Central Park is anurban park between theUpper West Side andUpper East Side neighborhoods ofManhattan inNew York City, and the first landscaped park in the United States. It is thesixth-largest park in the city, containing 843 acres (341 ha), and the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually as of 2016[update]. It is also one of the most filmed locations in the world.
The creation of a large park in Manhattan was first proposed in the 1840s, and a 778-acre (315 ha) park approved in 1853. In 1858, landscape architectsFrederick Law Olmsted andCalvert Vaux won adesign competition for the park with their "Greensward Plan". Construction began in 1857; existing structures, including a majority-Black settlement namedSeneca Village, were seized througheminent domain and razed. The park's first areas were opened to the public in late 1858. Additional land at the northern end of Central Park was purchased in 1859, and the park was completed in 1876. After a period of decline in the early 20th century, New York City parks commissionerRobert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park in the 1930s. TheCentral Park Conservancy, created in 1980 to combat further deterioration in the late 20th century, refurbished many parts of the park starting in the 1980s.
The park has been described as the first landscaped park in the United States.[8] It has natural-looking plantings andlandforms, having been almost entirely landscaped when built in the 1850s and 1860s.[9][10] It has eight lakes and ponds that were created artificially by damming naturalseeps and flows.[11] There are several wooded sections, lawns, meadows, and minor grassy areas. There are 21 children'splaygrounds,[12] and 6.1 miles (9.8 km) of drives.[4][13]
Central Park is the most visitedurban park in the United States[19] and one of the most visited tourist attractions worldwide,[20] with 42 million visitors in 2016.[21] The number of unique visitors is much lower; a Central Park Conservancy report conducted in 2011 found that between eight and nine million people visited Central Park, with 37 to 38 million visits between them.[22] By comparison, there were 25 million visitors in 2009,[23] and 12.3 million in 1973.[24]
The number of tourists as a proportion of total visitors is much lower: in 2009, one-fifth of the 25 million park visitors recorded that year were estimated to be tourists.[23] The 2011 Conservancy report gave a similar ratio of park usage: only 14% of visits are by people visiting Central Park for the first time. According to the report, nearly two-thirds of visitors are regular park users who enter the park at least once weekly, and about 70% of visitors live in New York City. Moreover, peak visitation occurred during summer weekends, and most visitors used the park for passive recreational activities such as walking or sightseeing, rather than for active sport.[22]
The park is managed and maintained by theCentral Park Conservancy, a private,not-for-profit organization, under contract with theNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).[15] The president of the Conservancy is theex officio administrator of Central Park who effectively oversees the work of both the park's private and public employees under the authority of the publicly appointed Central Park Administrator, who reports to both the parks commissioner and the Conservancy's president.[15] The Central Park Conservancy was founded in 1980 as a nonprofit organization with a citizen board to assist with the city's initiatives to clean up and rehabilitate the park.[25][26] The Conservancy took over the park's management duties from NYC Parks in 1998, though NYC Parks retained ownership of Central Park.[27] The conservancy provides maintenance support and staff training programs for other public parks in New York City, and has assisted with the development of new parks such as theHigh Line andBrooklyn Bridge Park.[28]
Central Park is patrolled by its ownNew York City Police Department precinct, the 22nd (Central Park) Precinct,[a] at the 86th Street transverse. The precinct employs both regular police and auxiliary officers.[30] The 22nd Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81.2% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct saw no murders, three rapes, 23 robberies, nine felony assaults, five burglaries, 48 grand larcenies, and no grand larcenies auto in 2023.[31] The citywideNew York City Parks Enforcement Patrol patrols Central Park, and the Central Park Conservancy sometimes hires seasonal Parks Enforcement Patrol officers to protect certain features such as theConservatory Garden.[32]
A free volunteermedical emergency service, theCentral Park Medical Unit, operates within Central Park. The unit operates a rapid-response patrol with bicycles,ambulances, and anall-terrain vehicle. Before the unit was established in 1975, municipal EMS often took over 30 minutes to respond to incidents in the park.[33]
Between 1821 and 1855, New York City's population nearly quadrupled. As the city expanded northward upManhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, for passive recreation. These were seen as escapes from the noise and chaotic life in the city, which at the time was almost entirely centered onLower Manhattan.[34] TheCommissioners' Plan of 1811, the outline for Manhattan's modern street grid, included several smaller open spaces but not Central Park.[35] As such, John Randel Jr. had surveyed the grounds for the construction of intersections within the modern-day park site. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is embedded in a rock north of the present Dairy and the 66th Street transverse, marking the location where West 65th Street would have intersectedSixth Avenue.[36][37]
By the 1840s, members of the city's elite were publicly calling for the construction of a new large park in Manhattan.[34][38] At the time, Manhattan's seventeen squares comprised a combined 165 acres (67 ha) of land, the largest of which was the 10-acre (4 ha)Battery Park at Manhattan island's southern tip.[39] These plans were endorsed in 1844 byNew York Evening Post editorWilliam Cullen Bryant, and in 1851 byAndrew Jackson Downing, one of the first American landscape designers.[38][40][41]
MayorAmbrose Kingsland, in a message to theNew York City Common Council on May 5, 1851, set forth the necessity and benefits of a large new park and proposed the council move to create such a park. Kingsland's proposal was referred to the council's Committee of Lands, which endorsed the proposal. The committee choseJones's Wood, a 160-acre (65 ha) tract of land between 66th and 75th streets on the Upper East Side, as the park's site, as Bryant had advocated for Jones Wood. The acquisition was controversial because of its location, small size relative to other potential uptown tracts, and cost.[42][43][44] A bill to acquire Jones's Wood was invalidated as unconstitutional,[45][46] so attention turned to a second site: a 750-acre (300 ha) area known as "Central Park", bounded by 59th and 106th streets between Fifth and Eighth avenues.[45][47]Croton Aqueduct Board president Nicholas Dean, who proposed the Central Park site, chose it because the Croton Aqueduct's 35-acre (14 ha), 150-million-US-gallon (570×10^6 L) collecting reservoir would be in the geographical center.[45][47] In July 1853, the New York State Legislature passed the Central Park Act, authorizing the purchase of the present-day site of Central Park.[48][49]
The board of land commissioners conducted property assessments on more than 34,000 lots in the area,[50] completing them by July 1855.[51] While the assessments were ongoing, proposals to downsize the plans were vetoed by mayorFernando Wood.[51][52][53] At the time, the site was occupied by free black people and Irish immigrants who had developed a property-owning community there since 1825.[54][55] Most of the Central Park site's residents lived in small villages, such as Pigtown;[56][57]Seneca Village;[58] or in the school and convent atMount St. Vincent's Academy.[59] Clearing began shortly after the land commission's report was released in October 1855,[50][60] and approximately 1,600 residents were evicted undereminent domain.[58][61][62] Though supporters claimed that the park would cost just $1.7 million,[63] the total cost of the land ended up being $7.39 million (equivalent to $249 million in 2024), more than the price thatthe United States would pay for Alaska a few years later.[64][65][66]
In June 1856, Fernando Wood appointed a "consulting board" of seven people, headed by authorWashington Irving, to inspire public confidence in the proposed development.[67][68] Wood hired military engineerEgbert Ludovicus Viele as the park's chief engineer, tasking him with a topographical survey of the site.[69][70][71] The following April, the state legislature passed a bill to authorize the appointment of fourDemocratic and sevenRepublican commissioners,[67][72] who had exclusive control over the planning and construction process.[73][74][75] Though Viele had already devised a plan for the park,[76] the commissioners disregarded it and retained him to complete only the topographical surveys.[77][78] The Central Park Commission began hosting a landscape design contest shortly after its creation.[78][79][80] The commission specified that each entry contain extremely detailed specifications, as mandated by the consulting board.[80][81][82] Thirty-three firms or organizations submitted plans.[80][81]
