| G-1159 Gulfstream II | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Business jet |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Grumman/Gulfstream Aerospace |
| Status | In service |
| Number built | 256[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1967–1980[1] |
| First flight | 2 October 1966 |
| Developed into | Gulfstream III |
TheGulfstream II (G-II) is an American twin enginebusiness jet designed and first built byGrumman, thenGrumman American and finallyGulfstream American. It was succeeded by theGulfstream III. The first Gulfstream II flew on October 2, 1966.[2]
The Gulfstream II is a twin engine swept wing corporate airplane powered by twoRolls-Royce Speyturbofan engines designed to provide high speed and long range capability without sacrificing airport performance, reliability, and other operational advantages of its predecessor, the turbopropGulfstream I. Preliminary design of the wing was influenced by both cruise and low speed considerations. The aft-mounted engine location was selected after extensive analysis and design iterations considering aerodynamic, structural, and ground clearance requirements. Airfoil geometry was developed to maximum sweep benefit from the selected planform. The interference problem at the wing-body juncture was treated by modification of the airfoil shape and thickness over the inner third of the wing span. The basic airfoils for the main area of the wing are similar to those of theGrumman A-6 Intruder aircraft and utilize NACA 6-series thickness distributions combined with an in-house mean line. A buffet boundary commensurate with the M=.85 speed capability was attained by incorporating a row of co-rotating vortex generators on the outer wing panel. In developing the wing contours, attention was paid to the aircraft's low speed requirements by tailoring the leading edge radius to preclude leading edge separation. The high lift configuration, consists of a one piece, single-slottedFowler flap of 30% chord. Stall initiation on the basic wing was found to occur at midspan but spread rapidly to the tip, particularly at large flap deflections. The addition of an upper surface fence at about midspan provided a strong pitch down at the stall, without sacrificing maximum lift, and also afforded an adequate margin between initial and tip stall.[3]
The high angle of attack investigations on the Gulfstream II indicated that stable trim conditions existed up to 45 degrees angle of attack. The elevator deflection required to trim to the primary stall at most forward center of gravity was sufficient to trim adeep stall at the aft center of gravity, but recovery from deep stall was immediate upon forward stick motion, and more than adequate nose-down elevator control was available. The acceptability of the Gulfstream II high angle of attack characteristics and the absence of a deep stall influence on configuration sizing and arrangement was attributed to the mitigating influence of the nacelle-wing overlap on nacelle contribution. Configuration buildup studies revealed the adverse nacelle influence on tail pitching moment contribution above 30 degrees angle of attack was not unduly severe and no appreciable effect on elevator or stabilizer effectiveness was found.[3]
It was found in flight testing that the stall characteristics were satisfactory but did not preclude stall penetrations to the point of secondary stall pitchup. Rather than pursue a lengthy flight test research effort, and in view of the excellent primary stall behavior, it was decided to mechanically limit the extent of stall penetration with astick shaker andstick pusher.[3]
During installation of theAviation Partners Inc. winglets (as the G-IISP), the vortex generators and midspan fence were removed and replaced with six leading edge vortilons similar to those found on theGulfstream IV.[4]
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In 2013, the FAA modified 14 CFR part 91 rules to prohibit the operation of jets weighing 75,000 lb (34,000 kg) or less that are not stage 3 noise compliant after December 31, 2015. The Gulfstream II is listed explicitly in Federal Register78 FR 39576. Any Gulfstream IIs that have not been modified by installing Stage 3 noise compliant engines or have not had "hushkits" installed for non-compliant engines will not be permitted to fly in the contiguous 48 states after December 31, 2015.14 CFR §91.883 Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less – lists special flight authorizations that may be granted for operation after December 31, 2015.
