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| Greek People's Liberation Army Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός | |
|---|---|
.jpg) ELAS partisans onMount Parnitha | |
| Leaders | Aris Velouchiotis (Chief Captain) Major GeneralStefanos Sarafis (Chief military officer) Political commissarAndreas Tzimas (Chief political supervisor) |
| Dates of operation | 1942–1945 |
| Allegiance | EAM Mountain Government (1944) |
| Ideology | Communism Greek nationalism |
| Size | c. 50,000 (1944)[1] |
| Part of | National Liberation Front |
| Allies | Soviet Union Allies of World War II SNOF Albanian Partisans Bulgarian Partisans Yugoslav Partisans SOE |
| Opponents | German Army Royal Italian Army Kingdom of Bulgaria Collaborationist government Security Battalions EDES/EOEA EKKA YVE/PAO Organization X Cities Police Greek Gendarmerie British Army (1944) |
| Wars | theGreek Resistance and theDekemvriana |
TheGreek People's Liberation Army (Greek:Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός (ΕΛΑΣ),Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós;ELAS)[2] was the military arm of theleft-wingNational Liberation Front (EAM) during the period of theGreek resistance until February 1945, when, following theDekemvriana clashes and theVarkiza Agreement, it was disarmed and disbanded. ELAS was the largest and most significant of the military organizations of the Greek resistance.
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AfterNazi Germany attacked theSoviet Union with the initiation ofOperation Barbarossa (June 22, 1941) — with most of Greece having fallen underAxis occupation since April and theBattle of Crete having ended on June 1 — theGreek Communist Party (KKE) called for national resistance. The KKE, together with minor parties of the Left, formed a political structure called theNational Liberation Front. They were joined by other center-left or non-politicized Greek Resistance militants.
On February 16, 1942, EAM gave permission to a communist veteran, Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras (later known asAris Velouchiotis) to examine the possibilities of an armed resistance movement, which led to the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). ELAS initiated actions against theGerman andItalian forces of occupation in Greece on 7 June 1942. Velouchiotis, with a small group of 10–15guerrillas, entered the village ofDomnista inEvrytania and proclaimed in front of the surprised villagers that they were about to "start the war against the forces ofAxis and their local collaborators". Initially, Velouchiotis also recruited traditional local mountain-livingbandits, like Dimos Karalivanos, in order to create a small group of experts inguerilla warfare.
On a night in September 1942, a small group of BritishSOE officers parachuted into Greece near Mt. Giona. This group, led by BrigadierEddie Myers, had been tasked to blow up one of three bridges (Gorgopotamos, Papadia or Asopos) of the country's main railway line, and to get the two main, but competing, guerrilla groups of ELAS andEDES to cooperate.
After much deliberation, the Gorgopotamos bridge was chosen due to the difficulty of making repairs to the structure.Dimos Karalivanos, an ELAS guerrilla, was the first guerrilla the British found. At the end of October a second group of British officers were parachuted into the Greek mountains. Their leaders wereThemis Marinos and ColonelChristopher Woodhouse. Their mission was to locate the guerrillas of EDES and their leaderNapoleon Zervas, who were friendlier to the BritishMiddle East Command than ELAS, and co-operate with them. The two Greek groups eventually agreed to collaborate. The British did not favour the participation of ELAS, because it was a pro-communist group, but the forces of ELAS were larger and better organised, and without their participation, the mission was more likely to fail.
On November 14, the 12 British saboteurs, the forces of ELAS (150 men) and those of EDES (60-65 men) met in the village ofViniani inEvrytania and the operation started. Ten days later, they were at Gorgopotamos. On the night of November 25, at 23:00, the guerrillas started the attack against the Italian garrison. The Italians were startled, and after little resistance, were defeated. After the defeat of the Italians, the saboteurs set the explosives. ELAS forces had placed ambushes on the routes towards the bridge, to block the approach of Italian reinforcements. The explosion occurred at 03:00. Afterwards, the guerrillas' forces returned to Viniani, to celebrate the success of the mission.