In April 1858, the park commissioners selectedFrederick Law Olmsted andCalvert Vaux's "Greensward Plan" as the winning design.[83][84][85] Three other plans were designated as runners-up and featured in a city exhibit.[84][86] Unlike many of the other designs, which effectively integrated Central Park with the surrounding city, Olmsted and Vaux's proposal introduced clear separations with sunken transverse roadways.[87][88] The plan eschewed symmetry, instead opting for a more picturesque design.[87][89] It was influenced by the pastoral ideals of landscaped cemeteries such asMount Auburn inCambridge, Massachusetts, andGreen-Wood in Brooklyn.[88][90] The design was also inspired by Olmsted's 1850 visit toBirkenhead Park inBirkenhead, England,[91] which is generally acknowledged as the first publicly funded civil park in the world.[92][93][94] According to Olmsted, the park was "of great importance as the first real Park made in this country—a democratic development of the highest significance".[89][95]
The modified Greensward Plan for the park from 1868
Construction of Central Park's design was executed by a gamut of professionals.Frederick Law Olmsted andCalvert Vaux were the primary designers, assisted by board memberAndrew Haswell Green, architectJacob Wrey Mould, master gardenerIgnaz Anton Pilat, and engineerGeorge E. Waring Jr.[96][97] Olmsted was responsible for the overall plan, while Vaux designed some of the finer details. Mould, who worked frequently with Vaux, designed the Central Park Esplanade and theTavern on the Green building.[98] Pilat was the park's chief landscape architect, whose primary responsibility was the importation and placement of plants within the park.[98][99] A "corps" of construction engineers and foremen, managed by superintending engineer William H. Grant, were tasked with the measuring and constructing architectural features such as paths, roads, and buildings.[100][101] Waring was one of the engineers working under Grant's leadership and was in charge of land drainage.[102][103]
Central Park was difficult to construct because of the generally rocky and swampy landscape.[9] Around five million cubic feet (140,000 m3) of soil and rocks had to be transported out of the park, and more gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at theBattle of Gettysburg during theAmerican Civil War.[10] More than 18,500 cubic yards (14,100 m3) of topsoil were transported fromLong Island andNew Jersey, because the original soil was neither fertile nor sufficiently substantial to sustain the flora specified in the Greensward Plan.[9][10] Modern steam-powered equipment and custom tree-moving machines augmented the work of unskilled laborers.[10] In total, over 20,000 individuals helped construct Central Park.[10] Because of extreme precautions taken to minimize collateral damage, five laborers died during the project, at a time when fatality rates were generally much higher.[104]
During the development of Central Park, Superintendent Olmsted hired several dozenmounted police officers, who were classified into two types of "keepers": park keepers and gate keepers.[9][105][106] The mounted police were viewed favorably by park patrons and were later incorporated into a permanent patrol.[9] The regulations were sometimes strict.[106] For instance, prohibited actions includedgames of chance, speech-making, large congregations such aspicnics, or picking flowers or other parts of plants.[106][107][108] These ordinances were effective: by 1866, there had been nearly eight million visits and only 110 arrests in the park's history.[109]
The Lake, one of the first features of Central Park to be completed
In late August 1857, workers began building fences, clearing vegetation, draining the land, and leveling uneven terrain.[110][111] By the following month, chief engineer Viele reported that the project employed nearly 700 workers.[111] Olmsted employed workers usingday labor, hiring men directly without any contracts and paying them by the day.[100] Many of the laborers wereIrish immigrants or first-or-second generationIrish Americans, and someGermans andItalians;[112] there were no black or female laborers.[113][114] The workers were often underpaid,[114][115] and workers would often take jobs at other construction projects to supplement their income.[116] A pattern of seasonal hiring was established, wherein more workers would be hired and paid at higher rates during the summers.[114]
For several months, the park commissioners faced funding issues,[74][117] and a dedicated workforce and funding stream was not secured until June 1858.[74] The landscapedUpper Reservoir was the only part of the park that the commissioners were not responsible for constructing; instead, the Reservoir would be built by the Croton Aqueduct board. Work on the Reservoir started in April 1858.[118] The first major work in Central Park involved grading the driveways and draining the land in the park's southern section.[119][120] The Lake in Central Park's southwestern section was the first feature to open to the public, in December 1858,[121] followed by the Ramble in June 1859.[104][122] The same year, the New York State Legislature authorized the purchase of an additional 65 acres (26 ha) at the northern end of Central Park, from 106th to 110th Streets.[121][123] The section of Central Park south of 79th Street was mostly completed by 1860.[124]
The park commissioners reported in June 1860 that $4 million had been spent on the construction to date.[125] As a result of the sharply rising construction costs, the commissioners eliminated or downsized several features in the Greensward Plan.[126] Based on claims of cost mismanagement, the New York State Senate commissioned the Swiss engineer Julius Kellersberger to write a report on the park.[127] Kellersberger's report, submitted in 1861, stated that the commission's management of the park was a "triumphant success".[128][129]
Olmsted often clashed with the park commissioners, notably with Chief Commissioner Green.[126][130] Olmsted resigned in June 1862, and Green was appointed to Olmsted's position.[131][132] Vaux resigned in 1863 because of what he saw as pressure from Green.[133] As superintendent of the park, Green accelerated construction, though having little experience in architecture.[131] He implemented a style ofmicromanagement, keeping records of the smallest transactions in an effort to reduce costs.[130][134] Green finalized the negotiations to purchase the northernmost 65 acres (26 ha) of the park which was later converted into a "rugged" woodland and the Harlem Meer waterway.[131][134]
When the American Civil War began in 1861, the park commissioners decided to continue building Central Park, since significant parts of the park had already been completed.[135] Only three major structures were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and theCasino restaurant, both later demolished, and theBethesda Terrace and Fountain.[136] By late 1861, the park south of 72nd Street had been completed, except for various fences.[137] Work had begun on the northern section of the park but was complicated by a need to preserve the historicMcGowan's Pass.[138] The Upper Reservoir was completed the following year.[139]
During this period Central Park began to gain popularity.[135] One of the main attractions was the "Carriage Parade", a daily display of horse-drawn carriages that traversed the park.[135][140][141] Park patronage grew steadily: by 1867, Central Park accommodated nearly three million pedestrians, 85,000 horses, and 1.38 million vehicles annually.[135] The park had activities for New Yorkers of all social classes. While the wealthy could ride horses on bridle paths or travel in horse-drawn carriages, almost everyone was able to participate in sports such as ice-skating or rowing, or listen to concerts at the Mall's bandstand.[142]
Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired in mid-1865.[143] Several structures were erected, including the Children's District, theBallplayers House, and the Dairy in the southern part of Central Park. Construction commenced on Belvedere Castle, Harlem Meer, and structures on Conservatory Water and the Lake.[136][144]
TheTammany Hall political machine, which was the largest political force in New York at the time, was in control of Central Park for a brief period beginning in April 1870.[145] A newcharter created by Tammany bossWilliam M. Tweed abolished the old 11-member commission and replaced it with one with five men composed of Green and four other Tammany-connected figures.[145][146] Subsequently, Olmsted and Vaux resigned again from the project in November 1870.[145] After Tweed's embezzlement was publicly revealed in 1871, leading to his imprisonment, Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired, and the Central Park Commission appointed new members who were mostly in favor of Olmsted.[147]
One of the areas that remained relatively untouched was the underdeveloped western side of Central Park, though some large structures would be erected in the park's remaining empty plots.[148] By 1872, Manhattan Square had been reserved for theAmerican Museum of Natural History, founded three years before at theArsenal. A corresponding area on the East Side, originally intended as a playground, would later become theMetropolitan Museum of Art.[148][149] In the final years of Central Park's construction, Vaux and Mould designed several structures for Central Park. The park'ssheepfold (now Tavern on the Green) and Ladies' Meadow were designed by Mould in 1870–1871, followed by the administrative offices on the 86th Street transverse in 1872.[150] Even though Olmsted and Vaux's partnership was dissolved by the end of 1872,[151] the park was not officially completed until 1876.[152]
