What was later dubbed "The Groyper War" began in the fall of 2019, when Fuentes launched a social media campaign targetingTurning Point USA's "Culture War" college tour, led byCharlie Kirk. Enraged by the firing of a Fuentes ally as well as other political conflicts, Groypers disrupted college events by asking provocative questions on immigration,Israel, andLGBT rights, in an attempt to challenge mainstream conservative figures like Kirk,Donald Trump Jr., andBen Shapiro, whom they labeled "Conservative Inc." The war gained traction after a November 2019UCLA event where Trump Jr. was cut short by Groyper heckling, exposing divisions among conservatives. Fuentes expanded the movement with the Groyper Leadership Summit in December 2019 and the formation of America First Students in January 2020.
In February 2021, the Groyper movement splintered between Fuentes andPatrick Casey over fears of infiltration by federalinformants anddoxing at the 2021America First Political Action Conference held by Fuentes.Jaden McNeil of America First Students joined in support of Fuentes's conference and accused Casey of disloyalty to Fuentes.[13][14] In August 2024, Fuentes initiated Groyper War 2, a digital war campaign pressuringDonald Trump'spresidential campaign to adopt his stances, mainly by using memes as a form oftrolling or edgelording.
Background and ideology
Origins and symbolism of Groyper meme
Groypers were led by activistNick Fuentes (pictured in 2022).[15]
Fuentes's followers began to be known as Groypers in 2019. They are also sometimes called "Nickers".[6][16]
Groypers are named after a cartoon amphibian named "Groyper", a variant of theInternet memePepe the Frog. Groyper is depicted as a rotund, green, frog-like creature, often sitting with its chin resting on interlocked fingers.[17][18] There is some disagreement about the details: Groyper is variously said to be a depiction of Pepe,[19] a different character from Pepe but of the same species, or atoad.[17] The Groyper meme was used as early as 2015 and became popular in 2017.[20]
In 2018, a group of computer scientists studying hateful speech onTwitter observed the Groyper image being used frequently in accountavatars among accounts identified as "hateful" in their dataset. The researchers observed that the profiles tended to be anonymous and collectively tweeted primarily about politics, race, and religion. They also found that the users were not "lone wolves" and could be identified as a community with a high network centrality.[21] The same year,Right Wing Watch reported that Massachusetts congressional hopefulShiva Ayyadurai had created a campaign pin featuring a variation of the Groyper image, whichRWW described as an attempt to appeal to far-right activists on4chan,Gab, and Twitter who had adopted the meme.[22]
Social media engagement
Groypers are very active online, particularly onX, and have engaged in targeted harassment.[16]Financial Times has reported that many Groypers use "deceptively anodyne" X biographies, describing themselves in terms that downplay their extremism, like "Christian conservative".[23]
In April 2020,The Daily Dot reported that Fuentes and other Groypers had begun to move toTikTok, where theystreamed live and used the "duet" feature to respond to Trump supporters. Groypers particularly targeted one left-wing teenage girl for harassment, first on TikTok and then on other platforms.[23][24] Fuentes and some other Groyper accounts were banned from TikTok shortly after theDaily Dot article was published.[25]
Relationship with mainstream conservatism
Groypers present themselves as defenders ofChristian conservatism, "traditional values", andAmerican nationalism. Their ideology diverges sharply from mainstream American conservatives, including theRepublican Party. Rather than conserving inherited institutions or practicing prudence and incremental reform, Groypers advance a racialized politics that appeal toxenophobia andresentment.[26] They criticize mainstream conservative organizations as insufficiently nationalist and pro-white, and employ tactics ofentryism andradicalization such as gradually introducing their targets to increasingly extreme ideas.[27]
Fuentes has said, "We are the right-wing flank of the Republican Party". He has summarized his political ambitions by saying, "We have got to be on the right, dragging [Republicans] kicking and screaming into the future... Into a trulyreactionary party".[28] In 2022, Fuentes advocated a "white uprising" to bringDonald Trump back to power and "never leave" and for the U.S. to "stop having elections" and abolishCongress.[29][30] But less than a year after Trump was reelected, Fuentes said "Trump 2.0 has been a disappointment in literally every way but nobody wants to admit it."[31] He criticized Trump's support of Israel, failure to release theEpstein Files, and offer of student visas to Chinese nationals, among other things.[31] In November of that year, conservative writerRod Dreher estimated that "something like" 30–40% of Republican staffers working inWashington DC under the age of 30 are Groypers.[32][33]
White nationalism, antisemitism, and social stances
Groypers are widely recognized as a white nationalist, antisemitic, and homophobic movement.[2][34][35] Another source (Katherine Dee) claims that for Groypers, "fealty" to Fuentes is more important than ideology, as Groypers are a "fairly loose" group lacking "clear ideological" boundaries. “I think that Nick Fuentes is among the best examples of ‘politics as fandom’ that exists.”[36]
