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Division of Russia into eight governorates in 1708
This subdivision type was created by the edict (ukase) ofPeter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia intoeight governorates.
In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces (Russian:провинции,romanized: provintsii). Later the number of governorateswas increased to 23.
By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further intouezds (Russian:уезды), was based on population size, and the termguberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin:namestnichestvo (наместничество), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as "vicegerency". The termguberniya, however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed bynamestniki (наместник) (literal translation: "deputy") or "governors general" (генерал-губернатор,general-gubernator). Correspondingly, the termgovernorate general (генерал-губернаторство,general-gubernatorstvo) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates.
By the ukase of theRussian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided intovolosts (волость); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until theRussian Revolution of 1917.
Actual subdivisions of the Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under theGOELRO plan,Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission ofGosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteenEuropean and eightAsiaticoblasts, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights".[1] Eventually, in 1929, the subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast,okrug, andraion. Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land.
In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the termGuberniya is considered obsolete, yet the wordgubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to a governor of an oblast or akrai.
^abcKohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2005). "Administrative Divisions of Ukraine".Historical dictionary of Ukraine. Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.ISBN0-8108-5387-6.OCLC57002343.
^abZadorozhnii, Oleksandr (2016).International law in the relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Kyiv: Ukrainian Association of International Law. pp. 54, 60.ISBN978-617-684-146-3.OCLC973559701.
¹Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (+) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.
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