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 Guane doubled-chambered, ceramic, stirrup-spout vessel, 10th–16th century CE, exhibited at Chicamocha National Park | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
Santander,Boyacá, Colombia | |
| Languages | |
| Chibcha,Colombian Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional religion,Roman Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Lache,U'wa,Muisca,Muzo,Yarigui |
TheGuane people ofColombia inSouth America live mainly in the cities ofSantander, Bucaramanga and Barichara. A population estimate made by DANE(Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística) in 2005, was that around 812 people in Santander identified as Guane, with 409 being men and 403 being women.[1]
The etymology of the word Guane is not known with certainty. The most prominent reasoning states that it came from the Muisca people, the Guane’s neighbors, who referred to them as ‘Guatas’ which means ‘tall’ in the Musyccubun language. It evolved to become ‘Guates’ and then eventually Guanes. Guane people from this time period were reported to be as tall as 1.76m, taller than most other native groups at the time.[2]
Before European-contact the Guane People lived in the area of Santander and north ofBoyacá, both departments of present-day central-Colombia. They werefarmers cultivatingcotton,pineapple and other crops, and skilledartisans working in cotton textiles. The Guane lived north of theChicamocha River, around theChicamocha Canyon in an area stretching fromVélez in the south to the capital of Santander;Bucaramanga in the north.[3] Other sources state their territory did not extend so far north.[4] Guane, acorregimiento ofBarichara, Santander, is said to have been the capital of the Guane people.
Guane culture during this time period had many aspects to it. They celebrated on many different occasions such as the start of puberty, the teething of a baby, and the start of the new lunar year.[5] They had multiple leader for each village, however, all of the Guane were led by a man named Guanetá by the time the Spanish .[6]
The Guane made their own weapons, including arrows and spears. They interchanged plants for the stewpot with theChitarero on the east and theMuisca to the south of their territories. The mantle making of the Guanes was well known inpre-Columbian Colombia. Mantles made from cotton have been dated back to the 11th century AD.[7] The Guane cultivatedtobacco and made products offique.[3]
The Guane also had their own style of music and art. Many illustrations and iconographies are found all over Santander that depict interpretations of people, events, animals, and other forms of artistic expression.[8]
[9] Like the Muisca,U'wa and Lache, the Guane spoke aChibchan language.[4]
Like with most Indigenous groups the Guane suffered at the hands of the Spanish, nevertheless they fought back. At first, Spanish explorers entered their territory on friendly terms, however, eventually a Captain namedMartín Galeano made his way into their land with an armed force at his back. The Guane, led at the time by Guanetá, fought back with all their projectile weapons in order to slow the advance of the Spanish. The Spanish eventually made it to there position and unleashed a violent attack of which few of the Guane people present were able to escape.Guanetá, in the face of being captured, chose to sacrifice himself instead of being succumbing to the violence of the Spanish.[8][10]
Another rebellion was later led by another Guane leader namedChanchón. Despite the many other Guane leaders that formed diplomatic relationships with Galeano, Chanchón fought against the diplomats that were sent by the Spanish. Chanchón continued to fight numerous battles against the Spanish with the goal being to liberate the Guane territory and remove the Spanish from the region, however, despite his best efforts and collaborations with other Guane leaders, many thousands of Guane were slaughtered at the hands of the Spanish as they continued their presence in the region.[10]
Today the Guane people continue to exist. There are no known speakers of Guane´s original language, however, their culture has evolved and is still practiced.[11] For example, museums around Santander preserve the culture and claim it as Santandereana Heritage, a woman namedDoña Ana Felicia Alquichire continues to make ceramics in the traditional Guane style, and manySantandereanos sing songs about their Guane heritage every day.[12]
The Guane also continue their tradition of gastronomy by preparing of 'hormigas culonas' which translated to big butt ants, arepas, and chicha.[1][8]
The Guane inhabited the area of central and south Santander, around theChicamocha Canyon and a small part ofBoyacá.
| Name | Department | Altitude (m) urban centre | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guane | Santander | 1336 |  |
| Aratoca | Santander | 1800 |  |
| Cabrera | Santander | 980 |  |
| Coromoro | Santander | 1518 |  |
| Curití | Santander | 1409 |  |
| Encino | Santander | 1850 |  |
| Guapotá | Santander | 1534 |  |
| Güepsa (shared withMuisca andYarigui) | Santander | 1540 |  |
| Jordán | Santander | 425 |  |
| Mogotes | Santander | 1700 |  |
| Ocamonte | Santander | 1398 |  |
| Oiba | Santander | 1420 |  |
| Palmar | Santander | 1200 |  |
| Páramo | Santander | 1200 |  |
| Pinchote | Santander | 1131 |  |
| San Gil | Santander | 1117 |  |
| San Joaquín | Santander | 1950 |  |
| Los Santos | Santander | 1310 |  |
| Suaita | Santander | 1700 |  |
| Valle de San José | Santander | 1250 |  |
| Villanueva | Santander | 1450 |  |
| San José de Pare | Boyacá | 1545 |  |
| Santana | Boyacá | 1550 |  |
