The constellation's brightest star,Alpha Gruis, is also known as Alnair and appears as a 1.7-magnitude blue-white star.Beta Gruis is ared giantvariable star with a minimum magnitude of 2.3 and a maximum magnitude of 2.0. Six star systems have been found to haveplanets: the red dwarfGliese 832 is one of the closest stars to Earth to have a planetary system. Another—WASP-95—has a planet that orbits every two days.Deep-sky objects found in Grus include theplanetary nebulaIC 5148, also known as the Spare Tyre Nebula, and a group of four interacting galaxies known as the Grus Quartet.
The stars that form Grus were originally considered part of the neighbouring constellationPiscis Austrinus (the southern fish), withGamma Gruis seen as part of the fish's tail.[2] The stars were first defined as a separate constellation by the astronomerPetrus Plancius, who created twelve new constellations based on the observations of the southern sky by the Dutch explorersPieter Dirkszoon Keyser andFrederick de Houtman, who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as theEerste Schipvaart, to theEast Indies. Grus first appeared on a 35-centimetre-diameter celestial globe published in 1598 inAmsterdam by Plancius withJodocus Hondius. Its first depiction in a celestial atlas was in the German cartographerJohann Bayer'sUranometria of 1603.[3] De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue the same year under the Dutch nameDen Reygher, "The Heron",[4] but Bayer followed Plancius and Hondius in using Grus.[2]
An alternative name for the constellation,Phoenicopterus (Latin "flamingo"), was used briefly during the early 17th century, seen in the 1605 workCosmographiae Generalis by Paul Merula ofLeiden University and a c. 1625 globe by Dutch globe maker Pieter van den Keere. Astronomer Ian Ridpath has reported the symbolism likely came from Plancius originally, who had worked with both of these people.[2] Grus and the nearby constellationsPhoenix,Tucana andPavo are collectively called the "Southern Birds".[5]
The stars that correspond to Grus were generally too far south to be seen from China. InChinese astronomy, Gamma andLambda Gruis may have been included in the tub-shaped asterismBàijiù, along with stars from Piscis Austrinus.[2] In Central Australia, theArrernte andLuritja people living on a mission inHermannsburg viewed the sky as divided between them, east of theMilky Way representing Arrernte camps and west denoting Luritja camps.Alpha andBeta Gruis, along withFomalhaut,Alpha Pavonis and the stars ofMusca, were all claimed by the Arrernte.[6]
Grus is bordered by Piscis Austrinus to the north,Sculptor to the northeast, Phoenix to the east, Tucana to the south,Indus to the southwest, andMicroscopium to the west. Bayer straightened the tail of Piscis Austrinus to make way for Grus in hisUranometria.[2] Covering 366 square degrees, it ranks 45th of the 88modern constellations in size and covers 0.887% of the night sky.[7] The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Gru".[8] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delporte in 1930, are defined as a polygon of 6 segments. In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascension coordinates of these borders lie between21h 27.4m and23h 27.1m, while thedeclination coordinates are between −36.31° and −56.39°.[1] Grus is located too far south to be seen by observers in the British Isles and the northern United States, though it can easily be seen fromFlorida orSan Diego;[9] the whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude33°N.[10][a]
The constellation Grus as it can be seen by the naked eye
Keyser and de Houtman assigned twelve stars to the constellation.[11] Bayer depicted Grus on his chart, but did not assign its starsBayer designations. French explorer and astronomerNicolas-Louis de Lacaille labelled them Alpha to Phi in 1756 with some omissions. In 1879, American astronomerBenjamin Gould added Kappa, Nu, Omicron and Xi, which had all been catalogued by Lacaille but not given Bayer designations. Lacaille considered them too faint, while Gould thought otherwise. Xi Gruis had originally been placed in Microscopium. Conversely, Gould dropped Lacaille's Sigma as he thought it was too dim.[12]
Grus has several bright stars. Marking the left wing is Alpha Gruis,[11] a blue-white star of spectral type B6V andapparent magnitude 1.7, around 101light-years from Earth.[13] Its traditional name, Alnair, means "the bright one" and refers to its status as the brightest star in Grus (although the Arabians saw it as the brightest star in the Fish's tail, as Grus was then depicted).Alnair Alnair is around 380 times asluminous and has over 3 times the diameter of theSun.[14] Lying 5 degrees west of Alnair,[15] denoting the Crane's heart is Beta Gruis[11] (the proper name is Tiaki[16]), ared giant of spectral type M5III.[17] It has a diameter of 0.8astronomical units (AU) (if placed in the Solar System it would extend to the orbit of Venus) located around 170 light-years from Earth. It is avariable star with a minimum magnitude of 2.3 and a maximum magnitude of 2.0.[18] An imaginary line drawn from the Great Square ofPegasus through Fomalhaut will lead to Alnair and Beta Gruis.[9]
