Gregg Toland | |
|---|---|
 Gregg Toland in 1947 | |
| Born | Gregg Wesley Toland (1904-05-29)May 29, 1904 Charleston, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 28, 1948(1948-09-28) (aged 44) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Cinematographer |
| Years active | 1926–1948 |
| Known for | Innovative use of lighting and techniques such as deep focus |
| Notable work | Citizen Kane The Best Years of Our Lives The Grapes of Wrath The Long Voyage Home Wuthering Heights |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 3 |
Gregg Wesley Toland (May 29, 1904 – September 28, 1948) was an Americancinematographer known for his innovative use of techniques such asdeep focus, examples of which can be found in his work onOrson Welles'Citizen Kane (1941),William Wyler'sThe Best Years of Our Lives (1946), andJohn Ford'sThe Grapes of Wrath, andThe Long Voyage Home (both, 1940). He is also known for his work as a director of photography forWuthering Heights (1939),The Westerner (1940),Ball of Fire (1941),The Outlaw (1943),Song of the South (1946) andThe Bishop's Wife (1947).
Toland earned sixAcademy Award nominations forBest Cinematography, and won for his work onWuthering Heights. He was voted one of the top ten most influential cinematographers in the history of film by theInternational Cinematographers Guild in 2003.[1][2]
Toland was born inCharleston, Illinois, on May 29, 1904, to Jennie, ahousekeeper, and Frank Toland. His mother moved to California several years after his parents divorced in 1910.
Toland got his start in the film industry at the age of 15, working as an office boy at the Fox studio. He became an assistant cameraman a year later.[3]
His trademarkchiaroscuro, side-lit style originated by accident: while shooting the short filmThe Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1928), one of two available 400W bulbs burned out, leaving only a single bulb for lighting.
During the 1930s, Toland became the youngest cameraman inHollywood, but soon became one of its most sought-after cinematographers. Over a seven-year span (1936–1942), he was nominated five times for theAcademy Award for Best Cinematography, winning only once, for his work onWuthering Heights (1939). He worked with many of the leading directors of his era, includingJohn Ford,Howard Hawks,Erich von Stroheim,King Vidor,Orson Welles andWilliam Wyler.
When theOffice of the Coordinator of Information (predecessor to theOffice of Strategic Services and later theCentral Intelligence Agency) was created byFranklin Delano Roosevelt before the United States' entry into World War II, Toland was recruited to work in the agency's film unit.[4] Toland was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Navy's camera department, which led to his only work as a director,December 7th (1943). This documentary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, which Toland co-directed with John Ford, is so realistic in its restaged footage that many today mistake it for actual attack footage. This 82-minute film was trimmed by censors into a 20-minute version, which took theAcademy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject), and was released in its entirety in 1991.
Some film historians believeCitizen Kane's visual brilliance was due primarily to Toland's contributions, rather than directorOrson Welles'. Many Welles scholars, however, maintain that the visual style ofKane is similar to many of Welles's other films, and hence should be considered the director's work. Nevertheless, the Welles movies that most resembleCitizen Kane (The Magnificent Ambersons,The Stranger, andTouch of Evil) were shot by Toland collaboratorsStanley Cortez andRussell Metty (atRKO).[citation needed]
In a 1970 interview onThe Dick Cavett Show,[5] Welles told the story of how he met Toland, whom Welles considered "the greatest cameraman who ever lived". AlthoughCitizen Kane was Welles's first feature, it was Toland—whom Welles already knew by reputation—who sought out Welles:
[Toland] came to my office and said, "I want to work in your picture. My name is Toland." And I said, "Why do you, Mr. Toland?" And he said, "Because you've never made a picture. You don't know what cannot be done." So I said, "But I really don't! Can you tell me?" And [Toland] said, "There's nothing to it." And [he] gave me a day-and-a-half lesson—and he was right!
While shootingKane, Welles and Toland (among others) insisted that Welles gave lighting instructions that fall normally under the director of photography's responsibility. Many of the transitions in the film are done as lighting cues on set (such as the transition at the opening of the film from the outside of Xanadu into Kane's bedroom for his death), where lights are dimmed up and down on stage. Apparently, Welles was unaware that one could achieve the effects optically on a film so he instructed the crew to dim the lights as they would have done on a theater production, which led to the unique dissolves. Different areas of the frame dissolve at different times, based on the lighting cue. However, the visuals were truly a collaboration, as Toland contributed great amounts of technical expertise that Welles needed so that he could achieve his vision. Years later, Welles acknowledged: "Toland was advising him on camera placement and lighting effects secretly so the young director would not be embarrassed in front of the highly experienced crew."[6]
Toland's techniques were revolutionary in the art of cinematography. Cinematographers before him used a shallowdepth of field to separate the various planes on the screen, creating an impression of space as well as stressing what mattered in the frame by leaving the rest (the foreground or background) out of focus.[citation needed]
In Toland's lighting schemes, shadow became a much more compelling tool, both dramatically and pictorially, to separate the foreground from the background and so to create space within a two-dimensional frame while keeping all of the picture in focus. According to Toland, this visual style was more comparable with what the eyes see in real life since vision blurs what is not looked at rather than what is.[citation needed]
ForJohn Ford'sThe Long Voyage Home (1940), Toland leaned more heavily on back-projection to create his deep focus compositions, such as the shot of the island women singing to entice the men of theSS Glencairn. He continued to develop the technologies that would allow for him to create his images inCitizen Kane.[citation needed]