Belvedere Castle, completed 1869Lower end of the mall, seen in 1901
By the 1870s, the park's patrons increasingly came to include the middle and working class, and strict regulations were gradually eased, such as those against public gatherings.[153] Because of the heightened visitor count, neglect by the Tammany administration, and budget cuts demanded by taxpayers, the maintenance expenses for Central Park had reached a nadir by 1879.[107][154] Olmsted blamed politicians, real estate owners, and park workers for Central Park's decline, though high maintenance costs were also a factor.[155] By the 1890s, the park faced several challenges: cars were becoming commonplace, and with the proliferation of amusements and refreshment stands, people were beginning to see the park as a recreational attraction.[156][157] The 1904 opening of theNew York City Subway displaced Central Park as the city's predominant leisure destination, as New Yorkers could travel to farther destinations such asConey Island beaches orBroadway theaters for a five-cent fare.[158]
In the late 19th century the landscape architectSamuel Parsons took the position of New York City parks superintendent. A onetime apprentice ofCalvert Vaux,[159] Parsons helped restore the nurseries of Central Park in 1886.[160] Parsons closely followed Olmsted's original vision for the park, restoring Central Park's trees while blocking the placement of several large statues in the park.[161] Under Parsons' leadership, two circles (nowDuke Ellington andFrederick Douglass Circles) were constructed at the northern corners of the park.[162][163] He was removed in May 1911 following a lengthy dispute over whether an expense to replace the soil in the park was unnecessary.[161][164] A succession of Tammany-affiliated Democratic mayors were indifferent toward Central Park.[165]
Several park advocacy groups were formed in the early 20th century. To preserve the park's character, the citywide Parks and Playground Association, and a consortium of multiple Central Park civic groups operating under the Parks Conservation Association, were formed in the 1900s and 1910s.[166] These associations advocated against such changes to the park as the construction of a library,[167] sports stadium,[168] a cultural center,[169] and an underground parking lot.[170] A third group, the Central Park Association, was created in 1926.[166] The Central Park Association and the Parks and Playgrounds Association were merged into the Park Association of New York City two years later.[171]
TheHeckscher Playground—named after philanthropistAugust Heckscher, who donated the play equipment—opened near its southern end in 1926,[172][173] and quickly became popular with poor immigrant families.[173] The following year, MayorJimmy Walker commissioned landscape designer Hermann W. Merkel to create a plan to improve Central Park.[165] Merkel's plans would combat vandalism and plant destruction, rehabilitate paths, and add eight new playgrounds, at a cost of $1 million.[174][175] One of the suggested modifications, underground irrigation pipes, were installed soon after Merkel's report was submitted.[165][176] The other improvements outlined in the report, such as fences to mitigate plant destruction, were postponed due to theGreat Depression.[177]
In 1934, RepublicanFiorello La Guardia was electedmayor of New York City. He unified the five park-related departments then in existence. Newly appointed city parks commissionerRobert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park, and he summarily fired many of the Tammany-era staff.[178] At the time, the lawns were filled with weeds and dust patches, while many trees were dying or already dead. Monuments had been vandalized, equipment and walkways were broken, and ironwork was rusted.[178][179] Moses's biographerRobert Caro later said, "The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after. Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky..."[179]
During the following year, the city's parks department replanted lawns and flowers, replaced dead trees and bushes, sandblasted walls, repaired roads and bridges, and restored statues.[180][181][182] The parkmenagerie was transformed into the modernCentral Park Zoo, and a rat extermination program was instituted within the zoo.[181] Another dramatic change was Moses' removal of the "Hoover valley" shantytown at the north end of Turtle Pond, which became the 30-acre (12 ha) Great Lawn.[180][182] The western part of the Pond at the park's southeast corner became an ice skating rink calledWollman Rink,[181] roads were improved or widened,[183] and twenty-one playgrounds were added.[182] These projects used funds from theNew Deal program, and donations from the public.[182] Moses removedSheep Meadow's sheep to make way for the Tavern on the Green restaurant.[183][184]
Renovations in the 1940s and 1950s include a restoration of the Harlem Meer completed in 1943,[185] and a new boathouse completed in 1954.[186][187][188] Moses began construction on several other recreational features in Central Park, such as playgrounds and ball fields.[189] One of the more controversial projects proposed during this time was a 1956 dispute over a parking lot for Tavern in the Green. The controversy placed Moses, an urban planner known for displacing families for other large projects around the city, against a group of mothers who frequented a wooded hollow at the site of a parking lot.[189][190] Though opposed by the parents, Moses approved the destruction of part of the hollow. Demolition work commenced after Central Park was closed for the night and was only halted after the threat of a lawsuit.[189][191]
Moses left his position in May 1960. No park commissioner since then has been able to exercise the same degree of power, nor did NYC Parks remain in as stable a position in the aftermath of his departure. Eight commissioners held the office in the twenty years following his departure.[192] The city experienced economic and social changes, with some residents moving to the suburbs.[193][194] Interest in Central Park's landscape had long since declined, and it was now mostly being used for recreation.[195] Several unrealized additions were proposed for Central Park in that decade, such as a public housing development,[196] a golf course,[197] and a "revolving world's fair".[198]
The 1960s marked the beginning of an "Events Era" in Central Park that reflected the widespread cultural and political trends of the period.[199]The Public Theater's annualShakespeare in the Park festival was settled in theDelacorte Theater,[200] and summer performances were instituted on the Sheep Meadow and the Great Lawn by theNew York Philharmonic Orchestra and theMetropolitan Opera.[201] During the late 1960s, the park became the venue for rallies and cultural events such as the"love-ins" and "be-ins" of the period.[202] The same year,Lasker Rink opened in the northern part of the park; the facility served as an ice rink in winter and Central Park's only swimming pool in summer.[203]
By the mid-1970s, managerial neglect resulted in a decline in park conditions. A 1973 report noted that the park suffered from severe erosion and tree decay, and that individual structures were being vandalized or neglected.[204] The Central Park Community Fund was subsequently created based on the recommendation of a report from aColumbia University professor.[205] The Fund then commissioned a study of the park's management and suggested the appointment of both a NYC Parks administrator and a board of citizens.[206] In 1979, Parks CommissionerGordon Davis established the Office of Central Park Administrator and appointedElizabeth Barlow, the executive director of the Central Park Task Force, to the position.[207][208] The Central Park Conservancy, a nonprofit organization with a citizen board, was founded the following year.[25][26]
The Great Lawn before renovations in the late 1970s
The Great Lawn after renovations in the 1980s
Under the leadership of the Central Park Conservancy, the park's reclamation began by addressing needs that could not be met within NYC Parks' existing resources. The Conservancy hired interns and a small restoration staff to reconstruct and repair unique rustic features, undertaking horticultural projects, and removing graffiti under thebroken windows theory which advocated removing visible signs of decay.[209] The first structure to be renovated was the Dairy, which reopened as the park's first visitor center in 1979.[210] The Sheep Meadow, which reopened the following year, was the first landscape to be restored.[211] Bethesda Terrace and Fountain, theUSSMaine National Monument, and theBow Bridge were also rehabilitated.[212][213][214] By then, the Conservancy was engaged in design efforts and long-term restoration planning,[215] and in 1981, Davis and Barlow announced a 10-year, $100 million "Central Park Management and Restoration Plan".[214] The long-closed Belvedere Castle was renovated and reopened in 1983,[216][217] while the Central Park Zoo closed for a full reconstruction that year.[208][215] To reduce the maintenance effort, large gatherings such as free concerts were canceled.[218]