Lying in the northwest corner of the constellation and marking the crane's eye is Gamma Gruis,[15] a blue-whitesubgiant of spectral type B8III and magnitude 3.0 lying around 211 light-years from Earth.[19] Also known as Al Dhanab,[16] it has finished fusing its core hydrogen and has begun cooling and expanding, which will see it transform into a red giant.[20]
There are severaldouble stars visible to the naked eye in Grus. Forming a triangle with Alnair and Beta, Delta Gruis is an optical double whose components—Delta1 andDelta2—are separated by 45 arcseconds.[15] Delta1 is ayellow giant of spectral type G7III and magnitude 4.0, 309 light-years from Earth,[21] and may have its own magnitude 12orange dwarf companion.[22] Delta2 is a red giant of spectral type M4.5III and semiregular variable that ranges between magnitudes 3.99 and 4.2,[23] located 325 light-years from Earth. It has around 3 times the mass and 135 times the diameter of the Sun.[22] Mu Gruis, composed ofMu1 andMu2, is also an optical double—both stars are yellow giants of spectral type G8III around 2.5 times as massive as the Sun with surface temperatures of around 4900 K.[24] Mu1 is the brighter of the two at magnitude 4.8 located around 275 light-years from Earth,[25] while Mu2 the dimmer at magnitude 5.11 lies 265 light-years distant from Earth.[26] Pi Gruis, an optical double with a variable component, is composed ofPi1 Gruis andPi2. Pi1 is asemi-regular red giant of spectral type S5, ranging from magnitude 5.31 to 7.01 over a period of 191 days,[27] and is around 532 light-years from Earth.[28] One of the brightest S-class stars to Earth viewers, it has a companion star of apparent magnitude 10.9 with sunlike properties, being ayellow main sequence star of spectral type G0V. The pair make up a likely binary system.[29] Pi2 is agiant star of spectral type F3III-IV located around 130 light-years from Earth,[30] and is often brighter than its companion at magnitude 5.6.[31] Marking the right wing isTheta Gruis,[11] yet another double star, lying 5 degrees east of Delta1 and Delta2.[15]
RZ Gruis is a binary system of apparent magnitude 12.3 with occasional dimming to 13.4, whose components—awhite dwarf andmain sequence star—are thought to orbit each other roughly every 8.5 to 10 hours. It belongs to the UX Ursae Majoris subgroup ofcataclysmic variable star systems, where material from the donor star is drawn to the white dwarf where it forms anaccretion disc that remains bright and outshines the two component stars. The system is poorly understood,[32] though the donor star has been calculated to be of spectral type F5V.[33] These stars have spectra very similar to novae that have returned to quiescence after outbursts, yet they have not been observed to have erupted themselves. TheAmerican Association of Variable Star Observers recommends watching them for future events.[34]CE Gruis (also known as Grus V-1) is a faint (magnitude 18–21) star system also composed of a white dwarf and donor star; in this case the two are so close they aretidally locked. Known aspolars, material from the donor star does not form an accretion disc around the white dwarf, but rather streams directly onto it.[35]
Six star systems are thought to have planetary systems.Tau1 Gruis is a yellow star of magnitude 6.0 located around 106 light-years away.[36] It may be a main sequence star or be just beginning to depart from the sequence as it expands and cools. In 2002 the star was found to have a planetary companion.[37]HD 215456,HD 213240 andWASP-95 are yellow sunlike stars discovered to have two planets,[38] a planet and a remotered dwarf,[39] and ahot Jupiter, respectively; this last—WASP-95b—completes an orbit round its sun in a mere two days.[40]Gliese 832 is a red dwarf of spectral type M1.5V and apparent magnitude 8.66 located only 16.1 light-years distant; hence it is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. AJupiter-like planet—Gliese 832 b—orbiting the red dwarf over a period of 9.4±0.4 years was discovered in 2008.[41]WISE 2220−3628 is abrown dwarf of spectral type Y, and hence one of the coolest star-like objects known. It has been calculated as being around 26 light-years distant from Earth.[42]
