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TheGreatest Generation, also known as theG.I. Generation and theWorld War II Generation, is thedemographiccohort following theLost Generation and preceding theSilent Generation. This generation is generally defined as people born from 1901 to 1927.[1] They were shaped by theGreat Depression and were the primary generation composing the enlisted forces inWorld War II.
An early usage of the termThe Greatest Generation was in 1953 by U.S. Army GeneralJames Van Fleet, who had recently retired after his service inWorld War II and leading theEighth Army in theKorean War. He spoke toCongress, saying, "The men of the Eighth Army are a magnificent lot, and I have always said the greatest generation of Americans we have ever produced."[2] The term was popularized by the title of a1998 book by American journalistTom Brokaw. In the book, Brokaw profiles American members of this generation who came of age during theGreat Depression and went on to fight in World War II, as well as those who contributed to the war effort on the home front. Brokaw wrote that these men and women fought not for fame or recognition, but because it was the "right thing to do".[3]
This cohort is also referred to as the "World War II Generation"[4] and the "G.I. Generation".[5] The "G.I. Generation" term was first used in 1971 by Alberto M. Camarillo, in the academic journalAztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies.[6] The term became more popular after authorsWilliam Strauss and Neil Howe used it in their 1991 bookGenerations: The History of America's Future.[7]
Pew Research Center defines this cohort as being born from 1901 to 1927.[8] Strauss and Howe use the birth years 1901–1924.[9] The first half of this generation, born between 1901 and 1912, is sometimes referred to as theInterbellum Generation. The majority of veterans who served in World War II were born during the second half of this generation, from 1913 to 1924. While the oldest members of the Interbellum Generation came of age at the close of the 1910s in 1919, the majority reached maturity in the 1920s and the minority had grown up in the initial years of theGreat Depression from 1929 to 1932. The "WWII Generation" proper came of age in either the second half of the 1930s or the early years of the 1940s.
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US members of this generation came of age as early as 1919 and as late as 1945. They were children or were born during theProgressive Era,World War I, and theRoaring Twenties, a time of economic prosperity with distinctive cultural transformations. Additionally, many of those alive from 1918 through 1920 experienced the deadlySpanish flu pandemic; and, incredibly, a few rare individuals, such as Anna Del Priore, managed to survive infection from both the Spanish flu and theCOVID-19 pandemic approximately 100 years later.[10] They also experienced much of their youth with rapidtechnological innovation (e.g., radio, telephone,automobile) amidst growing levels of worldwideincome inequality[11][12][13] and a soaring economy.[14][15][16] After theStock Market crashed, when many had matured in the 1930s, this generation experienced profound economic and social turmoil.
Despite the hardships, historians note that the literature, arts, music, and cinema of the period flourished. This generation experienced what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood". A number of popular film genres, includinggangster films,musical films,comedy films, andmonster films attracted mass audiences. The Great Depression also greatly influenced literature and witnessed the advent of comic books, which were popular with members of this generation with such characters asDoc Savage,the Shadow,Superman andBatman. Next tojazz,blues,gospel music, andfolk music,swing jazz became immensely popular with members of this generation. The term "Swing Generation" has also been used to describe the cohort due to the popularity of the era's music.[17] The popularity of the radio also became a major influence in the lives of this generation, as millions tuned in to listen to PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" and absorbed the news in a way like never before.[18]
Over 16 million Americans served in World War II, the majority being members of this generation. 38.8% were volunteers, 61.2% were draftees, the average length of their service was 33 months, and total approximate casualties were 671,278 (killed andwounded).[19] American journalist Tom Brokaw and others extol this generation for supporting and fighting World War II.