On completion of the planning stage in 1985, the Conservancy launched its first campaign[194] and mapped out a 15-year restoration plan.[219] Over the next several years, the campaign restored landmarks in the southern part of the park, such asGrand Army Plaza[220] and the police station at the 86th Street transverse;[221] while Conservatory Garden in the northeastern corner of the park was restored to a design byLynden B. Miller.[222][223][224] Real estate developerDonald Trump renovated the Wollman Rink in 1987 after plans to renovate it were delayed repeatedly.[225] The following year, the Zoo reopened after a $35 million, four-year renovation.[226]
Work on the northern end of the park began in 1989.[227] A$51 million campaign, announced in 1993,[228] resulted in the restoration of bridle trails,[229] the Mall,[230] the Harlem Meer,[231] and the North Woods,[227] and the construction of the Dana Discovery Center on the Harlem Meer.[231] This was followed by the Conservancy's overhaul of the 55 acres (22 ha) near theGreat Lawn and Turtle Pond, which was completed in 1997.[232] The Upper Reservoir was decommissioned as a part of the city's water supply system in 1993,[233][234] and was renamed after former U.S. first ladyJacqueline Kennedy Onassis the next year.[233][235] During the mid-1990s, the Conservancy hired additional volunteers and implemented a zone-based system of management throughout the park.[194] The Conservancy assumed much of the park's operations in early 1998.[27]
Renovations continued through the first decade of the 21st century, and a project to restore the pond was commenced in 2000.[236] Four years later, the Conservancy replaced a chain-link fence with a replica of the original cast-iron fence that surrounded the Upper Reservoir.[237] It started refurbishing the ceiling tiles of the Bethesda Arcade,[238] which was completed in 2007.[239] Soon after, the Central Park Conservancy began restoring the Ramble and Lake,[240] in a project that was completed in 2012.[241] Bank Rock Bridge was restored,[242][243] and the Gill, which empties into the lake, was reconstructed to approximate its dramatic original form.[244] The final feature to be restored was the East Meadow, which was rehabilitated in 2011.[245]
In 2014, theNew York City Council proposed a study on the viability of banning vehicular traffic from the park's drives.[246] The next year, mayorBill de Blasio announced that West and East drives north of 72nd Street would be closed to vehicular traffic, because the city's data showed that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic flows.[247] Subsequently, in June 2018, the remaining drives south of 72nd Street were closed to vehicular traffic.[248][249] Several structures were also renovated in the 2010s. Belvedere Castle was closed in 2018 for an extensive renovation, reopening in June 2019.[250][251][252] Later in 2018, it was announced that the Delacorte Theater would be closed from 2020 to 2022 for a $110 million rebuild.[253] The Central Park Conservancy further announced that Lasker Rink would be closed for a $150 million renovation;[254] demolition of the existing rink began in 2021.[255]
In March 2020, in response to thecoronavirus pandemic, temporaryfield hospitals were set up within the park to treat overflow patients from area hospitals.[256][257] By mid-2023, the New York City government was considering erecting tents in Central Park to temporarily house asylum seekers. This move came after the federal government repealed an order authorizingTitle 42 expulsions of migrants, which had been implemented during theCOVID-19 pandemic.[258][259] A renovation of the Chess and Checkers House was completed in June 2023,[260] and a renovation of the Delacorte Theater began later that year.[261] In addition,pickleball courts were added to Wollman Rink in 2023 and became permanent the next year.[262][263] The Central Park Conservancy allocated $64 million in early 2024 to fix sidewalks on 108 blocks immediately surrounding the park.[264] Later that year, the conservancy announced plans to redesign the park's drives to provide bike lanes and pedestrian paths of consistent width.[265][266] A report by the conservancy also recommended constructing bike lanes on the 86th Street transverse, as well as removing traffic lights from the park, which served little purpose due to the lack of vehicular traffic.[266]
There are four different types ofbedrock in Manhattan. In Central Park,Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosedsedimentary rock, are exposed in variousoutcroppings. The other two types,Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) andInwood marble (metamorphosedlimestone which overlays thegneiss), do not surface in the park.[267][268][269] Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosedigneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during theGrenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent. Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in theIapetus Ocean during theTaconic orogeny in thePaleozoic era, about 450 million years ago, when the tectonic plates began to merge to form the supercontinentPangaea.[270]Cameron's Line, afault zone that traverses Central Park on an east–west axis, divides the outcroppings of Hartland schist to the south and Manhattan schist to the north.[271]
Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being theWisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago. Evidence of past glaciers can be seen throughout the park in the form ofglacial erratics (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north–south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.[267][272][273] Alignments of glacial erratics, called "boulder trains", are present throughout Central Park.[274] The most notable of these outcroppings isRat Rock (also known as Umpire Rock), a circular outcropping at the southwestern corner of the park.[272][275] It measures 55 feet (17 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) tall with different east, west, and north faces.[275][276]Boulderers sometimes congregate there.[276] A singleglacial pothole with yellow clay is near the southwest corner of the park.[277][278]
The underground geology of Central Park was altered by the construction of several subway lines underneath it, and by theNew York City Water Tunnel No. 3 approximately 700 feet (210 m) underground. Excavations for the project have uncoveredpegmatite,feldspar,quartz,biotite, and severalmetals.[279]
There are three wooded areas in Central Park:North Woods,the Ramble, andHallett Nature Sanctuary.[280]North Woods, the largest of the woodlands, is at the northwestern corner of Central Park.[281][282][283] It covers about 90 acres (36 ha) adjacent to North Meadow.[284] The name sometimes applies to other attractions in the park's northern end; these adjacent features plus the area of North Woods can be 200 acres (81 ha).[227] North Woods contains the 55-acre (22 ha) Ravine, a forest withdeciduous trees on its northwestern slope, and the Loch, a small stream that winds diagonally through North Woods.[283][285][286]
The Ramble is in the southern third of the park next to the Lake.[5][287][288] Covering 36 to 38 acres (15 to 15 ha), it contains a series of winding paths.[288] The area contains a diverse selection of vegetation and other flora, which attracts a plethora of birds.[287][288] At least 250 species of birds have been spotted in the Ramble over the years.[288][289] Historically, the Ramble was known as a place for private homosexual encounters due to its seclusion.[290]
The Hallett Nature Sanctuary is at the southeastern corner of Central Park.[5][291][292] It is the smallest wooded area at 4 acres (1.6 ha).[293] Originally known as the Promontory, it was renamed after civic activist and birderGeorge Hervey Hallett Jr. in 1986.[292][293][294] The Hallett Sanctuary was closed to the public in the 1930s, and it was renovated and restored starting in 2001.[295] The sanctuary opened for periodic guided tours in 2013 and for public open hours in 2016.[295][296]
The Central Park Conservancy classifies its remaining green space into four types of lawns, labeled alphabetically based on usage and the amount of maintenance needed. There are seven high-priority "A Lawns", collectively covering 65 acres (26 ha), that are heavily used:Sheep Meadow,Great Lawn, North Meadow, East Meadow,Conservatory Garden,Heckscher Ballfields, and the Lawn Bowling and Croquet Greens near Sheep Meadow. These are permanently surrounded by fences, are constantly maintained, and are closed during the off-season. Another 16 lawns, covering 37 acres (15 ha), are classed as "B Lawns" and are fenced off only during off-seasons, while an additional 69 acres (28 ha) are "C Lawns" and are only occasionally fenced off. The lowest-prioritized type of turf, "D Lawns", cover 162 acres (66 ha) and are open year-round with few barriers or access restrictions.[297]
Central Park is home to numerous bodies of water.[11][87] The northernmost lake,Harlem Meer, is near the northeastern corner of the park and covers nearly 11 acres (4.5 ha).[298][299] Located in a wooded area ofoak,cypress, andbeech trees, it was named after Harlem, one of Manhattan's first suburban communities, and was built after the completion of the southern portion of the park. Harlem Meer allowscatch and release fishing.[298] It is fed by two interconnected water features:the Pool, a pond within the North Woods fed by drinking water,[300] andthe Loch, a small stream with three cascades that winds through the North Woods.[301][281] These are all adapted from a single watercourse called Montayne's Rivulet, originally fed from a natural spring but later replenished by the city's water system.[302][303]Lasker Rink is above the mouth of the Loch where it drains into the Harlem Meer.[304][305]
