 | |
 Greece |  United States |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Greek Embassy, Washington, D.C. | United States Embassy, Athens |
| Envoy | |
| AmbassadorAlexandra Papadopoulou | AmbassadorKimberly Guilfoyle |
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Due to the strong historical, political, cultural and religious ties between them, Greece and the United States today enjoy excellent diplomatic relations and consider each other an ally.[1][2][3][4] Today Greece is one of the United States's closest allies in the world.
Diplomatic relations between Greece and the United States were established in the 1830s after theGreek War of Independence.[5] Greece and the United States have long-standing historical, political, and cultural ties based on a common western heritage,[6] and participation as Allies duringWorld War I,World War II, theCold War and thewar on terror.[7] The governments of the two countries cooperate closely in the areas of finance, energy, commerce, technology, academics, sciences, judiciary, intelligence and military,[8][9][10][11] as well as through many multilateral organizations such as theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and theUnited Nations; they are both founding members of the latter.
The United States is the largest foreign investor in Greece; direct U.S. foreign investment in Greece was about $4.5 billion in 2006.
Americans are consistently well liked in Greece. In 2005 67% of Greeks viewed the United States favorably, in 2016 the figure was 76%. The poll also showed that consistently from 2005 to 2016 more than 90% of Greeks viewed American people positively, one of the highest figures in the world.[12] A 2024 poll showed that a majority of Greeks viewed the role and stance of the United States of America towards Greece positively, making the U.S. more popular than in any of the other Western European countries surveyed byYouGov.[13][14]
Americans view Greece very favorably too, with 67% viewing Greece positively while only 4% view it negatively. This makes Greece one of the most liked countries in America, placing it just 1% behind theUnited Kingdom but solidly aboveGermany andFrance.[15]
From 1825 to 1828, theU.S. Navyconducted anti-piracy operations against Greek pirates in theAegean Sea.
The first draft of theMonroe Doctrine in 1823 included praise of the Greek rebels in their revolt against the Ottoman Empire. American opinion strongly supported Greece. However, Secretary of StateJohn Quincy Adams strongly objected and that passage was dropped. The final text indicated the U.S. government had no intention of interfering in European affairs.[16] However, as Angelo Repousis shows, private citizens including philanthropists, missionaries, and political activists, inspired by a vision of ancient Greece, were eager to become involved in Greek affairs.[17]
On 9 November 1837, the United States recognized the independence of Greece when the American Minister at London signed a treaty of Commerce and Navigation with the Greek Minister at London. That act marked the first negotiation of the United States with Greece and represented the U.S. recognition of Greece as in the independent country in the early 1800s.[18] The same year, the first American ConsulGregory Anthony Perdicaris took up his position in Athens. The mid-19th-century treaty established the Greek-U.S. relations in part to help liberate and establish Greece as a separate country from the Ottoman Empire.[18]
In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, the U.S. Navy sold two war-ready battleships to Greece, the former U.S.S. Idaho and Mississippi, which were renamed the Kilkis and Lemnos. The ships ensured Greece kept its naval superiority in the Aegean against Turkey, which was threatening to reclaim the islands it had lost during the Balkan Wars. The sale of the ships was arranged by the Wilson Administration, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, with Congressional authorization.[19]
The U.S. was active in providing humanitarian aid to Greece after the devastation it suffered in World War I.[20]
During World War II, the U.S. opposed the British plan to restore KingGeorge II of Greece to the throne because he was closely associated with fascism. Instead, the U.S. helped to establish a regency but did not oppose British efforts to defeat the communist insurgents.[21]
The British took a leading role in helping the Greek government fight the insurgency. When its financial crisis forced it to cut back, the British turned that role over to the U.S. in 1947, until the end of theGreek Civil War in 1949.[citation needed]
The U.S. had largely ignored Greece since it was in the British sphere but lent $25 million on easy terms in 1946. However, it complained that its financial system was chaotic. The far left boycotted elections in March 1946 that were held under international supervision. The US judged them fair and supported the new conservative government, just like the plebiscite that brought back KingGeorge II. Behind the scenes, American diplomats tried to convince the government to end corruption. Fighting broke out in 1946, with the communist element receiving arms and bases of support across the border in Yugoslavia. London secretly informed Washington in February 1947 that its funding would run out in a matter of weeks. A crisis was at hand, and the U.S. decided to act decisively.[22]
Administration leaders, believed that the Eastern Mediterranean was ripe for an armed communist takeover since Britain had to withdraw its forces and its money from Greece. In the Greek Civil War, communist partisans, who had been organized to fight the Germans, were by 1946 strongly supported by the Tito's Yugoslavia but received no support from the Soviet Union.[23] If the Communists won, Turkey, with its large but weak and antiquated army, would be at very high risk.
