Thegreen iguana (Iguana iguana), also known as theAmerican iguana or thecommon green iguana, is a large,arboreal, mostlyherbivorousspecies oflizard of thegenusIguana. Usually, this animal is simply called theiguana. The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area; it is native from southernBrazil andParaguay as far north asMexico.
Aherbivore, it has adapted significantly with regard to locomotion andosmoregulation as a result of its diet. It grows to 1.7 m (5.6 ft) in length from head to tail, although a few specimens have grown more than 2 m (6.6 ft) with bodyweights upward of 9 kg (20 lb).
Commonly found in captivity as apet due to its calm disposition and bright colors, it can be very demanding to care for properly. Space requirements and the need for special lighting and heat can prove challenging to the hobbyist.
The species was first officially described by SwedishbotanistCarl Linnaeus in 1758.[6] Since then, numeroussubspecies have been identified, but later classified as merely regional variants of the same species.[6]
Using nuclear andmitochondrial DNA-sequence data to explore thephylogenic history of the green iguana, scientists from El Salvador, Mexico, and the United States studied animals collected from 17 countries.[7] Thetopology of phylogeny indicated that the species originated in South America and eventually radiated through Central America and the Caribbean.[7] The study revealed no unique mitochondrial DNAhaplotypes for subspecific status, but did indicate the deep lineage divergence between Central and South American populations.[7]
Naturalists once classified the Central American iguanas as a separatesubspecies (I. i. rhinolopha), but this classification was later found to be invalid based on mitochondrial DNA, and iguanas with similar nose projections appeared randomly in other populations and interbred freely with those that do not share this trait.[8][9] Genetic studies in the late 2010s still recoveredI. rhinolopha as a distinct species, along with several othercryptic lineages present inI. iguana, and classifying only the South American populations may be the "true" green iguana.[10] Two new insular subspecies (I. i. insularis andI. i. sanctaluciae) endemic toSt. Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines andGrenada were also identified in 2019; a 2020 study also recovered both these subspecies as part of a distinct species, the southern Antillean horned iguana (I. insularis). That 2020 study described theSaban black iguana (I. melanoderma)[11], which they identified to be thesister group of South AmericanI. iguana, with the clade containing both being sister to that ofI. insularis.[12] TheReptile Database disagrees with these conclusions, and groups all of these within the green iguana, with four subspecies:I. i. melanoderma, I. i. insularis,I. i.sanctaluciae, andI. i. iguana.[13] Indicating that consensus about the status of these elevated populations has not been reached. A species or subspecies status ofI. melanoderma has been questioned, and instead proposed that for now it should be considered as part ofI. i. iguana.[14]
The word "iguana" is derived from a Spanish form of theTaíno name for the species:iwana.[15][8] In some Spanish-speaking countries, males of the species are referred to asgarrobo orministro and juveniles are callediguanita orgarrobito.[16]
Green iguanas colonised the island ofAnguilla in 1995 after being washed ashore following a hurricane,[24] serving as direct proof of the mechanism ofoceanic dispersal in allowing species to colonise areas where they previously did not occur.[25] Though the species is not native toMartinique, a small wild colony of released or escaped green iguanas endures at historicFort Saint Louis.[26]
Green iguana skeletonShowing prominent spines anddewlap, in Florida
The green iguana is a large lizard and is probably the largest species in theiguana family, though a few in the genusCyclura may match or exceed it in weight.[27] Adults typically grow to 1.2 to 1.7 m (3.9 to 5.6 ft) in length from head to tail.[8] As in all iguanas, the tail comprises much of this length, and the snout-to-vent length of most green iguanas is 30 to 42 cm (12 to 17 in). A typical adult male weighs around 4 kg (8.8 lb) while the smaller adult female typically weighs 1.2 to 3 kg (2.6 to 6.6 lb).[28][better source needed] A few large males can reach or exceed 8 kg (18 lb) in weight and 2 m (6.6 ft) long.[29] Some specimens have even reportedly been measured at a body weight of greater than 8 kg (18 lb).[8]
Green iguanas possess a row of spines along their backs and tails, which helps to protect them from predators.[9] Their whip-like tails can be used to deliver painful strikes, and like many other lizards, when grabbed by the tail, iguanas can allow it to break, so they can escape and eventually regenerate a new one.[30] In addition, iguanas have a well-developeddewlap, which helps regulate their body temperature.[31] This dewlap is used in courtships and territorial displays.[8][9][32]
Skull and close-up of teeth
Green iguanas have very sharp teeth that are capable of shredding leaves and even human skin.[8] These teeth are shaped like a leaf, broad and flat, with serrations on the edge. The similarity of these teeth to those of one of the first dinosaurs discovered led to the dinosaur being namedIguanodon, meaning "iguana tooth", and the incorrect assumption that it had resembled a gigantic iguana.[33] The teeth are situated on the inner sides of the jawbones, which is why they are hard to see in smaller specimens.[32]Primarilyherbivorous, green iguanas are presented with a special problem forosmoregulation; plant matter contains morepotassium and as it has less dense nutritional content, more must be eaten to meet metabolic needs.[34] As green iguanas are not capable of creating liquid urine more concentrated than their bodily fluids, like birds they excrete nitrogenous wastes as urate salts through asalt gland.[34] As a result, green iguanas have developed a lateralnasal gland to supplement renal salt secretion by expelling excess potassium and sodium chlorides.[34]
Green iguana basking in Palm Beach County, Florida
Despite their name, green iguanas occur in different colours and types. In southern countries of their range, such asPeru, green iguanas appear bluish in colour, with bold blue markings.[9] On islands such asBonaire,Curaçao,Aruba, andGrenada, a green iguana's colour may vary from green to lavender, black, and even reddish brown.[8][9] Green iguanas from the western region of Costa Rica are red, and animals of the northern ranges, such as Mexico, appear orange.[8][9] Juvenile green iguanas fromEl Salvador are often bright blue, but lose this color as they get older.[8] In southeastern Florida, they are seen occasionally in yellow and less often in orange.