South of Harlem Meer and the Pool is Central Park's largest lake, theJacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, known as the Central Park Reservoir before 1994.[306] It was constructed between 1858 and 1862. Covering an area of 106 acres (43 ha) between 86th and 96th streets, the reservoir reaches a depth of more than 40 feet (12 m) in places and contains about 1 billion U.S. gallons (3.8 billion liters) of water.[307][308] The Onassis Reservoir was created as a new, landscaped storage reservoir to the north of theCroton Aqueduct's rectangular receiving reservoir.[139] Because of the Onassis Reservoir's shape, East Drive was built as a straight path, with little clearance between the reservoir to the west and Fifth Avenue to the east.[309] It was decommissioned in 1993[233][234] and renamed afterJacqueline Kennedy Onassis the following year, after her death.[233][235]
TheTurtle Pond is at the southern edge of the Great Lawn. The pond was originally part of the Croton receiving reservoir.[310][311] The receiving reservoir was drained starting in 1930,[312][313] and the dry reservoir bed was temporarily used as a homeless encampment when filling stopped during the Great Depression.[311][314][315] The Great Lawn was completed in 1937 on the site of the reservoir.[316] Until 1987, it was known as Belvedere Lake, after the castle at its southwestern corner.[310][311]
The Lake, south of the 79th Street transverse, covers nearly 18 acres (7.3 ha).[317] Originally, it was part of theSawkill Creek, which flowed near the American Museum of Natural History.[318][319] The Lake was among the first features to be completed, opening to skaters in December 1858.[121] It was intended to accommodate boats in the summer and ice skaters in winter.[121][317] The Loeb Boathouse, on the eastern shore of the Lake, rents out rowboats, kayaks, and gondolas, and houses a restaurant.[187][188][320] The Lake is spanned by Bow Bridge at its center,[320] and its northern inlet, Bank Rock Bay, is spanned by the Bank Rock or Oak Bridge.[321][319] Ladies' Pond, spanned by two bridges on the western end of the Lake, was infilled in the 1930s.[319]
Directly east of the Lake isConservatory Water,[5] on the site of an unbuilt formal garden.[322] The shore of Conservatory Water contains the Kerbs Memorial Boathouse,[323] where patrons can rent and navigate model boats.[322][324][325]
In the park's southeast corner isthe Pond, with an area of 3.5 acres (1.4 ha).[326][327] The Pond was adapted from part of the former DeVoor's Mill Stream, which used to flow into theEast River at the modern-day neighborhood ofTurtle Bay.[11][328] The western section of the Pond was converted into Wollman Rink in 1950.[181][329][330]
According to a 2011 survey, Central Park had more than 20,000 trees,[334][335][336] representing a decrease from the 26,000 trees that were recorded in the park in 1993.[337] The majority of them are native to New York City, but there are several clusters of non-native species.[338] With few exceptions, the trees in Central Park were mostly planted or placed manually. Over four million trees, shrubs, and plants representing approximately 1,500 species were planted or imported to the park.[10] In Central Park's earliest years, twoplant nurseries were maintained within the park boundaries: a demolished nursery near the Arsenal, and the still-extant Conservatory Garden.[339] Central Park Conservancy later took over regular maintenance of the park's flora, allocating gardeners to one of 49 "zones" for maintenance purposes.[340]
Central Park contains ten "great tree" clusters that are specially recognized by NYC Parks. These include four individualAmerican elms and one American elm grove; the 600 pine trees in theArthur Ross Pinetum; ablack tupelo in the Ramble; 35 Yoshino cherries on the east side of the Onassis Reservoir; one of the park's oldestLondon planes at 96th Street; and aTetradium (formerlyEuodia) at Heckscher Playground.[338][341] The American elms in Central Park are the largest remaining stands in theNortheastern United States, protected by their isolation from theDutch elm disease that devastated the tree throughout its native range.[337] There are several "tree walks" that run through Central Park.[336]
Femalenorthern cardinal, one of the bird species found in Central Park
Central Park contains various migratory birds during their spring and fall migration on theAtlantic Flyway.[342] The first official list of birds observed in Central Park, which numbered 235 species, was published inForest and Stream in 1886 byAugustus G. Paine Jr. and Lewis B. Woodruff.[343][344] Overall, 303 bird species have been seen in the park since the first official list of records was published,[342] and an estimated 200 species are spotted every season.[345] No single group is responsible for tracking Central Park's bird species.[346] Some of the more famous birds include a malered-tailed hawk calledPale Male, who made his perch on an apartment building overlooking Central Park in 1991.[347][348] Amandarin duck nicknamedMandarin Patinkin received international media attention in late 2018 and early 2019[349] due to its colorful appearance and the species' presence outside its native range inEast Asia.[350] Another bird, anEurasian eagle-owl namedFlaco, gained attention in 2023 when he escaped from theCentral Park Zoo after his enclosure was vandalized.[351] More infamously,Eugene Schieffelin released 100 importedEuropean starlings in Central Park in 1890–1891, which led to them becoming aninvasive species across North America.[352][353]
There are 223 invertebrate species in Central Park.[332]Nannarrup hoffmani, acentipede species discovered in Central Park in 2002, is one of the smallest centipedes in the world at about 0.4 inches (10 mm) long.[359] The more prevalentAsian long-horned beetle is an invasive species that has infected trees in Long Island and Manhattan, including in Central Park.[360][361]
Turtles, fish, and frogs live in Central Park.[332] There are five turtle species:red-eared sliders,snapping turtles,painted turtles,musk turtles, andbox turtles.[310] Most of the turtles live in Turtle Pond, and many of these are former pets that were released into the park.[331] The fish are scattered more widely, but they include several freshwater species,[362] such as thesnakehead, an invasive species.[363] Catch and release fishing is allowed in the Lake, Pond, and Harlem Meer.[362][364] Central Park is a habitat for two amphibian species: theAmerican bullfrog and thegreen frog.[365] The park contained snakes in the late 19th century,[366] though Marie Winn, who wrote about wildlife in Central Park, said in a 2008 interview that the snakes had died off.[367]
Central Park is surrounded by a 29,025-foot-long (8,847 m), 3-foot-10-inch-high (117 cm) stone wall. It initially contained 18 unnamed gates.[368] In April 1862, the Central Park commissioners adopted a proposal to name each gate with "the vocations to which this city owes its metropolitan character", such as miners, scholars, artists, or hunters.[368][369] The park grew to contain 20 named gates by the late 20th century,[370][371] four of which are accessed from plazas at each corner of the park.[5][370] No named gates were added between 1862 and 2022,[372] when the Gate of the Exonerated at Lenox Avenue and Central Park North was dedicated in honor of theCentral Park Five.[373]
Columbus Circle is a circular plaza at the southwestern corner, at the junction of Central Park West/Eighth Avenue,Broadway, and 59th Street (Central Park South).[5][374] Built in the 1860s,[374] it contains the Merchant's Gate entrance to the park.,[370] and its largest feature is the 1892Columbus Monument[374][375] and was the subject of controversies in the 2010s.[376][377] The 1913 USSMaine National Monument is just outside the park entrance.[378]
The square Grand Army Plaza is on the southeastern corner, at the junction with Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.[5] Its largest feature is thePulitzer Fountain, which was completed in 1916 along with the plaza itself.[379] The plaza contains theWilliam Tecumseh Sherman statue, dedicated in 1903.[380]
Duke Ellington Circle, at the northeastern corner, forms the junction between Fifth Avenue and Central Park North/110th Street.[5] It contains theDuke Ellington Memorial, dedicated in 1997.[381] Duke Ellington Circle is adjacent to the Pioneers' Gate.[370]
Frederick Douglass Circle is on the northwestern corner, at the junction with Central Park West/Eighth Avenue and Central Park North/110th Street.[5] It was named for Douglass in 1950.[382] The center of the circle contains a memorial toFrederick Douglass, dedicated in 2011.[383]
TheDana Discovery Center was built in 1993 at the northeast section of the park, on the north shore of theHarlem Meer.[5][282][304]Blockhouse No. 1, the oldest extant structure within Central Park, and built before the park's creation, sits in the northwest section of the park. It was erected as part ofFort Clinton during theWar of 1812.[282][384][304] The Blockhouse is near McGowan's Pass, rocky outcroppings that also once containedFort Fish andNutter's Battery.[385] TheLasker Rink, a skating rink and swimming pool facility, formerly occupied the southwest corner of the Harlem Meer.[386] TheConservatory Garden, the park's only formal garden, is entered through the Vanderbilt Gate at Fifth Avenue and 105th Street.[5][387] TheTarr Family Playground,North Meadow Recreation Center, tennis courts, and East Meadow sit between the Loch to the north and the reservoir to the south.[5][388] TheNorth Woods takes up the rest of the northern third of the park. The areas in the northern section of the park were developed later than the southern section and are not as heavily used, so there are several unnamed features.[389] The park's northern portion was intended as the "natural section" in contrast to the landscaped "pastoral section" to the south.[87]