Toland innovated extensively onCitizen Kane, creating deep focus on a sound-stage, collaborating with set designerPerry Ferguson so ceilings would be visible in the frame by stretching bleached muslin to stand in as a ceiling, allowing placement of the microphone closer to the action without being seen in frame. He also modified theMitchell Camera to allow a wider range of movement, especially from low angles. ″It was Toland who devised a remote-control system for focusing his camera lens without having to get in the way of the camera operator who would now be free to pan and tilt the camera."[7]
The main way to achieve deep focus was closing down theaperture, which required increasing the lighting intensity, lenses with betterlight transmission, and fasterfilm stock. OnCitizen Kane, the cameras and coated lenses used were of Toland's own design working in conjunction with engineers from Caltech. His lenses were treated withVard Opticoat[8] to reduce glare and increase light transmission. He used theKodak Super XX film stock, which was, at the time, the fastest film available, with an ASAfilm speed of 100. Toland had worked closely with a Kodak representative during the stock's creation before its release in October 1938, and was one of the first cinematographers using it heavily on set.[9]
Lens apertures employed on most productions were usually within the f/2.3 to f/3.5 range; Toland shot his scenes in between f/8 and f/16. This was possible because several elements of technology came together at once: thetechnicolor three strip process, which required the development of more powerful lights, had been developed and the more powerfulCarbon Arc light was beginning to be used. By utilizing these lights with the faster stock, Toland was able to achieve apertures previously unattainable on a stage shoot.[10]
Gregg Toland collaborated on a number of shots withspecial-effects cinematographerLinwood G. Dunn. Although these looked like they were using deep focus, they were actually acomposite of two different shots. Some of these shots were composited with anoptical printer, a device which Dunn improved upon over the years, which explains why foreground and background are both in focus even though the lenses and film stock used in 1941 could not allow for suchdepth of field.[citation needed]
But Toland strongly disliked this technique, since he felt he was "duping," (i.e. a copy of a copy) thereby lowering the quality of his shots. Thus other shots (like the shot of Susan Alexander Kane's bedroom after her suicide attempt, with a glass in the foreground and Kane entering the room in the background) were in-camera composites, meaning the film wasexposed twice—another technique that Linwood Dunn improved upon.[citation needed]
Toland had already had experience with heavy in-camera compositing, and many of the shots inCitizen Kane look similar in composition and dynamics to a number of shots in Ford'sThe Long Voyage Home.
For instance, both movies contain shots that create an artificial lighting situation such that a character is lit in the background and walks or runs through dark areas to the foreground, where his arrival triggers, off-screen, a light not on before. The result is so visually dramatic because a character moves, only barely visible, through vast pools of shadow, only to exit the shadow very close to the camera, where his whole face is suddenly completely lit. This use of much more shadow than light, soon one of the main techniques oflow-key lighting, heavily influencedfilm noir.
The Long Voyage Home andCitizen Kane share a number of other striking similarities:
In addition to sharing a title card with Toland onKane — an indication of the high esteem the director held for his cameraman — Welles also gave him a cameo in the film as the reporter who is slow to ask questions when Kane returns from Europe. Welles called Toland: "the greatest gift any director—young or old—could ever, ever have. And he never tried to impress on us that he was performing miracles. He just went ahead and performed them. I was calling on him to do things only a beginner could be ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do, and there he was,doing them."[11]
Toland was the subject of an "Annals of Hollywood" article inThe New Yorker, "The Cameraman", by Hilton Als (June 19, 2006, p. 46).
AlthoughCitizen Kane is his most highly regarded achievement, his style was much more varied. ForThe Grapes of Wrath (1940), he took inspiration fromDorothea Lange's photographs, achieving a rare (for Hollywood) gritty and realist look.
For one of his final projects, Toland turned toTechnicolor film. Made for Disney,Song of the South (1946) combined animation with live action in bright, deeply saturated Technicolor. InThe Best Years of Our Lives (also 1946), his deep focus cinematography served to highlight all the aspects of the characters' lives.[12]
Just before his death, he was concentrating on the "ultimate focus" lens to make near and far objects equally distinct. "Just before he died he had worked out a new lens with which he had made spectacular shots. He carried in his wallet a strip of film taken with this lens, of which he was very proud. It was a shot of a face three inches from the lens, filling one-third of the left side of the frame. Three feet from the lens, in the center of the foreground, was another face, and then, over a hundred yards away was the rear wall of the studio, showing telephone wires and architectural details. Everything was in focus, from three inches to infinity".[13]
On September 28, 1948, Toland died in his sleep from acoronary thrombosis. He was 44 years old.
The results of a survey conducted in 2003 by theInternational Cinematographers Guild placed Toland in the top ten of history's most influential cinematographers.[14]
The 2006 Los Angeles edition ofCineGear assembled a distinguished panel composed ofOwen Roizman,László Kovács,Daryn Okada,Rodrigo Prieto,Russell Carpenter,Dariusz Wolski and others. Called "Dialogue WithASC Cinematographers", the panel was asked to name two or three other cinematographers, living or dead, who had influenced their work or whom they considered to be the best of the best. Each panel member cited Gregg Toland first.
As a cinematographer
| Year | Category | Film | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1935 | Best Cinematography | Les Misérables | Nominated | [15] |
| 1937 | Best Cinematography | Dead End | Nominated | |
| 1939 | Best Cinematography, Black-and-White | Wuthering Heights | Won | |
| Intermezzo: A Love Story | Nominated | |||
| 1940 | The Long Voyage Home | Nominated | ||
| 1941 | Citizen Kane | Nominated | ||
| 1943 | Documentary Short Subject | December 7th: The Movie | Won | [16] |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
