpheus mosaic from the dining room of a Roman house,c.200, natural stone and glass, Pergamon Museum
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  Roman guilloché on a shield, mid 3rd century, painted wood and hide,Yale University Art Gallery,New Haven,Connecticut, US^[20]
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  Renaissance guillochés on some pilasters, part of the Sala dei Giglifrescos,Palazzo Vecchio,Florence, Italy, byDomenico Ghirlandaio, 1482-1484
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  Renaissance guillochés on a pharmacy jar calledThe Campaigns of Julius Caesar, 1580–1581,maiolica (tin-glazed earthenware),Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
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  Baroque guilloché on a cabinet,André Charles Boulle,c.1700, oak veneered with Macassar and Gabon ebony, ebonized fruitwood, burl wood, and marquetry of tortoiseshell and brass, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art
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  Rococo guilloché on a tureen with cover,Edme-Pierre Balzac, 1757–1759, silver, Metropolitan Museum of Art
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  Neoclassical guillochés on a tripod vase, byWedgwood,c.1805,jasperware,Brooklyn Museum, New York City
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  Neoclassical guilloché on a wall in theNeues Museum, Berlin, byFriedrich August Stüler, 1843-1855
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  Neoclassical guilloché on the door ofStrada Grigore Cobălcescu no. 6,Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect,c.1910
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  Postmodern guillochés on theHarold Washington Library,Chicago, byHammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991^[21]

• Basse-taille
• Cloisonné
• Filigree
• Fretwork
• Geometric lathe
• Moire (fabric)
• Ornamental turning
• Roulette curve
• Security printing
• Spirograph

Wikimedia Commons has media related toGuilloché.

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guilloche".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

• Visual motifs
• Patterns
• Ornaments
• Artworks in metal
• Vitreous enamel
• Machining

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