Adult iguanas found on most of St. Lucia, mainly on the northeastern coast, Louvette, and Grand Anse, have many differences from other green iguana populations. They are light green with predominant black stripes. Instead of the typical orange dewlap, the iguanas of St. Lucia have a black dewlap. When compared to the common green iguana, females lay about half the number of eggs, 25 instead of 50. Scales to the back of their head, near the jawbone, are smaller. Their irises are white or cream, whereas other green iguanas have yellow irises.[35][36]
Green iguanas from Guatemala and southern Mexico (which may belong to the distinct speciesI. rhinolopha) predominantly have small horns on their snouts between their eyes and their nostrils, whereas others do not.[9]
Green iguanas have excellent vision, enabling them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.[37] As green iguanas have only a fewrod cells, they have poor vision in low-light conditions. At the same time, they have cells calleddouble-cone cells that give them sharp color vision and enable them to seeultraviolet wavelengths.[37] This ability is highly useful when basking so they can ensure they absorb enough sunlight to producevitamin D.[8][38]
Green iguanas have a white photosensory organ on the top of their heads called theparietal eye (also called the third eye,pineal eye, orpineal gland), in contrast to most other lizards that have lost this primitive feature.[37] This "eye" has only a rudimentary retina and lens and cannot form images,[37] but is sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement.[37] This helps the iguana detect predators stalking it from above.[37]
Male green iguanas have highly developedfemoral pores on the underside of their thighs, which secrete a scent (females have femoral pores, but they are smaller in comparison to those of the males).[8] In addition, thedorsal spines that run along a green iguana's back are noticeably longer and thicker in males than they are in females, making the animals somewhatsexually dimorphic.[8]
Male green iguanas tend to display more dominant behaviors, such as head bobbing and tail whipping. They also tend to develop a taller dorsal crest than females, as well as taller dorsal spines (or spikes). Large, round, very pronounced jowls are generally a male characteristic. Jowls are located under the jaw and are protected by the subtympanic plate, which is a large, green, circular-shaped scale.
Green iguanas areoviparous, with females laying clutches of 20 to 71 eggs once per year during a synchronized nesting period.[30][39] The female green iguana gives no parental protection after egg laying, apart from defending the nesting burrow during excavation.[39] In Panama, the green iguana has been observed sharing nest sites withAmerican crocodiles, and inHonduras withspectacled caimans.[18]
The hatchlings emerge from the nest after 10–15 weeks of incubation.[30][39] Once hatched, the young iguanas look similar to the adults in color and shape, resembling adult females more so than males and lacking dorsal spines.[39]
Juveniles stay in familial groups for the first year of their lives.[39] Male green iguanas in these groups often use their own bodies to shield and protect females from predators, and it appears to be the only species of reptile to do this.[40]
Green iguanas arediurnal,arboreal, and are often found near water.[41][9] Agile climbers,Iguana iguana can fall up to 15 metres (50 ft) and land unhurt (iguanas use their hind leg claws to clasp leaves and branches to break a fall).[9][31][38] During cold, wet weather, green iguanas prefer to stay on the ground for greater warmth.[16] When swimming, iguanas remain submerged, letting their legs hang limply against their sides. They propel through the water with powerful tail strokes.[16]
While they may often be found in trees, these animals are well-known burrowers. The size of their burrow can range from 0.3 to 2.4 metres (1 ft 0 in to 7 ft 10 in) deep, with a diameter of 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to7+3⁄4 in).[42] They have been observed burrowing in canals, levees, and dikes and along seawalls in southern Florida. If individuals do not dig their own, they may even usegopher tortoise burrows or usurp those of the Floridaburrowing owl.