Truman won bipartisan support in March 1947 for theTruman Doctrine, which gave $300 million in military and economic aid to Greece and $100 million to Turkey. They were grants, not loans. Truman declared to Congress on 12 March:
In a larger sense, the Truman Doctrine formalized a policy of Sovietcontainment in which the United States would oppose the further spread of Communism. The policy meant rejecting anyrollback strategy to end communist rule where it already existed.[25]
The United States also contributed hundreds of millions of dollars to rebuild Greece's buildings, agriculture, and industry as part of theMarshall Plan.[26]
Tito's split with Stalin and American aid helped the Greek government and Army to win the war; by 1949, the government forces had won the civil war. Greece joinedNATO in 1952.[27][28]
The U.S. provided Greece with more than $11.1 billion in economic and security assistance after 1946. Economic programs were phased out by 1962, but military assistance continued. In the fiscal year 1995, Greece was the fourth-largest recipient of U.S. security assistance, receiving loans totaling $255.15 million in foreign military financing.[29]
In 1953, the first defense cooperation agreement between Greece and the United States was signed, providing for the establishment and operation of American military installations on Greek territory. The current "mutual defense cooperation agreement" provides a continued U.S. military support to Greece and the operation by the U.S. of amajor military facility at Souda Bay,Crete.[30]
Relations between the two countries were later strained by theCyprus dispute and after the end of theGreek junta, which particularly the Greek left considered to be backed by the U.S. In 1974, Greece temporarily left the military branch ofNATO to protest theTurkish invasion of Cyprus. In 1980, it rejoined the military branch and stayed a close US-ally during the Cold War and until now.[31]
A 12-foot bronze statue ofHarry S. Truman was erected in Athens in 1963, with the help from Greek-Americans. It is one of only eight statues of American presidents outside the United States. The statue has been a focal point of anti-Americanism in Greece. It has been toppled over several times, painted and vandalized.[32] In March 1986, it was destroyed by adynamite bombing by a group considering it as being a symbol ofAmerican imperialism. The statue was restored within a year by the government[33] although it had originally been refused by the Athens City Council.[34][35] More recently in April 2018, a group of students tried to topple the statue during a communist anti-American protest but were stopped by riot police.[36]
Mainly the Greek products exports to the United States involve petroleum products, cement, tobacco, fur products, olive oil, marble, clothing articles, steel products, pipes, and refractory products. On the other hand, U.S. imports to Greece mostly are industrial and agricultural products and machinery, telecommunications equipment, computers and electronic equipment, timber, medical and pharmaceutical items, machinery and parts, skins, and wood-pulp.[37] Even though the United States imposed restrictions on the importation of certain fresh or processed agricultural products, there is full freedom of sale of Greek industrial products in the whole U.S. market. The EU-United States Agreement signed in May 1993 allows Greek enterprises access to U.S. public contracts. Trade between the two countries amounted to nearly a billion US dollars in 2010.[38] Due to the Credit Crunch Crisis of 2008 that has negatively affected the Greek economy, thousands of U.S. firms have shifted their productive activities from other Balkan countries andItaly to Greece due to lower costs of production.[39]The Greece-US Economic & Commercial Cooperation Committee (ECCC) is also currently working to bilaterally expand trade flow and cooperation, and widen their market in Southeastern Europe, the Black Sea and the Middle East.[37]
Bilateral Greek-U.S. military relations can be dated back to the early 19th century when Greeks werefighting for their independence against the Ottoman Empire. During the movement ofphilhellenism, the two nations found commonality under their values of freedom and democracy, while many American philhellenes went also to help in Greece.
Military collaboration stemming from wars likeWorld War I andWorld War II have set the foundation for the two countries as firm allies. Greece and the U.S. have also been allies through the Cold War as well as conflicts in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan within this past century.[40][41]
The U.S.-Greek Defense Industrial Cooperation Agreement,[42] which was signed on 8 September 1983, regulates defense and intelligence relations between Greece and the United States. A revised and expanded Defence Cooperation Agreement was signed in 2019, with the aim of enhancing the close defense ties between the two countries.[43][44] During theGulf War collaboration strengthened relations between Greece and the United States, as Greece sent military and medical assistance to the U.S. forces in the Gulf region. In May 1995 Greece Defence Ministry organized the "NEW SPIRIT 95" military exercises in the area ofKarditsa as a mean to foster military cooperation between Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria and the United States. In parallel, exchange of visits between high-level political and military officials to the two countries such as that ofCondoleezza Rice toAthens reinforced cooperation between Greece and the United States in the areas of fighting against terrorism and the war against drugs. Additionally the port of Thessaloniki is open to NATO exercises in theEastern Mediterranean and Greece has been a main contributor to NATO operations in Afghanistan, including counterterrorism and counter-piracy maritime efforts.[45][46] Greece and the U.S. are also allies in theWar of Terror and are closely cooperating in thecoalition for the fight against the Islamic State, with Greece providing technical and arms support to the U.S.-led coalition in its efforts to drive outISIL from Iraqi and Syrian territories.
