Greenville formed in 1771 as "Martinsborough", named after the Royal GovernorJosiah Martin. In 1774 the town was moved to its present location on the south bank of theTar River, three miles (4.8 km) west of its original site. In 1786, the name was changed to Greenesville in honor of GeneralNathanael Greene, theAmerican Revolutionary War hero. It was later shortened to Greenville.[9]
During Greenville's early years, theTar River was a navigable waterway, and by the 1860s there were several established steamboat lines transporting passengers and goods on the river.Cotton was the leading agricultural crop, and Greenville became a major cotton export center. Before the turn of the century, however,tobacco surpassed cotton and became the leading money crop. Greenville became one of the state's leading tobacco marketing and warehouse centers.[9]
For over a century, Greenville was recognized only as an importanttobacco market and the home of a small state-supported college, chartered by the Legislature in March 1907 and named East Carolina Teacher's Training School, a co-ed institution. By the mid-1960s, East Carolina College had become the third-largest state-supported college, and enrollment approached 8,000 students — twice the 1960 enrollment figure. In 1967, it becameEast Carolina University.ECU Medical School admitted its first four-year class in 1977. At the turn of the century, enrollment at ECU topped the 18,000 mark, and now exceeds 29,000 students.[10]
Greenville's current economic development began in 1963 when Empire Brush was recruited to the new Greenville Industrial Park, established by Greenville Industries, Inc. (a for-profit land holding company) in partnership with the Pitt County Development Commission (established by a voter referendum in 1957) and Greenville Utilities Commission. One of the community's greatest successes came in 1968 whenBurroughs Wellcome, a major pharmaceutical research and manufacturing firm, located a pharmaceutical development/manufacturing facility near the city. The site is now owned byPatheon, a Thermo Fisher Scientific company, which employs approximately 1,200 people.[11] The city and Pitt County have also become home to many other major industries and businesses includingCatalent, Attindas, Grady-White Boats, and Hyster-Yale Materials Handling.[9]
In September 1999,Hurricane Floyd made landfall in eastern North Carolina, dropping nearly 17 inches (430 mm) of rain during the hours of its passage. Many residents were not aware of the flooding until the water came into their homes. Most localized flooding happened overnight, and theTar River suffered the worst flooding, exceeding 500-year flood levels along its lower stretches.[12] An additional 20+ inches of rain had fallen prior in the month from the two passes ofHurricane Dennis.
Damages inPitt County, alone were estimated at $1.6 billion (1999 USD, $1.87 billion 2006 USD).[13] Some residents in Greenville had to swim six feet underwater to reach the front doors of their homes and apartments. Due to the heavy flooding in downtown Greenville, theEast Carolina Pirates were forced to relocate their football game against #9Miami toN.C. State'sCarter–Finley Stadium inRaleigh, where they beat the Hurricanes 27–23.[14]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.20 square miles (98.9 km2), of which 37.44 square miles (97.0 km2) is land and 0.76 square miles (2.0 km2) (1.99%) is water.[3] It is located in the inner Coastal Plain.
Greenville has ahumid subtropical climate, which is characterized by hot and sweltering summers, and mild to cool winters, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. Greenville can be prone to cold weather, as the temperature was once recorded as −4 °F (−20 °C), which is 36 below freezing. The summers are very hot, with temperatures averaging in the 90s, with nights in the mid-70s. The city is also prone to hot weather, as every summer month once recorded a record-high temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) or more.
Climate data for Greenville, North Carolina (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present)
Greenville, North Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
At the2010 census, there were 174,263 residents in the Greenville MSA, 130,204 households, and 110,997 residents residing within five miles (8.0 km) of the city limit. The population density was 2,364.6 inhabitants per square mile (913.0/km2), making Greenville the densest city in Eastern North Carolina. There were 130,204 housing units at an average density of 1,100.4 per square mile (424.9/km2). The racial composition of the city was: 60.20%White, 32.14%African American, 5.06%Hispanic orLatino American, 1.82%Asian American, 0.80%Native American, 0.04%Native Hawaiian orOther Pacific Islander, 1.01%some other race, and 1.29%two or more races.
There were 25,204 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.4% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city, the age distribution of the population showed 18.8% under the age of 18, 28.7% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,648, and the median income for a family was $44,491. Males had a median income of $31,847 versus $26,324 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $18,476. About 15.6% of families and 26.1% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 24.1% of those under age 18 and 20.4% of those age 65 or over.