Fuentes has said he has been "oppressed" by "the Jews" and blamed the Jewish community for antisemitism, claiming that matters "tend to go from zero to sixty" and that "the reason is them". He has said that matters would get "a lot uglier" for their community if they do not begin to support "people like us".[37][38] According to theAnti-Defamation League, Groypers blame the mainstream conservative movement as well as the political left for what they view as "destroying white America". They oppose immigration andglobalism. Groypers support "traditional" values andChristianity and opposefeminism andLGBTQ rights.[2]
Following theassassination of Charlie Kirk in 2025, various online conspiracy theories tied the Groypers to the assassination.[40] Fuentes immediately condemned the shooting and asked his supporters not to "take up arms", saying the situation felt "like a nightmare".[41]
Groyper War
Origins
In September 2019,Ashley St. Clair, a "brand ambassador" for the conservative student groupTurning Point USA, was photographed at an event featuring several allegedlywhite nationalist and alt-right figures, including Fuentes,Jacob Wohl, and Anthime Gionet, better known as "Baked Alaska". AfterRight Wing Watch brought the photographs to its attention, TPUSA issued a statement that it had severed ties with St. Clair and condemned white nationalism as "abhorrent and un-American".[42][43]
At the 2019Politicon convention, Fuentes tried to attend several Turning Point events featuring its founderCharlie Kirk, including a line to take photos with Kirk and Kirk's debate withKyle Kulinski ofThe Young Turks.[needs copy edit] Security repeatedly prevented him from approaching Kirk, and Fuentes accused Kirk of suppressing him to avoid a confrontation, as Fuentes had grown critical of Kirk's positions, which he believed were too weak.[44]
In the fall of 2019, Kirk launched a college speaking tour with TPUSA titled "Culture War", featuring himself and guests such asRand Paul,Donald Trump Jr.,Kimberly Guilfoyle,Lara Trump, andDan Crenshaw.[2] In retaliation for St. Clair's firing and the Politicon incident, Fuentes began organizing a social media campaign asking his followers to go to Kirk's events and ask provocative and controversialleading questions about his stances on immigration,Israel, andLGBT rights to expose Kirk as a "fake conservative".
At a Culture War event hosted byOhio State University on October 29, 11 out of 14 questions were asked by Groypers.[16] They included "Can you prove that our white European ideals will be maintained if the country is no longer made up of white European descendants?" They asked Kirk's co-host Rob Smith, a gay, blackIraq War veteran, "How does anal sex help us win the culture war?"[45] Fuentes's social media campaign against Kirk became known as the "Groyper Wars".[9][46] Kirk, Smith, and others at TPUSA, includingBenny Johnson, began calling the questioners white supremacists and antisemites.[44][47]
Conservative commentatorMichelle Malkin wrote an article forAmerican Greatness attacking Kirk's immigration policies, particularly his stance that immigrants who graduate from U.S. universities should receivegreen cards.[48] After defending Fuentes and his followers, Malkin was fired as a speaker forYoung America's Foundation, a rival organization to Turning Point whose events Groypers had also targeted.[49][50] Malkin later called herself a mother figure to and leader of the Groypers.[51][52][53]
UCLA incident
Another Turning Point USA event the Groypers targeted was a promotional event for Donald Trump Jr.'s bookTriggered, featuring Trump, Kirk, and Guilfoyle at theUniversity of California, Los Angeles in November 2019. Anticipating further questions from Fuentes's followers, it was announced that the event's Q&A portion had been canceled, which led to heckling and boos from the mostly pro-Trump audience.[54] The disruptions forced the event, originally scheduled to last two hours, to end after 30 minutes.[55][56][5][57]
The Groyper Wars earned widespread media attention after theUCLA incident with Trump Jr. Chadwick Moore ofSpectator USA commented that the ordeal revealed deep divisions within theAmerican right among young voters, particularlyGeneration Z. Moore claimed this divide was due to the Groypers' viewing Kirk and others in the mainstream conservative movement as "snatching the baton and appointing themselves the guardians of 2016's spoils", despite holding beliefs that Fuentes and his followers believe conflict with Trump's "Make America Great Again" agenda.[58] AnotherSpectator author, Ben Sixsmith, claimed that Turning Point's unwillingness to respond to controversial questions and use of insults to dismiss its critics revealed the organization's hypocrisy after having "promoted themselves as the debate guys".[59]
Other targets, including Ben Shapiro