The area between the 86th and 96th Street transverses is mostly occupied by theOnassis Reservoir. Directly south of the Reservoir is the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond. The Lawn is bordered by theMetropolitan Museum of Art'sFifth Avenue building to the east, Turtle Pond to the south, and Summit Rock to the west.[5] Summit Rock, the highest point in Central Park at 137.5 feet (41.9 m),[390][391] abutsDiana Ross Playground to the south and the Seneca Village site, occupied by the Toll Family playground, to the north.[5] Turtle Pond's western shore contains Belvedere Castle, Delacorte Theater, the Shakespeare Garden, andMarionette Theatre.[5] The section between the 79th Street transverse and Terrace Drive at 72nd Street contains three main natural features: the forested Ramble, the L-shaped Lake, and Conservatory Water.Cherry Hill is to the south of the Lake, whileCedar Hill is to the east.[5][282]
The southernmost part of Central Park, below Terrace Drive, contains several children's attractions and other flagship features.[5] It contains many of the structures built in Central Park's initial stage of construction, designed in theVictorian Gothic style.[392] Directly facing the southeastern shore of the Lake is a bi-level hall called Bethesda Terrace, which contains an elaborate fountain on its lower level.[392][393][394] Bethesda Terrace connects toCentral Park Mall, a landscaped walkway and the only formal feature in the Greensward Plan.[5][392] Near the southwestern shore of the Lake isStrawberry Fields, a memorial toJohn Lennon who wasmurdered nearby;[5][395] Sheep Meadow, a lawn originally intended for use as a parade ground;[396] and Tavern on the Green, a restaurant.[5] The southern border of Central Park contains the "Children's District",[397] an area that includes Heckscher Playground, theCentral Park Carousel, theBallplayers House, and the Chess and Checkers House.[5][397] Wollman Rink/Victorian Gardens, the Central Park Zoo and Children's Zoo, the Arsenal, and the Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary are nearby.[5][282] The Arsenal, a red-brick building designed byMartin E. Thompson in 1851, has been NYC Parks' headquarters since 1934.[398][399]
There are 21 children's playgrounds in Central Park. The largest, at three acres (1.2 ha), is Heckscher Playground.[12] Central Park includes36 ornamental bridges, each of a different design.[400][401][398] The bridges are generally designed in theGothic Revival orRomanesque Revival styles and are made of wood, stone, or cast iron.[398] "Rustic" shelters and other structures were originally spread out through the park. Most have been demolished over the years, and several have been restored.[398][402][403] The park contains around 9,500 benches in three styles, of which nearly half have small engraved tablets of some kind, installed as part of Central Park's "Adopt-a-Bench" program. These engravings typically contain short personalized messages and can be installed for at least $10,000 apiece. "Handmade rustic benches" can cost more than half a million dollars and are only granted when the honoree underwrites a major park project.[404][405]
Twenty-nine sculptures have been erected within Central Park's boundaries.[392][406][407] Most of the sculptures were not part of the Greensward Plan, but were nevertheless included to placate wealthy donors when appreciation of art increased in the late 19th century.[159][408][409] Though Vaux and Mould proposed 26 statues in the Terrace in 1862, these were eliminated because they were too expensive.[408] More sculptures were added through the late 19th century, and by 1890s, there were 24 in the park.[410]
Several busts of authors and poets are on Literary Walk adjacent to the Central Park Mall.[392][411][412] Another cluster of sculptures, around the Zoo and Conservancy Water, are statues of characters from children's stories. A third sculpture grouping primarily depicts "subjects in nature" such as animals and hunters.[392]
TheStrawberry Fields memorial, near Central Park West and 72nd Street,[5] is a memorial commemorating John Lennon, who was murdered outside the nearbyDakota apartment building. The city dedicated Strawberry Fields in Lennon's honor in April 1981,[425] and the memorial was completely rebuilt and rededicated on what would have been Lennon's 45th birthday, October 9, 1985.[426] Countries from all around the world contributed trees, and Italy donated the "Imagine" mosaic in the center of the memorial. It has since become the site of impromptu memorial gatherings for other notables.[427][428]
For 16 days in 2005, Central Park was the setting forChristo and Jeanne-Claude's installationThe Gates, an exhibition that had been planned since 1979.[429] Although the project was the subject of mixed reactions, it was a major attraction for the park while it was open, drawing over a million people.[430]
Central Park contains two indoor restaurants.Tavern on the Green, atCentral Park West and West 67th Street, was built in 1870 as asheepfold and was converted into a restaurant in 1934.[181][183][184] The Tavern on the Green was expanded between 1974 and 1976;[431] it was closed in 2009 and reopened five years later after a renovation.[432] The Loeb Boathouse restaurant is at the Loeb Boathouse, on the Lake, near Fifth Avenue between 74th and 75th streets.[187][188] Though the boathouse was constructed in 1954,[188] its restaurant opened in 1983.[433]
In the late 19th century, West and East Drives was a popular place for carriage rides, though only five percent of the city was able to afford a carriage. One of the main attractions in the park's early years was the introduction of the "Carriage Parade", a daily display of horse-drawn carriages that traversed the park.[135][434][141] The introduction of the automobile caused the carriage industry to die out by World War I,[434] though the carriage-horse tradition was revived in 1935.[435] The carriages have become a symbolic institution of the city; for instance, in a much-publicized event after theSeptember 11 attacks, MayorRudy Giuliani went to the stables to ask the drivers to go back to work to help return a sense of normality.[435]
Some activists, celebrities, and politicians have questioned the ethics of the carriage-horse industry and called for its end.[436] The history of accidents involving spooked horses came under scrutiny in the 2000s and 2010s after reports of horses collapsing and even dying.[437][438] Supporters of the trade say it needs to be reformed rather than shut down.[439] Some replacements have been proposed, including electric vintage cars.[440] Bill de Blasio, in his successful 2013 mayoral campaign, pledged to eliminate horse carriage tours if he was elected;[441] as of August 2018[update], had only succeeded in relocating the carriage pick-up areas.[442]
Pedicabs operate mostly in the southern part of the park, as horse carriages do. The pedicabs have been criticized: there have been reports of pedicab drivers charging exorbitant fares of several hundred dollars.[443][444]
Thepark's drives, which are 6.1 miles (9.8 km) long, are used heavily by runners, joggers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and inline skaters.[4][13] The park drives containprotected bike lanes[445] and are used as the home course for the racing series of theCentury Road Club Association, aUSA Cycling-sanctioned amateur cycling club.[446] In 2021,e-scooters were legalized in New York, including in Central Park.[447] The park is used for professional running, and theNew York Road Runners designated a 5-mile (8.0 km) running loop within Central Park.[448] TheNew York City Marathon course uses several miles of drives within Central Park and finishes outside Tavern on the Green;[449] from 1970 through 1975, the race was held entirely in Central Park.[450]
There are 26 baseball fields in Central Park: eight on the Great Lawn, six at Heckscher Ballfields near Columbus Circle, and twelve in the North Meadow.[451][452][453] 12 tennis courts, six non-regulationsoccer fields (which overlap with the North Meadow ball fields), four basketball courts, and a recreation center are in the North Meadow.[453][454] An additional soccer field and four basketball courts are at Great Lawn.[453] Fourvolleyball courts are in the southern part of the park.[455]
Central Park has twoice skating rinks: Wollman Rink in its southern portion and Lasker Rink in its northern portion.[456] During summer, the former is the site ofVictorian Gardens seasonal amusement park,[457] and the latter converts to an outdoorswimming pool.[458][459]
Central Park'sglaciated rock outcroppings attract climbers, especially boulderers, but the quality of the stone is poor, and the climbs present so little challenge that it has been called "one of America's most pathetic boulders".[275] The two most renowned spots for boulderers are Rat Rock and Cat Rock. Other rocks frequented by climbers, mostly at the south end of the park, include Dog Rock, Duck Rock, Rock N' Roll Rock, and Beaver Rock.[460]
Summerstage in Central Park features free musical concerts throughout the summer.