The destruction of the Gorgopotamos bridge was, along with theNorwegian heavy water sabotage in Rjukan, one of the two biggest guerrilla acts in occupied Europe[citation needed]. The blowing up of the bridge disrupted the German transportation of ammunition via Greece toRommel's forces for several weeks, taking place at a time when theAfrika Korps inNorth Africa, retreating after the defeat ofEl Alamein, were in need of supplies.[citation needed]
| Part of subjects related to the |
| Communist Party of Greece |
|---|
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| Communism Portal Politics of Greece Communist parties in Greece |
The blowing up of Gorgopotamos bridge favored ELAS.[3] Soon, many of the inhabitants of the villages ofCentral Greece became members of ELAS. Furthermore, people sympathised with the ELAS guerrillas because they weren't helped by the British in contrast with EDES. When 25 guerrillas deserted from ELAS,Aris Velouchiotis went to Epirus to threatenNapoleon Zervas not to come in touch with them. Later, the 25 deserters were arrested and executed in the village of Sperhiada. The winter of 1942, ELAS groups were formed in other Greek regions, likeThessaly andMacedonia. In Central Greece,Aris Velouchiotis succeeded to form a powerful semi-conventional army which could attack German and Italian forces. Aris became a legendary figure who imposed an iron discipline in ELAS. At the same time, some members of ELAS (Periklis, Tasos Leuterias, Diamantis, Nikiforos, Thiseas, Dimos Karalivanos, and Belis) have been distinguished during the battles. Aris Velouchiotis formed a group of 30–35 men, called "Mavroskoufides" (the "black caps"), who were his personal guards. During the winter of 1942–1943, new units of ELAS were composed in many regions of Greece. Some areas in the mountains of Central Greece passed from the control ofAxis forces to that of ELAS.
The leadership of ELAS followed a triadic form, from its top down to platoon level: the captain (kapetánios), elected by the men and the overall leader of the unit, the military specialist (stratiotikós), usually a regular army officer, responsible for tactical planning and training, and the political leader (politikós), usually a KKE member, as EAM's representative. At its top, the General Headquarters of ELAS, these positions were filled by Aris Velouchiotis, Stefanos Sarafis andAndreas Tzimas (nom-de-guerre: Vasilis Samariniotis).
Two events of great importance took place in this period. KKE, after passing great difficulties, succeeded in reorganizing its groups destroyed by Metaxas. Many members were recruited and with the help of ELAS, which became the largest partisan army in Greece, EAM became the largest mass political organization in Greek history, claiming over 1.5 million members, enlisted in organizations that covered every neighborhood in every village. The second great event was the foundation of theUnited Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) (Greek:Ενιαία Πανελλαδική Οργάνωση Νέων). In 1943, a small naval auxiliary navy, theGreek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) was also founded.
Two years after its foundation, ELAS' military strength had grown from the small group of fighters in Domnitsa to a force of some 50,000 partisans (estimates of the British government) or even as many as 85,000, according to EAM sources; EAM itself, and its associated organizations, had grown to a membership of anywhere from 500,000 to 750,000 (according toAnthony Eden) up to two million, in a country of 7.5 million inhabitants.[4] ELAS was thus one of the largest resistance groups formed in Europe, similar to the FrenchMaquis, theItalian Resistance and the YugoslavianPartisans, but smaller than the Polish resistance.
On 10 March 1944 the EAM-ELAS, now in control of most of the country, established thePolitical Committee of National Liberation (PEEA), widely known as the "Mountain Government" (Greek:Κυβέρνηση του βουνού,romanized: Kyvérnisi tou vounoú), in effect a third Greek government to rival the collaboration one in Athens and the government-in-exile in Cairo. Its aims, according to its founding Act, were, "to intensify the struggle against the conquerors (...) for full national liberation, for the consolidation of the independence and integrity of our country (...) and for the annihilation of domestic fascism and armed traitor formations."