The armies of the two countries, theUnited States Armed Forces and theHellenic Armed Forces, also participate in large-scale military drills which are taking place in theMediterranean region,[47][48][49][50] whileCrete'snaval base at Souda Bay in Greece, serves as thelargest and most prominent naval base for the United States in the eastern Mediterranean.[51][52][53] Additionally, the Souda Bay base features the onlydeep water port in the entire Southern European and Mediterranean regions that is suitable and capable for maintaining the largestaircraft carriers, making it of vital importance for the broadersecurity in the region, with the only other such options available for the US Navy beingNorfolk in theUnited States andDubai in thePersian Gulf.[54] In 2019, the two have signed a reviseddefense pact, which American officials described as critical to responding to security challenges in theEastern Mediterranean Sea. The deal provides for increasing joint U.S.-Greece and NATO activity atLarissa,Stefanovikio, andAlexandroupoli as well as infrastructure and other improvements at theCrete Naval Base.[55][56]
On 6 November 2020, Greece raised an official request to the United States for the acquisition of 18-24 stealth multi-role F-35 fighter jets from the year 2021.[57]
On 13 October 2021, Greece and the United States upgraded their defense pact, signing an agreement that allows expanded access for US troops to train and operate from four additional bases in Greece indefinitely. Greece also has a bilateral maritime defense pact with France, and the parties hold these to be complementary to NATO.[58]
Greece is officially represented in the United States through its embassy inWashington, D.C. and consulate generals in the cities ofAtlanta,Boston,Chicago,Los Angeles,New Orleans,New York City,Houston,Tampa, andSan Francisco. The United States has an embassy inAthens and a consulate general inThessaloniki. Both Greece and the United States share membership in various international organizations with most important being theUnited Nations,NATO,Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,International Monetary Fund,World Bank, andWorld Trade Organization. Additionally Greece has been a permanent observer to the Organization of American States.
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Greek Genocide memorial United Nations plaza 1993 |
The earliest Greek immigrants date back to the 1760s, although the first significant Greek community was not established until the 1850s in New Orleans, LA. The first Greek consulate andGreek Orthodox Church in the US were founded in New Orleans as well. Immigration of Greeks into the US was at its peak in 1945 after damage of the World Wars andGreek Civil War had left their economy in ruins. After admittance of Greece into the EU in 1981, immigration of Greeks into the US greatly decreased. As of 1999 there were 72,000 Greek-Americans who had migrated to Greece, but now those number might be minimal due to the current economic crisis in the EU and Greece.[59] The 2000 US Census showed 1,153,295 Greeks living in the US. About 3 million Americans are of Greek ancestry.[60]
Greek-Americans are an established, well-organized community in the U.S. Several notable former politicians include former Vice-presidentSpiro Agnew, SenatorsOlympia Snowe,Paul Sarbanes andPaul Tsongas, and 1988 Presidential candidate and former Massachusetts GovernorMichael Dukakis. There are currently 7 Greek Americans serving in the U.S. Congress: RepresentativesChris Pappas,Gus Bilirakis,Dina Titus,Nicole Malliotakis,Mike Haridopolos,Maggie Goodlander, andJimmy Patronis.
Greek American lawyers,lobbyists, public relations specialists work in various organizations in Washington, D.C. and across the nation, such as theAmerican Hellenic Institute andAHEPA, to promote U.S. relations with Greece.[61][62] This includes a decades long presence of public advocacy directed at the U.S. Congress, the Department of State, the White House, and other government institutions. The Greek American lobby has a history of cooperation with other national lobbies in the United States, most notably being theIsraeli lobby and to a lesser extent theArmenian lobby.
TheEmbassy of the United States is located inAthens, Greece. TheEmbassy of Greece is located inWashington, D.C., United States.
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo met today with Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias at the Department of State. Secretary Pompeo and Foreign Minister Kotzias discussed the excellent state of bilateral relations and agreed to establish a U.S.-Greek Strategic Dialogue on key areas of cooperation.
| External videos | |
|---|---|
| 100 Years: The Greek Holocaust 1915–1922 – CelebrateGreece.com |
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