Groypers' targets for heckling quickly expanded beyond Kirk and TPUSA[46][49] to other mainstream conservative groups and individuals, which they sometimes collectively call "Conservative Inc.", includingYoung America's Foundation and its student outreach branchYoung Americans for Freedom, which included such speakers asBen Shapiro andMatt Walsh ofThe Daily Wire andJonah Goldberg ofThe Dispatch.[7][49] In December 2019, outside a venue where a TPUSA event was being held, Fuentes crossed paths with Shapiro, who was on his way to the event with his wife and children. Fuentes confronted him over his past public speaking comments. Shapiro refused to acknowledge him.[60] Fuentes faced widespread condemnation from politicians and various pundits—includingNikki Haley,Meghan McCain,Sebastian Gorka,Megyn Kelly, andMichael Avenatti—for confronting Shapiro while he was with his family.[61]
Addressing the increase in attention to the far right due to Kirk's aggressive questioning, Shapiro gave a speech atStanford University in which he attacked Fuentes (without naming him) and his followers as essentially a rebranded version of the alt-right.[62][63][64]
Groyper Leadership Conference
In December 2019, Fuentes held the Groyper Leadership Summit inFlorida. A small group attended in person, and others joined via livestream. The event was held at the same time and in the same city as TPUSA's Student Action Summit (SAS); Groypers argued with SAS attendees outside their venue, and Fuentes, Patrick Casey, and some Groypers were removed from the SAS venue after attempting to enter. At the Groyper Leadership Summit, Fuentes, Casey, and formerInfoWars contributor Jake Lloyd spoke about the Groypers' strategy and ideology.[65]
In January 2020, Groyper and former leader ofKansas State University's TPUSA chapter Jaden McNeil formed the KSU organization America First Students. The group, which shares a name with Fuentes'sAmerica First podcast, was conceived at the Groyper Leadership Summit, and Groyper leaders have helped promote it. The America First Students organization, which says it formed "in defense of Christian values, strong families, closed borders, and the American worker", is considered to promote the Groyper movement.[66][67]
Groypers were present at theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack and prominent among those who participated in the early waves of attack on the Capitol.[71] Exact numbers are not known, but several were arrested. In February 2021, theAnti-Defamation League reported that it had identified ten Groypers or related white supremacists involved in the riots.[72] Fuentes and Casey were on the Capitol steps and celebrated the temporary disruption of Congress, but have not been charged.[73][74] Both were subpoenaed by theUnited States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack in January 2022 for their role in planning the attack.[74]
Key figures and legal outcomes
Riley Williams ofHarrisburg, Pennsylvania, was accused of invadingNancy Pelosi's office and stealing her laptop and gavel and generally accelerating the attack. She was tried and found guilty of six charges, including a felony count of civil disorder. On March 23, 2023, Williams was sentenced to three years in prison with three years' probation and fined.[75][76][77]
Christian Secor of Costa Mesa, California, was at the Capitol, where he allegedly flew the Groyper flag. He was convicted of obstruction of an official proceeding, civil disorder, assault, and resisting arrest, and sentenced to 42 months in prison.[78]
Joseph Brody of Springfield, Virginia, and four others acted as a group that assisted the mob "in using a metal barricade against a U.S. Capitol Police officer, knocking the officers back as he attempted to secure the North Door". He was convicted of assaulting a police officer, resisting or impeding law enforcement officers, causing bodily injury, interfering with a law enforcement officer during a civil disorder, and obstruction of an official proceeding.[79][80][81]
David Dempsey of Los Angeles, California, received a 20-year sentence for attacking several law enforcement officers on January 6. This was the second-longest sentence for anyone involved in the insurrection. Before sentencing, Dempsey apologized to the police officers in the courtroom, saying he had a "profound sense of regret", but as he was led out of the room after sentencing he made a hand sign associated with the Groyper movement.[82]
Groyper influencerAnthime Gionet, known as Baked Alaska, was arrested for his role in storming the Capitol building, which he live-streamed. According to theInstitute for Strategic Dialogue, "During the riot, he worePit Viper sunglasses, which have since been adopted as a symbol by the Groypers."[85][86]
Tristan Sartor ofRuffs Dale, Pennsylvania, was charged with criminally entering a restricted building and attempting to "impede or disrupt the orderly conduct of Government business" at the Capitol.[87][88]
Groyper War 2
In August 2024, Fuentes began a "digital war" againstTrump's presidential campaign, which he dubbed "Groyper War 2", referencing his followers' activities in 2019.[89] In response to Trump's poorpolling, Fuentes began calling on his followers to "bring the energy with memes, edits, replies, and trolls" aimed at pressuring Trump's campaign to adopt further-right positions on race and immigration, as well as urging Trump to fire his campaign advisorsChris LaCivita andSusie Wiles.[90] In addition to directing his followers to make their demandstrend onX andTruth Social, Fuentes threatened to "escalate pressure in the real world", urging followers to withhold their votes and protest Trump rallies in battleground states.[89] A senior researcher for theInstitute for Strategic Dialogue speculated that Fuentes's "crude" attempts atplatform manipulation could be a blueprint for more sophisticated actors, such ashostile states, to engage inforeign election interference due to the lack of enforcement actions taken by X and Truth Social in response to Fuentes's brief influence campaign.[91][92]