When frightened by apredator, green iguanas attempt to flee, and if near abody of water, dive into it and swim away.[16] If cornered by a threat, the green iguana extends and displays the dewlap under its neck, stiffens and puffs up its body, hisses, and bobs its head at the aggressor.[9] If the threat persists, the iguana can lash with its tail, bite, and use its claws in defense.[16] The wounded are more inclined to fight than uninjured prey.[16]
Green iguanas use "head bobs" and dewlaps in a variety of ways in social interactions, such as greeting another iguana or to court a possible mate.[8] The frequency and number of head bobs have particular meanings to other iguanas.[9]
Green iguanas are prey items for a wide range of vertebrate species (at least 108), including at least one record of predation by an amphibian and at least one record of cannibalism.[43]
Female green iguanas dig deep nests,[44] which can be situated in communal nesting sites. Underground complexity of such communal nesting sites is high.[45] Probably similar to the closely relatedI. delicatissima, nest tunnels and nests are used by a range of different species.[46]
Green iguanas are primarilyherbivores, with captives feeding on leaves such as turnip, mustard, and dandelion greens, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of upwards of 100 different species of plant.[8][39] In Panama, one of the green iguana's favorite foods is the wild plum (Spondias mombin).[16]
Although they consume a wide variety of foods if offered, green iguanas are naturally herbivorous and require a precise ratio of minerals (two to onecalcium tophosphorus) in their diet.[38][47] Captive iguanas must have a variety of leafy greens along with fruits and vegetables such as turnip greens, collard greens, butternut squash, acorn squash, mango, and parsnip.[48][49] Juvenile iguanas often eatfeces from adults to acquire the essentialmicroflora to digest their low-quality and hard-to-process vegetation-only diet.[16][39]
Some debate exists as to whether captive green iguanas should be fed animal protein.[8] Some evidence shows wild iguanas eatinggrasshoppers andtree snails, usually as a byproduct of eating plant material.[50][51] Wild adult green iguanas have been observed eating birds' eggs and chicks.[17][52] They occasionally eat a small amount ofcarrion or invertebrates.[53] Zoologists, such as Adam Britton, believe that such a diet containing protein is unhealthy for iguana's digestive systems, resulting in severe long-term health damage, including kidney failure and leading to premature death.[54] On the other side of the argument is that green iguanas at theMiami Seaquarium inKey Biscayne, Florida, have been observed eating dead fish, and individuals kept in captivity have been known to eat mice without any ill effects.[8] De Vosjoli writes that captive animals have been known to survive and thrive on eating nothing but whole rodent block, or monkey chow, and one instance ofromaine lettuce with vitamin and calcium supplements.[8] When found in unnatural habitats, especially those of high human population, they have also been known to feed on human garbage andpoultryfeces.[52]
In the aftermath ofHurricane Luis andHurricane Marilyn in 1995, a raft of uprooted trees carrying 15 or more green iguanas landed on the eastern side ofAnguilla – an island where green iguanas had never been recorded before.[55] These iguanas were apparently accidentally caught on the trees and rafted 320 km (200 mi) across the ocean fromGuadeloupe, where green iguanas are an introduced species.[24][56] Examination of the weather patterns and ocean currents indicated that the iguanas had probably spent three weeks at sea before arriving on Anguilla.[56] Evidence of this new colony breeding on the island was found within two years of its arrival.[56]
In February 2012, the government of Puerto Rico proposed that the islands' iguanas, which were said to have a population of 4 million and considered to be a non-native nuisance, be eradicated and sold formeat.[57][58]
The green iguana is present as an invasive species on some of the islands ofFiji, where it is known as the American iguana. It poses a threat to thenative iguanas through the potential spread of disease and to humans by spreadingSalmonella. They were initially brought toQamea in 2000 by an American who wanted them to eat the numerous insects on the island, although they are primarily herbivorous. They are now on the islands ofLaucala,Matagi andTaveuni.[63][64]
The green iguana is established onOahu andMaui, Hawaii, as a feral invasive species, despite strict legislation banning the importation of any reptiles,[65][66] and in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.[9] As most reptiles carrySalmonella spp., this is a concern and a reason legislation has been sought to regulate the trade in green iguanas.[18]
Due to a combination of events, the green iguana is considered an invasive species inSouth Florida, and is found along the east coast, as well as the Gulf Coast, ofFlorida fromKey West toPinellas County.[67][18][32][68] The original small populations in the Florida Keys were stowaways on ships carrying fruit from South America.[better source needed] Over the years, other iguanas were introduced into the wild, mostly originating through the pet trade. Some escaped and some were intentionally released by their owners; these iguanas survived and then thrived in their new habitat.[68] They commonly hide in the attics of houses and on beaches. They often destroy gardens and landscaping.[68] They seem to be fond of eating a native endangered plant,Cordia globosa, and feeding onnickernut (Caesalpinia) a primary food plant of the endangeredMiami blue butterfly (Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri); additionally onMarco Island, green iguanas have been observed using the burrows of the Floridaburrowing owl (Athene cunicularia floridana), a species of special concern, all of which can make them more of a serious threat to Florida's ecosystem than originally believed.[18][69] Currently, the damage green iguanas have caused has become significant and expected to increase, but controversy remains on how to deal with the problem.[70] For example, according toFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission green iguanas are not protected in Florida except by anti-cruelty law and can be humanely killed on private property with landowner permission.[71]
