This article is about the former political forum. For its precursor and successor, seeG7. For other uses, seeG8 (disambiguation)."Group of Eight" redirects here. For other uses, seeG8 (disambiguation).
TheGroup of Eight (G8) was an intergovernmentalpolitical forum from 1997 to 2014, formed by incorporatingRussia into theG7. The G8 became the G7 again after Russia was expelled in 2014 after theRussian annexation ofCrimea.
The forum originated with a1975 summit hosted byFrance that brought together representatives of six governments:France,Germany,Italy,Japan, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit came to be known as theGroup of Seven in 1976 with the addition ofCanada. TheEuropean Union (or predecessor institutions such as theEuropean Economic Community) was represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a "nonenumerated" participant, but originally could not host or chair summits.Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In 2005, the UK government initiated the practice of inviting five leading emerging markets –Brazil,China,India,Mexico, andSouth Africa – to participate in the G8 meetings that came to be known asG8+5.
"G8" referred to the member states in aggregate or to the annualsummit meeting of the G8heads of government. Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of thepresidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. G8 ministers also met throughout the year, such as theG8 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers.
Following1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8)—or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of UK Prime MinisterTony Blair and U.S. PresidentBill Clinton,[1] PresidentBoris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist reforms. Russia formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.
After the2008 financial crisis, theG20 replaced the G8 as the world's main international economic council.[2][3] Nevertheless, the G8 retained its relevance as a "steering group for theWest",[4] with special significance appointed to Japan.[5] The40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit.[6]
A major focus of the G8 since 2009 has been the globalsupply of food.[7] At the 2009L'Aquila summit, the G8's members promised to contribute $22 billion to the issue. By 2015, 93% of funds had been disbursed to projects like sustainable agriculture development and adequate emergency food aid assistance.[8][9]
At the 2012 summit,President Barack Obama asked G8 leaders to adopt the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition initiative to "help the rural poor produce more food and sell it in thriving local and regional markets as wellas on the global market".[10][11]Ghana became one of the first six African countries to sign up to the G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in 2012.[12] There was, however, almost no knowledge of the G8 initiative among somestakeholders, including farmers, academics and agricultural campaign groups. Confusion surrounding the plans was made worse, critics say, by "a dizzying array of regional and national agriculture programmes that are inaccessible to ordinary people".[13]
On 24 March 2014, the G7 members cancelled the plannedG8 summit that was to be held in June of that year in the Russian city of Sochi, and suspended Russia's membership of the group, due toRussia's annexation of Crimea; nevertheless, they stopped short of outright permanent expulsion.[14] Russian foreign ministerSergei Lavrov downplayed the importance of the decision by the U.S. and its allies, and pointed out that major international decisions were made by theG20 countries.[15][16]
Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs ministerFederica Mogherini and other Italian authorities,[17][18] along with theEastWest Institute board memberWolfgang Ischinger,[19] suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group. In April 2015, the German foreign ministerFrank-Walter Steinmeier said that Russia would be welcomed to return to G8 provided theMinsk Protocol were implemented.[20] In 2016, he added that "none of the major international conflicts can be solved without Russia", and the G7 countries will consider Russia's return to the group in 2017. The same year, Japanese Prime MinisterShinzō Abe called for Russia's return to G8, stating that Russia's involvement is "crucial to tackling multiple crises in the Middle East".[21] In January 2017, the Italian foreign ministerAngelino Alfano said that Italy hopes for "resuming the G8 format with Russia and ending the atmosphere of the Cold War".[22]
On 13 January 2017, Russia announced that it would permanently leave the G8 grouping.[4][23][16][24][25] In January 2017, Russia announced its permanent withdrawal from the G8.[23] However, several representatives of G7 countries stated that they would be interested in Russia's return to the group.[26][27][28][29]Christian Lindner, the leader ofFree Democratic Party of Germany and member of theBundestag, said that Putin should be "asked to join the table of the G7" so that one could "talk with him and not about him", and "we cannot make all things dependent on the situation in Crimea".[26] In April 2018, the German politicians and members of theBundestagSahra Wagenknecht andAlexander Graf Lambsdorff said that Russia should be invited back to the group and attend the2018 summit in Canada: "Russia should again be at the table during the [June] summit at the latest" because "peace in Europe and also in the Middle East is only possible with Russia".[27][30] The US PresidentDonald Trump also stated that Russia should be reinstated to the group; his appeal was supported by the Italian Prime MinisterGiuseppe Conte.[28] After several G7 members quickly rejected US President Trump's suggestion to again accept the Russian Federation into the G8, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said that the Russian Federation wasn't interested in rejoining the political forum. He also said that the G20 is sufficient for the Russian Federation.[31] In the final statement of the 2018 meeting in Canada, the G7 members announced to continue sanctions and also to be ready to take further restrictive measures against the Russian Federation for the failure of Minsk Agreement complete implementation.[32][33]
On 11 June 2022,Vyacheslav Volodin, the currentChairman of the State Duma, announced onTelegram that "countries wishing to build an equal dialogue and mutually beneficial relations would actually form, together with Russia, a 'new G8'".[34] Although Volodin mentioned the group of eight countries not participating in the sanctions against the Russian Federation—China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Iran, and Turkey—there have been no updates regarding the new G8; however, five of the seven nations listed are already a part ofBRICS.