Grumman had delivered over 150 turbopropGulfstream Is by the start of 1965 but were gaining competition from the jet poweredLockheed Jetstar,Hawker Siddeley HS.125,Dassault Falcon 20 and theNorth American Sabreliner. The new generation of business jets didn't match the range and comfort of the Gulfstream I and customers were demanding a jet powered variant of the Gulfstream I.[5]
When theRolls-Royce Spey second-generation turbofan became available the program became a reality and a full-scale mock up was created.[5] With 30 firm orders, the company launched production go-ahead on 5 May 1965.[5]
The first prototype flew from the Bethpage facility on 2 October 1966 for a 52-minute maiden flight.[6] Four aircraft were used in the certification program and the FAA Type Certificate was awarded on 19 October 1967.[6] Although the aircraft would not be economic to fly as an airliner, it was certified to meet public transport standards.[6] The Gulfstream I was sold through a number of dealerships. The Gulfstream IIs were produced as green aircraft and delivered to a completion centre to fit the interior and avionics required by the customer.[6]
The company built a new production plant in Savannah, Georgia to build the Gulfstream II which opened in 1967.[6] The first Savannah-built aircraft flew in December 1967, production continued at Bethpage until they had completed 40 aircraft.[6]
To increase the range of the aircraft, tip-tanks were certified in March 1976 and added as standard on the production line from aircraft #183, although the customer could opt not to fit them.[7]
Production of the Gulfstream II ended at Savannah in December 1979.[6] Between 1981 and 1987 43 aircraft were converted to Gulfstream IIB's with new wings and advanced avionics from the newer Gulfstream III.[8]
Gulfstream IIs have been popular as special mission aircraft, particularly when used aircraft became available for less than $1 million.[13]
A G-II (N105TB, cn 31) had underwing pylons and various fuselage appendages added to enable it to operate as a sensor testbed for MIT Lincoln Labs.[14]
A G-IIB (N74A, cn 36) was modified by Aeromet of Tulsa, Oklahoma for use as the HALO1 aircraft for the USMissile Defense Agency.[15]
A G-IISP (N82CR, cn 80) was modified for use byNorthrop Grumman as a demonstrator for theBroad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) contract.[16]
A G-IIB (N178B, cn 125) was modified by the addition of a large dorsal fairing housing a telescope by Aeromet as the HALO2 aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency.[17]
A G-II (N10123, cn 107) had tip tanks added containing ground mapping radar, along with fairings on the wing undersurface and a centerline pod. This aircraft operated as the Calgis Geosar and formerly owned by Earthdata Aviation, Fugro, and sold 2017. The aircraft is still in service as of April, 2018.[18]
NASA contracted Lockheed-Georgia to modify one G-II as the Propfan Test Assessment aircraft (N650PF, cn 118). The aircraft had a nacelle added to the left wing, containing a 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) Allison 570 turboprop engine (derived from the XT701 turboshaft developed for theBoeing Vertol XCH-62 program), powering a 9 ft (2.7 m) diameter Hamilton Standard SR-7propfan. The aircraft, so configured, first flew in March 1987. After an extensive test program, the modifications were removed from the aircraft and the aircraft became a Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA).[19][20]
A modified version of the G-II, called theShuttle Training Aircraft (STA), mimics the cockpit configuration and flight characteristics of theSpace Shuttle and is used byNASA as a training airplane for practice shuttle approaches (referred to as "dives"). Four G-IIs were used for this purpose N945NA, cn 118; N944NA, cn 144; N946NA, cn 146, and N947NA, cn 147 (cn 118 above was reconfigured for this purpose).[21]
A G-IISP (N950NA, cn 185) was modified by the addition of a wing tip pod and a ventral radome as the HALO3 aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency. This aircraft serves as a target for theBoeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser Testbed.[22]
A G-IIB (N779LC, cn 88) has been modified with the same large dorsal fairing as N178B (HALO2), as the HALO4 aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency.[23]
A G-II (JA8431, cn 141) is operated by Diamond Air Service in various configurations to support missions involving environmental measurements. In one configuration, it can carry two 3D X/L band PI SAR (Parametric Interpherometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) pods under the forward fuselage.[24]
A G-IISP (N510AG, cn 159) is operated by the Orion Air Group in support Northrop Grumman's development of the multi-role, tactical-command data link (MR-TCDL). The aircraft was modified with 19 in (480 mm) and 9 in (230 mm) satcom dish-antennas, as well as additional radomes on the top and bottom.[25][26]
A G-II TT (N81RR, cn 246) was being modified for NASA, by the addition of fuselage appendages and underwing pylons, to serve as the High Ice Water Content (HIWC) sampling aircraft.[27]
The aircraft was operated by private individuals, companies, non-government organizations and executive charter operators. A number of companies also use the aircraft as part offractional ownership programs.
Nelson Rockefeller, Gerald Ford's Vice President and scion of the Rockefeller family, personally owned a Gulfstream II (N100WK, cn 77) which he preferred to fly in over theConvair C-131 Samaritan, then being used asAir Force Two for domestic flights. As such it has the distinction of having used the "Executive Two" callsign while he was in office.[30][31]
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1984-85[39]
General characteristics
Performance
Related development
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