Central Park has been the site of concerts almost since its inception. Originally, they were hosted in the Ramble, but these were moved to the Concert Ground next to the Mall in the 1870s.[461] The weekend concerts hosted in the Mall drew tens of thousands of visitors from all social classes.[462] Since 1923, concerts have been held inNaumburg Bandshell, abandshell ofIndiana limestone onthe Mall.[463] Named for bankerElkan Naumburg, who funded its construction, the bandshell has deteriorated over the years but has never been fully restored.[464] The oldest free classical music concert series in the United States—the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, founded in 1905—is hosted in the bandshell.[465] Other large concerts includeThe Concert in Central Park, abenefit performance bySimon & Garfunkel in 1981,[466] andGarth: Live from Central Park, a free concert byGarth Brooks in 1997.[467]
There are several regular summer events. The Public Theater presents free open-air theater productions, such asShakespeare in the Park, in the Delacorte Theater.[470][471] The City Parks Foundation offers Central ParkSummerstage, a series of free performances including music, dance, spoken word, and film presentations, often featuring famous performers.[465][472] Additionally, theNew York Philharmonic gives an open-air concert on the Great Lawn yearly during the summer,[465] and from 1967 until 2007, the Metropolitan Opera presented two operas in concert each year.[473] Every August since 2003, the Central Park Conservancy has hosted the Central Park Film Festival, a series of free film screenings.[474]
Central Park incorporates a system of pedestrian walkways, scenic drives, bridle paths, and transverse roads to aid traffic circulation,[371] and it is easily accessible via several subway stations and bus routes.[475]
Various bus routes pass through Central Park or stop along its boundaries. TheM10 bus stops along Central Park West, while theM5 and part of theM7 runs along Central Park South, and theM2,M3 andM4 run along Central Park North. TheM1, M2, M3, and M4 run southbound along Fifth Avenue with corresponding northbound bus service on Madison Avenue. TheM66,M72,M79 SBS (Select Bus Service),M86 SBS,M96 andM106 buses use the transverse roads across Central Park. TheM12,M20 andM104 only serve Columbus Circle on the south end of the park, and theM31 andM57 run on57th Street two blocks from the park's south end but do not stop on the boundaries of the park.[475]
Some of the buses running on the edge of Central Park replaced formerstreetcar routes thatformerly traveled across Manhattan. These streetcar routes included the Sixth Avenue line, which became the M5 bus, and the Eighth Avenue line, which became the M10.[477] Only one streetcar line traversed Central Park: the 86th Street Crosstown Line, the predecessor to the M86 bus.[478]
Central Park contains four transverse roadways that carry crosstown traffic across the park.[5][88][371] From south to north, they are at66th Street,79th Street,86th Street, and97th Street; the transverse roads were originally numbered sequentially in that order. The 66th Street transverse connects the discontinuous sections of 65th and 66th streets on either side of the park. The 79th Street transverse links West 81st and East 79th streets, while the 86th Street transverse links West 86th Street with East 84th and 85th streets. The 97th Street transverse likewise joins the disconnected segments of96th and 97th streets.[5] Each roadway carries two lanes, one in each direction, and is sunken below the level of the rest of the park to minimize the transverses' visual impact on it.[88][371] The transverse roadways are open even when the park is closed.[479]
The 66th Street transverse was the first to be finished, having opened in December 1859.[480] The 79th Street transverse—which passed under Vista Rock, Central Park's second-highest point—was completed by a railroad contractor because of their experience in drilling through hard rock;[481] it opened in December 1860. The 86th and 97th Street transverses opened in late 1862.[480] By the 1890s, maintenance had decreased to the point where the 86th Street transverse handled most crosstown traffic because the other transverse roads had been so poorly maintained.[163] Both ends of the 79th Street transverse were widened in 1964 to accommodate increased traffic.[482] Generally, the transverses were not maintained as frequently as the rest of the park, though being used more frequently than the park proper.[483]
The park has three scenic drives that travel through it vertically.[5] They have multiple traffic lights at the intersections with pedestrian paths, although there are somearches and bridges where pedestrian and drive traffic can cross without intersection.[371][400][401] To discourage park patrons from speeding, the designers incorporated extensive curves in the park drives.[484][485] The drives range from 22 to 42 feet (6.7 to 12.8 m) wide, and there are more than 50 traffic signals along these drives.[266]
West Drive is the westernmost of the park's three vertical "drives". The road, which carries southbound bicycle and horse-carriage traffic, winds through the western part of Central Park, connecting Lenox Avenue/Central Park North with Seventh Avenue/Central Park South and Central Drive.[5]
Center Drive (also known as the "Central Park Lower Loop"[486]) connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown at Central Park South/Sixth Avenue to East Drive near the 66th Street transverse. The street generally goes east and then north, forming the bottom part of the Central Park loop. The attractions along Center Drive include Victorian Gardens, the Central Park Carousel, and the Central Park Mall.[5]
East Drive, the easternmost of the three drives, connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown to the Upper West Side atLenox Avenue. The street is renowned for its country scenery and free concerts. It generally straddles the east side of the park along Fifth Avenue. The drive passes by the Central Park Zoo around 63rd Street and the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 80th to 84th Streets. Unlike the rest of the drive system, which is generally serpentine, East Drive is straight between the 86th and 96th Street transverses, because it is between Fifth Avenue and the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.[5] East Drive is known as the "Elite Carriage Parade", because it was where the carriage procession occurred at the time of the park's opening, and because only five percent of the city was able to afford the carriage. In the late 19th century, West and East Drives were popular places for carriage rides.[141]
Two other scenic drives cross the park horizontally. Terrace Drive is at 72nd Street and connects West and East Drives, passing over Bethesda Terrace and Fountain. The 102nd Street Crossing, further north near the street of the same name, is a former carriage drive connecting West and East Drives.[5]
In Central Park's earliest years, thespeed limits were set at 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) for carriages and 6 mph (9.7 km/h) for horses, which were later raised to 7 and 10 mph (11 and 16 km/h) respectively.Commercial vehicles and buses were banned from the park.[484] Automobiles became more common in Central Park during the 1900s and 1910s, and they often broke the speed limits, resulting in crashes. To increase safety, the gravel roads were paved in 1912, and the carriage speed limit was raised to 15 mph (24 km/h) two years later. With the proliferation of cars among the middle class in the 1920s, traffic increased on the drives, to as many as eight thousand cars per hour in 1929.[434] The roads were still dangerous; in the first ten months of 1929, eight people were killed and 249 were injured in 338 separate collisions.[487]
In November 1929, the scenic drives were converted from two-way traffic to unidirectional traffic.[488] Further improvements were made in 1932 when forty-two traffic lights were installed along the scenic drives, and the speed limit was lowered to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). The signals were coordinated so that drivers could go through all of the green lights if they maintained a steady speed of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h).[434][489] The drives were experimentally closed to automotive traffic on weekends beginning in 1967, for exclusive use by pedestrians and bicyclists.[490] In subsequent years, the scenic drives were closed to automotive traffic for most of the day during the summer. By 1979, the drives were only open during rush hours and late evenings during the summer.[491]
