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.svg) Nations of the G5 | |
| Formation | 2005 |
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| Membership | Group of Five |
| Leader |  Brazil |
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TheGroup of Five (G5), also known as theOutreach Five (O5),[1] encompasses five nations which have joined for an active role in the rapidly evolving international order. Individually and as a group, the G5 nations work to promote dialogue and understanding between developing anddeveloped countries. The G5 seek to find common solutions to global challenges.[2] In the 21st century, the G5 were understood to be the five largestemerging economies.[3]
TheG8 plus the five largest emerging economies has come to be known asG8+5.[4] The Group of Five was invited collectively at G8 summits from2005 to2009. However, the 2014exclusion of Russia from the G8 and the rise in importance of theBRICS starting in 2009, made of the same countries minus Mexico plus Russia, brought an end to meetings in "Group of Five" format.
The Group of Five is a context-dependent shorthand term for a group of five nations. The composition of the five and what is encompassed by the term is construed differently in different time frames. In the early 1970s, the term "Group of Five" or "G5" encompassed thefive leading economies of the world,[5] but the use of the term changed over time, after the original group became known as theG7 with the inclusion of Italy and Canada.
Between 2005 and 2014, the term was used to describe the next tier of nations whose economies had expanded so substantially as to be construed in the same category as the world's eight majorindustrialized countries.
The concept of a forum for the world's major industrializeddemocracies emerged following the1973 oil crisis and subsequent globalrecession. In 1974 the United States created the informal Library Group, an unofficial gathering of senior financial officials fromFrance,Japan, theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States, andWest Germany. These men were called the "Library Group" because they met informally in the library of the White House in Washington, D.C.[6]
During the 1970s, the termGroup of Five came to be identified the top five of the world's the leading economies as ranked by per capita GDP. Without the informal meetings of the G5 finance ministers, there would have been no subsequent meetings of G-5 leaders.[7] In 1975, French PresidentValéry Giscard d'Estaing invited five otherheads of government fromItaly,Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany to a six-party economic summit inChâteau de Rambouillet. At the time, it was impossible to predict whether this informal gathering would be meaningful or only a public relations event.[8]
In subsequent years, the group of world leaders expanded to reflect changed economic and political developments:
An innovation at theGleneagles G8 summit in 2005 was an "outreach dialogue." The United Kingdom was host for the annual summit of G8 leaders; and the UK invited the leaders ofBrazil,China,India,Mexico, andSouth Africa to participate as the "Outreach Five" (O5). The invitation caused the five countries to negotiate amongst themselves about presenting common positions.[11]
The success of this collaboration led to the growth of the G5 as an independent voice. The G5 expresses common interests and viewpoints in the search of solutions to majorglobal issues.[11]
A number of cohesive elements bind the G5 together in promoting a constructive dialogue between developed and developing countries.[11]
The Group of Five was invited collectively at subsequentG8+5 summits until 2009. Following the33rd G8 summit,Heiligendamm 2007, German chancellorAngela Merkel announced the establishment of the "Heiligendamm Process" through which the full institutionalization of a permanent dialogue between the G8 countries and the five greatestemerging economies should be implemented, including a common G8 and G5 platform at theOECD.[12] A final report on the results of the dialogue was put forward inItaly in 2009. Outreach in subsequent G8 summits took other forms, including e.g. African coutnries.
In the meantime, theBRICS, made of the same countries minus Mexico plus Russia, became a major forum of collaboration among the largest developing economies, starting with the1st BRIC summit in June 2009.
In 2014, theexclusion of Russia from the G8 following the annexation of Crimea made to the G8+5 pointless, ending the need for the Group of Five in its previous format to prepare common positions.
The G5 is an informal group for discussions involving anintentional community or anepistemic community.[13] The G5 membership is marked by a range of attributes and factors, including
(a) ashared set of normative and principled beliefs, which provide a value-based rationale for the social action of community members;
(b)shared causal beliefs, which are derived from their analysis of practices leading or contributing to a central set of problems in their domain and which then serve as the basis for elucidating the multiple linkages between possible policy actions and desired outcomes;
(c)shared notions of validity — that is, intersubjective, internally defined criteria for weighing and validating knowledge in the domain of their expertise; and
(d) acommon policy enterprise—that is, a set of common practices associated with a set of problems to which their group competence is directed.[13]
By design, the G5 has avoided establishing an administrative structure like those of other international organizations, but a coordinator has been designated to help improve the G5's effectiveness.[11]
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