PEEA was elected in liberated territories and in occupied ones by 2,000,000 Greek citizens. It was historically the first time women could vote. PEEA ministers covered a wide political spectrum from left to center.
After the Soviet victory in theBattle of Stalingrad in early 1943, it was clear that Axis would lose the war. Soon, clashes appeared between the various Resistance organizations regarding the post-war political situation in Greece.
In October 1943 ELAS launched major attacks against EDES and the guerrilla group of Tsaous Anton in Northern Greece, precipitating a civil war across many parts of Greece which continued until February 1944, when the British agents in Greece negotiated a ceasefire (thePlaka agreement); ELAS broke the agreement by attacking the5/42 Evzone Regiment, murdering theEKKA resistance group leader,Dimitrios Psarros, in as yet unclear and hotly debated circumstances and executing all the captives.
ELAS became the strongest of all resistance armed organizations, controlling by 1944 military three-fifths of the country (mainly the mountains) having in its ranks more than 800 military officers of the former National Army Of Negrs. ELAS engaged in battles against other resistance groups, besides thepara-military forces of the collaborationist government. ELAS initially began to attack theNational Republican Greek League (EDES) on accusations of collaboration with the Germans. ELAS attacked also the Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO), another resistance organization, concentrated in Northern Greece, in the area of Macedonia with accusations of collaboration. The armed power of the two major organizations was not comparable, as EDES had approx. 12,000 guerrillas, while ELAS' power was much stronger. Small battles were taking place in Epirus where EDES had its main force. This situation led to triangular battles among ELAS, EDES and the Germans. Given the support of the British and the Greek Cairo Government for EDES, these conflicts precipitated a civil war.
In autumn 1944, after the liberation, ELAS was the dominant force in the country and had captured all the major Greek cities, exceptAthens (after an agreement in Caserta with the Greek government in exile).
After the events of theDekemvriana, ELAS was disarmed, though later some of its fighters (mostly KKE members) joined the Democratic Army during the civil war.
The hymn of ELAS was written in March 1944 by Sofia Mavroeidi-Papadaki and music by Nikos Tsakonas.
| Greek Με το τουφέκι μου στον ώμο,σε πόλεις κάμπους και χωριά,της Λευτεριάς ανοίγω δρόμο;της στρώνω βάγια και περνά. Εμπρός Ε.Λ.Α.Σ. για την Ελλάδα,το Δίκιο και τη Λευτεριά;σ’ ακροβουνό και σε κοιλάδα,πέτα! πολέμα με καρδιά. Ένα τραγούδι είν’ η πνοή σου,καθώς στη ράχη ροβολάς,και αντιλαλούν απ’ τη φωνή σουκαρδιές και κάμποι: ΕΛΑΣ! ΕΛΑΣ! Παντού η Πατρίδα μ’ έχει στείλει,φρουρό μαζί κι εκδικητή,κι απ’ την ορμή μου θ’ ανατείλεικαινούργια λεύτερη ζωή. Με χίλια ονόματα, μία χάρη,ακρίτας ειτ’ αρματολός,αντάρτης, κλέφτης, παλικάρι;πάντα ειν’ ο ίδιος ο λαός. | Translation Stand up, E.L.A.S. for Greece,for what's right and for Freedom;in mountain peaks and in valleys,fly! Fight with your heart. Your breath is a song,walking down the spine of the mountain,the echo of your voice spreadsto hearts and meadows: E.L.A.S.! E.L.A.S.! Everywhere I have been, my homeland had sent me,to guard and to avenge,from my strong drive,a new free life shall rise. Thousand names, but the spirit is one in them all,akritas orarmatolos,guerrilla,klepht, lad;it's always the People. |
1942
1943
1944
This list contains the names of the most well-known ELAS leaders or simple members, with theirnom de guerre in parentheses:
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
