| Black box systems | |
|---|---|
 | |
| System | |
| Black box,Oracle machine | |
| Methods and techniques | |
| Black-box testing,Blackboxing | |
| Related techniques | |
| Feed forward,Obfuscation,Pattern recognition,White box,White-box testing,Gray-box testing,System identification | |
| Fundamentals | |
| A priori information,Control systems,Open systems,Operations research,Thermodynamic systems | |
Gray-box testing is asoftware testing method used to search fordefects due to improper structure or application usage, where the tester has partial knowledge of the internal structure of the software. It is a combination ofwhite-box testing, where the tester has broad access to the internal structure of the application, andblack-box testing, where tester is unaware of the structure.[1][2][3]
The knowledge available to gray-box testers may comprise both high-level and detailed documentation, such assoftware architecture,Unified Modeling Language (UML) models,Web Services Description Language (WSDL) information andstate models. Testing tools and techniques includeexception handling,regression testing,functional testing, andorthogonal array testing.[4][5][6]
Gray-box testing is particularly used for testing web applications that havedistributed networks and no source code or binaries that would allow for white box testing.[7][8][9]
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