Leaders of the G8 on 18 June 2013, inLough Erne, Northern Ireland
By design, the G8 deliberately lacked an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as theUnited Nations or theWorld Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.
The presidency of the group rotates annually among member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The rotation order is: France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada.[35] The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. The president of the European Commission participates as an equal in all summit events.[36]
The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as theG8+5, created during the 2005Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five "outreach countries" which are also known as theGroup of Five—Brazil,People's Republic of China,India,Mexico, andSouth Africa.[37]
In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database onpedophiles.[38] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data onterrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[39]
G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government inToyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, inOsaka, Japan. They agreed to the "G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions". In closing, Ministers supported the launch of newClimate Investment Funds (CIFs) by theWorld Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under theUNFCCC is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is not on track to meeting any of its stated goals.[41]
In July 2005, the G8 Summit endorsed theIPHE in its Plan of Action on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, and identified it as a medium of cooperation and collaboration to develop clean energy technologies.
Thefirst G8 summit was held in 1997 after Russia formally joined the G7 group, and thelast one was held in 2013. The2014 summit was scheduled to be held in Russia. However, due toCrimea's annexation by the Russian Federation, the other seven countries decided to hold a separate meeting without Russia as a G7 summit in Brussels, Belgium.
20 July 2001,27th G8 summit inGenoa, Italy: Protesters burn a police vehicle.
One type of criticism is that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems, due to strictpatent policy and other issues related toglobalization. InUnraveling Global Apartheid, political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it was in 1996, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.[42]
The G8's relevance has been subject to debate from 2008 onward.[44] It represented the majorindustrialized countries but critics argued that the G8 no longer represented the world's most powerful economies, as Chinahas surpassed every economy but the United States.[45]
Vladimir Putin did not attend the 2012 G8 summit atCamp David, causingForeign Policy magazine to remark that the summit has generally outlived its usefulness as a viable international gathering of foreign leaders.[46] Two years later, Russia was suspended from the G8, then chose to leave permanently in January 2017.
Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world's gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vitalglobal issues, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.
The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit[49] is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[50] The summits were organized from 2006 to 2013. The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 inPuebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place inWashington, D.C. the same year. From 2016 onwards, similar youth conferences were organized under the name Y7 Summit.[51]
The Y8 Summit brings together young leaders from G8 nations and theEuropean Union to facilitate discussions ofinternational affairs, promote cross-cultural understanding, and build global friendships. The conference closely follows the formal negotiation procedures of the G8 Summit.[52] The Y8 Summit represents the innovative voice of young adults between the age of 18 and 35. At the end of the summit, the delegates jointly come up with a consensus-based[53] written statement, the Final Communiqué.[54] This document is subsequently presented to G8 leaders in order to inspire positive change.
The Y8 Summit was organized annually by a global network of youth-led organizations called The IDEA (The International Diplomatic Engagement Association).[55] The organizations undertake the selection processes for their respective national delegations, while the hosting country is responsible for organizing the summit. An example of such a youth-led organization is theYoung European Leadership association, which recruits and sends EU Delegates.
The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring together young people from around the world to allow the voices and opinions of young generations to be heard and to encourage them to take part in global decision-making processes.[56][57]
^Until recently, the EU had theprivileges and obligations of a membership that did not host or chair summits. It was represented by the Commission and Council presidents."EU and the G8".European Commission. Archived fromthe original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved25 September 2007.
^G8 Research Group."What is the G8?". University of Toronto. Archived fromthe original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved8 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