TheRoman Catholic community in Greenville has seen steady growth over the years, with the migration ofHispanic workers to the area, along with significant numbers of people from the Mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States who work forEast Carolina University, theECU Health, and other employers. There are two primary Catholic Parishes in Greenville including St. Gabriel of the Sorrowful Mother on Dickinson Avenue and St. Peter Catholic Church on East 4th Street.[22] St. Gabriel's serves hundreds of Spanish speaking families and supports a Head Start program in the West Greenville area.[23] St. Peter's Catholic Church in Greenville supports a day school for grades K-8.[24]John Paul II Catholic High School supports grades 9–12.[25]
Greenville's economy is largely reliant on the local hospital system and East Carolina University.[31] A diversified base of companies in advanced manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, life sciences, emerging technology, and food and beverage fuels the economy.MrBeast, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Avient, Catalent, Hyster-Yale Materials Handling, and Weyerhaeuser are among a long list of companies that call Greenville home. In 2024, theNorth Carolina Department of Commerce announced that two international companies selected Greenville for their first United States based manufacturing locations.[32][33] Boviet Solar, a Vietnamese renewable energy company, committed to creating 908 new jobs and investing more than $294 million to locate its first North American solar panel manufacturing facility in the City of Greenville.[34]Nipro Medical Corporation, a Japanese healthcare and medical device company, will create 232 jobs and invest more than $397.8 million to build a new manufacturing campus and U.S. headquarters in Greenville.[35]
Minges Bottling Group, a largePepsi bottling and distribution facility, is also located just outside Greenville inAyden.[36] Greenville is also home to The HammockSource, the world's largest hammock manufacturer.
The largest employer is ECU Health (formerly Vidant Medical Center) and the second largest is East Carolina University with specialized manufacturing and scientific industries augmenting the employment portfolio.
ECU Student CenterThousands gather for a Freeboot Friday concert in Uptown.Kayaking the Tar River
East Carolina University offers musical concerts, theatrical and dance productions, travel films, and lectures. The Greenville Museum of Art contains local art, as well as rotating exhibitions. Annually over 3,000 children participate in programs offered by the museum and over 12,000 people visit the museum.[37]
Greenville is the regional shopping destination for theInner Banks area, since many big-box retailers and specialty shops are located in the city. Large centers includeGreenville Mall (formerly Colonial Mall Greenville and Pitt Plaza originally), University Commons, Lynncroft and Arlington Village. La Promenade, La Promenade II, Arlington Village, and Arlington Plaza located within Greenville Blvd, Arlington Blvd, and Red Banks Rd is one of the biggest outdoor/strip mall-type shopping locations in Greenville, housing over 60 shops and restaurants. A new development called 11 Galleria, on the site of the former Carolina East Mall, features a number of big-box retailers. This new shopping center will contain a total of 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2).
ECU's sports teams, nicknamed thePirates, compete inNCAA Division I FBS as a full-member of theAmerican Athletic Conference.[39][40] Facilities include the 50,000 seatDowdy–Ficklen Stadium for football, the 8,000-seatWilliams Arena at Minges Coliseum for men's and women's basketball, and theClark-LeClair Stadium, with a seating capacity of 3,000 (max capacity of 6,000+ when including outfield "Jungle" areas) for baseball. In 2010 a state of the art, Lady Pirates softball stadium with a seating capacity of 1,500 has been completed, neighboring a new ECU track and field facility and soccer stadium plus an Olympic sports coach's offices and team rooms facility are in varying stages of completion all along Charles Boulevard, the main entry way for all Pirate sports.
Greenville has a strong tradition inLittle League Baseball. Greenville Little Leagues was founded in 1951 and has two leagues; North State and Tar Heel. In 1998, a team from Greenville represented the South Region in the Little League World Series. They made it to the semi-finals, where they lost to eventual champion, Toms River, New Jersey. In 2017, Greenville again represented the Southeast region in the Little League World Series. In this run, the pitchers threw a combinedperfect game, followed by a no-hitter, the first US team to throw back-to-back no hitters. They made it to the United States Championship Game, where they were eliminated by Lufkin, Texas.
Stallings Stadium at Elm Street Park is home to Little League baseball in Greenville. Along with Little League success, Greenville teams have also won multiple Babe Ruth Baseball titles. Since 2006, Greenville has sent Babe Ruth baseball teams to Southeast Regional competition each year in two different age groups, with two teams reaching the Babe Ruth World Series; the '06 15 yr. old team, and the '08 13 yr. old team. The 2006 team became the first Greenville Babe Ruth team to reach the World Series in 30 years, along with becoming the first Babe Ruth team to ever win a World Series game, defeating Clifton Park, New York 12–0. In 2012, the 13u Greenville All-Stars advanced to theBabe Ruth League World Series. The 2012 squad advanced to the championship game, falling to Bryant, Arkansas 4–3.[41]
Greenville is home to the Greenville United Football Club, which joined the National Premier Soccer League on January 16, 2023. Greenville United FC games are currently played at John Paul II Catholic High School.