Legislation was proposed in October 2014 to conduct a study to make the park car-free in summer 2015.[249] In 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the permanent closure of West and East Drives north of 72nd Street to vehicular traffic as it was proven that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic.[492] After most of the Central Park loop drives were closed to vehicular traffic, the city performed a follow-up study. The city found that West Drive was open for two hours during the morningrush period and was used by an average of 1,050 vehicles a day, while East Drive was open 12 hours a day and was used by an average of 3,400 vehicles daily.[493] Subsequently, all cars were banned from East Drive in January 2018.[494] In April 2018, de Blasio announced that the entirety of the three loop drives would be closed permanently to traffic.[493][495] The closure became effective in June 2018.[248][249]
During the early 21st century, there were numerous collisions in Central Park involving cyclists. The 2014 death of Jill Tarlov, after she was hit by a cyclist on West 63rd Street, called attention to the issue.[496] In 2011, residents of nearby communities unsuccessfully petitioned the NYPD to increase enforcement of cycling rules within the park.[497] The scenic drives' pedestrian and bike paths were repaved in 2025 following repeated collisions between pedestrians and cyclists.[498]
In the mid-20th century, Central Park had a reputation for being very dangerous, especially after dark.[499] Such a viewpoint was reinforced following a 1941 incident when 12-year-old Jerome Dore fatally stabbed 15-year-old James O'Connell in the northern section of the park.[500][501] Local tabloids cited this incident and several other crimes as evidence of a highly exaggerated "crime wave". Though recorded crime had indeed increased since Central Park opened in the late 1850s, this was in line with crime trends seen in the rest of the city.[499] Central Park's reputation for crime was reinforced by its worldwide name recognition, and the fact that crimes in the park were covered disproportionately compared to crimes in the rest of the city. For instance, in 1973The New York Times wrote stories about 20% of murders that occurred citywide but wrote about three of the four murders that took place in Central Park that year. By the 1970s and 1980s, the number of murders in the police precincts north of Central Park was 18 times higher than the number of murders within the park itself, and even in the precincts south of the park, the number of murders was three times as high.[502]
The park was the site of numerous high-profile crimes during the late 20th century. Of these, two particularly notable cases shaped public perception against the park.[502] In 1986,Robert Chambers murdered Jennifer Levin in what was later called the "preppy murder."[503][504] Three years later, an investment banker was raped and brutally beaten in what came to be known as theCentral Park jogger case.[505][506] Conversely, other crimes such as the 1984 gang-rape of two homeless women were barely reported.[502] After World War II, it was feared that gay men perpetrated sex crimes and attracted violence.[507] Other problems in the 1970s and 1980s included a drug epidemic, a large homeless presence, vandalism, and neglect.[218][508][509]
As crime has declined in New York City, many of these negative perceptions have waned.[502] Safety measures keep the number of crimes in the park to fewer than 100 per year as of 2019[update], down from approximately 1,000 in the early 1980s.[31] Some well-publicized crimes have occurred since then: for instance,on June 11, 2000, following thePuerto Rican Day Parade, gangs of drunken mensexually assaulted women in the park.[510]
Permission to hold issue-centered rallies in Central Park, similar to thebe-ins of the 1960s, has been met with increasingly stiff resistance from the city. During some2004 protests, the organizationUnited for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn during theRepublican National Convention. The city denied an application for a permit, stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass and the damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the park.[511] A judge of theNew York Supreme Court's New York County branch upheld the refusal.[512]
During the 2000s and 2010s, newsupertall skyscrapers were constructed along the southern end of Central Park, in a corridor commonly known asBillionaires' Row. According to aMunicipal Art Society report, such buildings cast long shadows over the southern end of the park.[513][514] A 2016 analysis byThe New York Times found that some of the tallest and skinniest skyscrapers, such asOne57,Central Park Tower, and220 Central Park South, would cast shadows that can be as much as 1 mile (1.6 km) long during the winter, covering up to a third of the park's length.[515] In 2018, theNew York City Council proposed a task force to study the effects of skyscrapers near city parks.[516]
Central Park's size and cultural position has served as a model for many urban parks.[517][518] Olmsted believedlandscape design was a way to improve the feeling of community and had intended the park as the antithesis of the stresses of the city's daily life.[519] The Greensward Plan, radical at the time of its construction, led to widespread changes in park designs and urban planning; in particular, parks were designed to incorporate landscapes whose elements were related to each other.[520][521]
As a New York City icon, Central Park is one of the most filmed locations in the world.[522][523] A December 2017 report found that231 movies had used it for on-location shoots, more than the 160 movies that had filmed inGreenwich Village or the 99 movies that had filmed inTimes Square.[522][524] Some of the movies filmed at Central Park, such as the 1993 filmThe Age of Innocence, reflect ideals of the past. Other films, includingThe Fisher King (1991),Marathon Man (1976),The Out of Towners (1970), andHome Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), use the park for dramatic conflict scenes. Central Park has been used in romance films such asMaid in Manhattan (2002),13 Going on 30 (2004) orHitch (2005), and fantasy live-action/animated films such asEnchanted (2007).[525] In 2009, an estimated 4,000 days of film shoots were hosted, or an average of more than ten film shoots per day, accounting for $135.5 million in city revenue.[23]
Skyscrapers at the southern border of Central Park
The value of the surrounding land started rising significantly in the mid-1860s during the park's construction.[279][530] The completion of Central Park immediately increased the surrounding area's real estate prices, in some cases by up to 700 percent between 1858 and 1870.[531][532] It also resulted in the creation of thezoning plan in Upper Manhattan.[533] Upscale districts grew on both sides of Central Park following its completion.[534] On the Upper East Side, a portion of Fifth Avenue abutting lower Central Park became known as "Millionaires' Row" by the 1890s, due to the concentration of wealthy families in the area.[534][535] The Upper West Side took longer to develop, but row houses and luxury apartment buildings came to predominate in the neighborhood; some of these buildings are included in theCentral Park West Historic District.[534][536] Though most of the city's rich formerly lived in mansions, they moved into apartments close to Central Park during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[537]
During the late 20th century, until Central Park's restoration in the 1990s, proximity to the park did not have a significant positive effect on real estate values. Following Central Park's restoration, some of the city's most expensive properties have been sold or rented near the park.[509] The value of the land in Central Park was estimated to be about $528.8 billion in December 2005, though this was based on the park's impact on the average value of nearby land.[538]
In the modern day, it is estimated that Central Park has resulted in billions of dollars in economic impact. A 2009 study found that the city received annual tax revenue of more than $656 million, visitors spent more than $395 million due to the park, in-park businesses such as concessions generated$135.5 million, and the 4,000 hours of annual film shoots and other photography generated$135.6 million of economic output.[23] In 2013, about 550,000 people lived within a ten-minute walk (about 0.5 miles or 0.80 kilometers) of the park's boundaries, and 1.15 million more people could get to the park within a half-hour subway ride.[509]
^Officially, the precinct is known as the 22nd Precinct. However, it is publicly referred to as the Central Park Precinct, making it one of the few unnumbered NYPD precincts in New York City.[29]
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