In January 2008, large numbers of iguanas established in Florida dropped from the trees in which they lived, due to unseasonably cold nights that put them in a state oftorpor and caused them to lose their grip on the tree branches.[72] Though no specific numbers were provided by local wildlife officials, local media described the phenomenon as a "frozen iguana shower" in which dozens "littered" local bike paths. Upon the return of daytime warmth, many (but not all) of the iguanas "woke up" and resumed their normal activities.[73] This occurred again in January 2010,[74] January 2018,[75] December 2020[76], and in late January 2026[77], after prolonged cold fronts once again hit southern Florida. During the latter cold front, a temporary executive order allowed for the public to collect cold-stunned lizards without a permit. As of February 4th, 2026, a total of 5,195 cold-stunned green iguanas had been turned into theFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to be euthanized.[78]
Hunters and hunting guides which cater to tourists in South Florida have started to target invasive Green Iguanas.[79]
In the 21st century the green iguana has become a harmful invasive species inTaiwan which does significant damage to farms. In order to reduce their population the government has issued annual bounties on them. They are often hunted withslingshots.[80] In 2025 theMinistry of Agriculture (Taiwan) set a quota of 120,000 for the green iguana control program.[81][82]
Green iguanas are by far the most globally traded reptiles, representing 46% of the total reptile trade in the US from 1996 and 2012, with annual imports reaching 1 million in 1996.[84] The American pet trade has put a great demand on the green iguana; 800,000 iguanas were imported into the U.S. in 1995 alone, primarily originating from captive farming operations based in their native countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, and Panama).[85] However, these animals are demanding to care for properly over their lifetimes, and many die within a few years of acquisition.[8][86]
Recently, an increase in illegal trading has been identified,[87][88][89] and a trade ban for transport within and out from theLesser Antilles was suggested.[90]
Green iguanas thrive only in temperatures of 79 °F (26 °C) to 95 °F (35 °C) and must have appropriate sources ofUVB andUVA lighting, or else their bodies cannot produce vitamin D that promotes calcium absorption, which can result in a metabolic bone disease that can be fatal.[8][38] They are often kept asexotic pets.In some locales (such as New York City andHawaii), ownership of iguanas is prohibited.[91][92] Due to the potential impact of an introduced species on Hawaii's ecosystem, the state has strict regulations regarding the import and possession of green iguanas; violators can spend three years in jail and be fined up to $200,000.[93]
The green iguana is listed under Appendix II of theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that international trade is regulated through the CITES permit system.[5] In addition, the green iguana is listed asLeast Concern by the IUCN, with a mention of habitat depletion from development being a possible concern for green iguana populations in the future.[4][94] Historically, green iguana meat and eggs have been eaten as a source of protein throughout their native range,[95] and are prized for their alleged medicinal and aphrodisiac properties.[94]In the past, there have been efforts to raise green iguanas in captivity as a food source in an attempt to encourage more sustainable land use in Panama and Costa Rica.[4]
The green iguana has become rare in parts of its native range of Central and South America due to hunting of wild iguanas for food, where iguanas have received the nicknamegallina de palo ("bamboo chicken" or "chicken of the trees").[96][97] Overhunting resulted in a partial closure of markets inNicaragua in 1976, while the government ofPanama had taken action by the late 1960s to protect iguanas.[97]: 15–16
In 2020, iguana researchers collaborated to create an extended and 'live' database on genetic variation within the green iguana. The intent of the database is primarily to guide population management, hybrid identification, and monitoring of invasions and illegal trade.[98]
Although eating green iguanas is forbidden in Nicaragua, they are available in markets.
TheMoche people of ancientPeru worshipped animals and often depicted green iguanas in their art.[99] The green iguana and its relative the black iguana(Ctenosaura similis) have been used as afood source in Central and South America for the past 7,000 years.[15] It is possible that some of the populations in theCaribbean were translocated there from the mainland by various tribes as a food source.[15] In Central and South America, green iguanas are still used as a source of meat and are often referred to asgallina de palo ("bamboo chicken" or "chicken of the tree"),[16] because they are said totaste like chicken.[100]
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