Sports Tourism is a huge economic driver for Greenville and Pitt County, with the effort being spearheaded by the Greenville-Pitt County Sports Commission (Play Greenville, NC Sports). The Sports Commission has helped secure such national events as NCAA Championships, and starting in 2021, Greenville is the home of theLittle League Softball World Series.[45]
Greenville has acouncil–manager form of government. The Greenville City Council is the governing body of the city.[2]
Five of the council members serve individual districts and the sixth is elected by the entire city and serves at-large, much like the mayor.[2] The mayor isP.J. Connelly.[2]
Greenville is also represented byGreg Murphy in the3rd congressional district.[47] Greenville - along with Pitt County - was formerly split between the 3rd and 1st districts, but for the119th United States Congress that began in 2025 (the elections for which happened in November 2024), all of Pitt County including Greenville was redistricted into the 3rd district. As of January 2026, the proposed next redistricting of North Carolina (to take effect for the120th United States Congress to begin in 2027) would keep Pitt County entirely in the 3rd district.[48]
All Greenville schools fall under the Pitt County Schools (PCS) administration. PCS formed in 1985 when Pitt County Schools and Greenville City Schools merged. The 9-member Board of Education oversees all Greenville and Pitt County schools. In July 2013, Dr. Ethan Lenker was named Pitt County Schools Superintendent.[49] As of 2022, there are 13 elementary schools, five middle schools, six traditional high schools, two early college high schools, and the Health Sciences Academy in Pitt County. There are also ten private schools.
The Daily Reflector serves as the main daily newspaper and is Greenville's oldest business.[50] Other notable newspapers that serve the city includeG-Vegas Magazine,The Greenville Times,The East Carolinian,Her Magazine,The Minority Voice andViva Greenville.
Greenville was the largest transmitter site for theVoice of Americashortwave broadcasts under the auspices of the U.S. government'sInternational Broadcasting Bureau. Both transmitter buildings and three large antenna 'farms' were located just outside Greenville.[51] The Greenville Transmitting Station provided shortwave broadcasts for U.S. government-funded, non-military, international broadcasting and served as a standby, alternate gateway for the Satellite Interconnect System to use to uplink programming, should the Washington, D.C., SIS gateway have become unavailable. The station was also a backup facility for uplinking programming to the Atlantic Ocean Region satellite and served as the primary return link of that satellite. For the VOA, the main target areas for the station's shortwave broadcasts were Latin America, the Caribbean with special emphasis onCuba, and Africa. Three complexes, one for management, distribution, and monitoring, and the other two for actual transmitting, formed an approximately nineteen-mile (31 km) equilateral triangle around Greenville. At one time, these formed the largest international broadcasting site in the world.[52] Two of the three sites have been decommissioned.
The health care community in Greenville is one of the largest in the state of North Carolina. With 861 beds,ECU Health Medical Center is the fifth largest hospital in North Carolina and is one of five academic medical centers in the state (others include the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University, Wake Forest University, and Campbell University). ECU Health Medical Center is the only trauma center east of Raleigh and serves as the teaching hospital forThe Brody School of Medicine. The hospital hosts over 1,700 licensed medical providers and serves over 1.2 million residents of the region. Many medical offices and clinics along with the hospital and university teaching facilities lie on Greenville's west side, comprising what is known as the Medical District.[53] The East Carolina Heart Institute is open and has added 250 jobs at the hospital along with a six floor facility.[54] A new 418,000 square foot Cancer Center broke ground at ECU Health Medical Center. The 96 inpatient room facility serves as one of the major destinations for oncology patients in Eastern North Carolina.[55] TheGolden LEAF Foundation announced a $10.8 million grant in 2018 and The Eddie and Jo Allison Smith Family Foundation also donated $10 million.[56][57] Vidant Cancer Care at the Eddie and Jo Allison Smith Tower opened in March 2018.[55]
Public transportation is provided by theG.K. Butterfield Transportation Center, which connects Uptown Greenville with local bus service, through the Greenville Area Transit (GREAT), andintercity bus service viaAmtrak Thruway andGreyhound Lines. East Carolina University operates a local bus service, ECU Transit, and Pitt Area Transit (PATS) provides "by request" transportation.[58][59]