In July 2019, astronomers reported finding a star,S5-HVS1, traveling 1,755 km/s (3,930,000 mph), faster that any other star detected so far. The star is in the Grus constellation in the southern sky, and about 29,000 light-years from Earth, and may have been propelled out of theMilky Waygalaxy after interacting withSagittarius A*, thesupermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.[43][44][45][46]
IC 5148, the spare-tyre nebula as imaged by theESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (EFOSC2) on theNew Technology Telescope at La Silla
Nicknamed the spare-tyre nebula,[47]IC 5148 is aplanetary nebula located around 1 degree west of Lambda Gruis.[48] Around 3000 light-years distant, it is expanding at 50 kilometres a second, one of the fastest rates of expansion of all planetary nebulae.[47]
Northeast of Theta Gruis are four interacting galaxies known as the Grus Quartet.[49] These galaxies areNGC 7552,NGC 7590,NGC 7599, andNGC 7582.[50] The latter three galaxies occupy an area of sky only 10 arcminutes across and are sometimes referred to as the "Grus Triplet," although all four are part of a larger loose group of galaxies called the IC 1459 Grus Group.[51] NGC 7552 and 7582 are exhibiting highstarburst activity; this is thought to have arisen because of the tidal forces from interacting.[50] Located on the border of Grus with Piscis Austrinus,[48]IC 1459 is a peculiar E3 giantelliptical galaxy. It has a fast counterrotating stellar core, and shells and ripples in its outer region.[52] The galaxy has an apparent magnitude of 11.9[53] and is around 80 million light-years distant.[48]
NGC 7424 is abarred spiral galaxy with an apparent magnitude of 10.4.[54] located around 4 degrees west of the Grus Triplet.[48] Approximately 37.5 million light-years distant, it is about 100,000 light-years in diameter, has well defined spiral arms and is thought to resemble theMilky Way.[55] Twoultraluminous X-ray sources and onesupernova have been observed in NGC 7424.[56]SN 2001ig was discovered in 2001 and classified as aType IIb supernova, one that initially showed a weak hydrogen line in itsspectrum, but this emission later became undetectable and was replaced by lines of oxygen, magnesium and calcium, as well as other features that resembled the spectrum of aType Ib supernova.[57] A massive star ofspectral type F, A or B is thought to be the surviving binary companion to SN 2001ig, which was believed to have been aWolf–Rayet star.[58]
Located near Alnair isNGC 7213,[48] a face-on type 1Seyfert galaxy located approximately 71.7 million light-years from Earth.[59] It has an apparent magnitude of 12.1.[60] Appearing undisturbed in visible light, it shows signs of having undergone a collision or merger when viewed at longer wavelengths, with disturbed patterns of ionized hydrogen including a filament of gas around 64,000 light-years long.[59] It is part of a group of ten galaxies.[61]
NGC 7410 is a spiral galaxy discovered by British astronomerJohn Herschel during observations at theCape of Good Hope in October 1834. The galaxy has a visual magnitude of 11.7 and is approximately 122 million light-years distant from Earth.[51]
^While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 33°N and53°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[10]
^Wagman, Morton (2003).Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. 360–62.ISBN978-0-939923-78-6.
^abcdMotz, Lloyd; Nathanson, Carol (1991).The Constellations: An Enthusiast's Guide to the Night Sky. London, United Kingdom: Aurum Press. p. 370.ISBN978-1-85410-088-7.
^Mayor, M.; et al. (2011). "The HARPS Search for Southern Extra-solar Planets XXXIV. Occurrence, Mass Distribution and Orbital Properties of Super-Earths and Neptune-mass Planets".arXiv:1109.2497 [astro-ph.EP].
^Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Tinney, Chris G.; Parker, Stephen; Salter, Graeme (2012). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function".The Astrophysical Journal.753 (2): 156.arXiv:1205.2122.Bibcode:2012ApJ...753..156K.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156.S2CID119279752.
^abcdeStreicher, Magda (December 2010)."Grus—An Elegant Starry Bird"(PDF).Deepsky Delights. The Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. pp. 56–59. Retrieved7 February 2014.
^Maund, Justyn R.; Wheeler, J. Craig; Patat, Ferdinando; Wang, Lifan; Baade, Dietrich; Höflich, Peter A. (2007). "Spectropolarimetry of the Type IIb Supernova 2001ig*".The Astrophysical Journal.671 (2):1944–1958.arXiv:0709.1487.Bibcode:2007ApJ...671.1944M.doi:10.1086/523261.S2CID15234633.
^Fouque, P.; Proust, D.; Quintana, H.; Ramirez, A. (1993). "Dynamics of the Pavo-Indus and Grus Clouds of Galaxies".Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series.100 (3):493–500.Bibcode:1993A&AS..100..493F.