Shortly after initiating this effort, Fuentes took credit for Trump's rehiring ofCorey Lewandowski as a senior campaign advisor. An anonymous source cited byThe Washington Post claimed that Fuentes was making it "far more difficult for Trump" to make changes to his campaign "if it looks like he's responding to the groypers".[89]
The Groyper movement has mostly failed to gain political traction, often being disavowed by the politicians it has attempted to support. CongressmanPaul Gosar, the keynote speaker at Fuentes's AFPAC II in 2021, disavowed Fuentes and his followers the next day while addressingCPAC.[93] At AFPAC III in 2022, several political figures Fuentes claimed were slated to speak, includingArizona gubernatorial nomineeKari Lake and former actingDirector of the U.S. Immigration and Customs EnforcementThomas Homan, did not attend and disavowed the event upon learning of Fuentes's views.[94][95] The conference's keynote speaker, CongresswomanMarjorie Taylor Greene, later said she did not know who Fuentes was and, upon learning of his views, condemned him.[96]
One of the candidates Fuentes endorsed in the2022 midterms who later disavowed his endorsement wasJoe Kent, who ran inWashington's3rd congressional district.[97] In response to Kent's disavowal, Fuentes began organizing an online campaign against him, and although Kent ultimately won the Republican nomination, defeating incumbent CongresswomanJaime Herrera Beutler,[98] he narrowly lost toMarie Gluesenkamp Perez in the general election.[99] A few Republicans supported Perez as a result of both the questioning of Kent's past and the motives of right-wing voters and influencers such as Fuentes; Perez also gained mainstream Republican support by flipping on issues such as abortion.[100]
Fuentes and the Groyper movement later supportedLaura Loomer's candidacy for Florida's11th congressional district in 2022.[102] On the night of the primary, Fuentes attended Loomer's election watch party, and they were filmed sharing a toast as results came in that seemed to suggest Loomer would defeat incumbent CongressmanDaniel Webster; Loomer toasted "to the hostile takeover of the Republican Party".[103] When additional results came in confirming Loomer's loss to Webster by 7 points, she claimed without evidence in a speech to her supporters that her loss was due to voter fraud.[104][105]
Kanye West campaign
In late 2022 and early 2023, the Groyper movement shifted away from its longtime position of supporting Trump and instead began promotingKanye West'spresidential campaign. West brought Fuentes to a dinner atMar-a-Lago with Trump, which generated significant controversy and raised Fuentes's profile; Trump later disavowed Fuentes, saying he was not initially aware of Fuentes's views.[106][107] West's campaign soon included other figures in the Groyper movement, includingMilo Yiannopoulos,[108]Ali Alexander,[109] andRumble streamerSneako.[110] Many Groypers, including fellow streamers on Fuentes's website Cozy.tv, began using their platforms to promote West'santisemitic views.[111] Two Cozy streamers, Dalton Clodfelter and Tyler Russell, began streaming themselves harassing students at college campuses with a table display reading "Ye is Right—Change my Mind", a slogan that derived from a college tour by right-wing commentatorSteven Crowder.[112][113]
Jewish student groups and allies frequently protested these events, playing music on loudspeakers and chanting to drown out the streamers' speeches.[114] The planned college tour was canceled after less than a month when Clodfelter lost the funding for both the tour and the Rumble channel associated with it.[115]
On May 4, 2023, it was reported that West had fired Fuentes and Alexander, the latter of whom had become embroiled in a sexual harassment scandal involving young men and underage boys, and rehired Yiannopoulos, who had since split from Fuentes and was the first person to leak the allegations against Alexander, despite initially denying the rumors on an episode ofInfoWars.[116][117]
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^Ribeiro, Manoel Horta; Calais, Pedro H.; Santos, Yuri A.; Almeida, Virgílio A. F.; Meira, Wagner Jr. (2018). "'Like Sheep Among Wolves': Characterizing Hateful Users on Twitter".Proceedings of WSDM Workshop on Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web (MIS2).Association for Computing Machinery: 1.arXiv:1801.00317.
^"Trump retweets right-wing activist associated with Holocaust denier".Haaretz.Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. RetrievedMay 28, 2020.Malkin has been ostracized by mainstream conservatism after supporting a Holocaust denier earlier this year. She recently dubbed herself the "mommy" of the so-called groyper army – a movement of white nationalists vying to replace the alt-right.
^U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Columbia, Capitol Breach Cases (October 19, 2022)."SECOR, Christian, Case Number: 1:21-cr-157". justice.gov.Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. RetrievedMarch 27, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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