Following the war, this generation produced children at an unprecedented level. Over 76 millionbabies were born between 1946 and 1964.[20] Subsidized by theG.I. Bill, this generation moved their families into thesuburbs and largely promoted a more conservative mindset as the country faced the challenge of theCold War, as some were again called to service in theKorean War alongside theSilent Generation. The first member of their generation to be elected US president,John F. Kennedy, began aSpace Race against theSoviet Union, and his successor,Lyndon B. Johnson, further promoted a controversial "Great Society" policy. Research professor of sociologyGlen Holl Elder, Jr., a prominent figure in the development oflife course theory, wroteChildren of the Great Depression (1974), "the first longitudinal study of a Great Depression cohort." Elder followed 167 individuals born in California between 1920 and 1921 and "traced the impact of Depression and wartime experiences from the early years to middle age. Most of these 'children of the Great Depression' fared unusually well in their adult years".[21][22] They came out of the hardships of the Great Depression "with an ability to know how to survive and make do and solve problems."[23]
Aculture clash occurred between the Greatest Generation and theirbaby boomer children/ grandchildren in the 1960s and 1970s, in the form of theVietnam War,civil rights movement,Watergate scandal, and thecounterculture movement.[24] Attitudes shaped during World War II clashed with those of the Vietnam era as many G.I.s struggled to understand the general distrust of government by the younger generation, though some Greatest Generation members supportedanti-war protests. The same generation gap applied to a lesser extent in the 1950s, between theInterbellum Generation and theirSilent Generation children.[25]
According to a 2004 study done byAARP, "There are 26 million people aged 77 or older in the United States. These people are largely conservative on economic (59%) and social (49%) issues, and about one-third ofthem say they have become more conservative on economic, social, foreign policy, moral, and legal issues as they have aged. Over 9 in 10 (91%) of this age group are registered to vote and 90% voted in the2000 presidential election.[26] The last member of this generation to be elected president wasGeorge H. W. Bush (1989–1993), and the last surviving president from this generation wasJimmy Carter (1977–1981). In its latter years, this generation was introduced to continued technological advancements such as mobile phones and the Internet.
As of 2025 some 45,000 (under 0.5%) of the 16 million Americans who served in World War II remain alive.[27] Living members of this generation are either in their late 90s or arecentenarians.
The lives of this generation are a common element of popular culture in the western world,[28] and media related to this generation's experiences continues to be produced.[29] The romanticizing of this generation has faced criticism by some.[30][31] However, some also praise the traits and actions of this generation and cite their sacrifices as a lesson for current generations.[32]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic, living members of this generation have been impacted by the pandemic, such as Major Lee Wooten, who was treated in hospital for COVID-19 and recovered just before his 104th birthday in 2020; he died aged 105.[33][34]
In Britain, this generation came of age, like most of the western world, during a period of economic hardship as a result of theGreat Depression. When the war in Europe began, millions of British citizens joined the war effort at home and abroad. Over 6 million members of this generation served in the war, and there were 384,000 casualties.[35] At home,the Blitz claimed the lives of thousands and destroyed entire British cities. The men and women of this generation continue to be honored in the U.K., particularly onV-E Day. In 2020,British Prime MinisterBoris Johnson compared this generation to current generations and indicated his desire for them to show the "same spirit of national endeavour", in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]
Members of the World War II generation inGermany came of age followingWorld War I and theGerman Revolution of 1918–1919. They faced economic hardships related to the Great Depression andTreaty of Versailles as unemployment rose to nearly 40%.Adolf Hitler then rose to power, and many of this generation joined organizations such as theHitler Youth. In 1935, Hitler instituted military conscription. During the war, nearly 12.5 million members of this generationserved in the war and 4.3 million were killed or wounded.[37] By the end of the war, 5 million Germans were dead, including civilians. German cities and towns were devastated by Allied bombing campaigns. 12 million Germans were refugees and many were forced to settle in the Soviet Union. In addition, theHolocaust claimed the lives of millions ofGerman Jews and others. Following the war, the Allies began thedenazification anddemilitarization of a post-war Germany. Returning German veterans found their country carved up into four zones of occupation; later becomingWest Germany andEast Germany. In the west, theMarshall Plan resulted in the "Wirtschaftswunder", an economic boom that caused 185% growth between 1950 and 1963.[38] Surviving members of the German World War II generation would go on to experience thefall of the Berlin Wall and the creation of the European Union. Unlike the Western allies and the Soviet Union, Germany did not honor its veterans, as the association withNazism continues in contemporary Germany today.[39]
As children, members of this generation came of age duringJoseph Stalin's rise to power. They endured theHolodomorfamine, which killed millions. The World War II generation of the Soviet Union was further decimated by the war. Stalin'sscorched earth policy left its western regions in a state of devastation worsened by the advancing German Army. The USSR lost 14% of its pre-war population during WWII, a demographic collapse that would have immense long-term consequences. Mass, forced labor was often used and there were between 10 and 11 million Soviet men returning to help rebuild along with 2 million Soviet dissidents held prisoner in Stalin'sGulags. Then came the Cold War and the Space Race. Even in the mid-1980s, around 70% of Soviet industrial output was directed towards the military, one of the factors in its eventualeconomic collapse. Members of this generation are known as "Great Patriotic War" veterans, such as poetYuri Levitansky who wrote about the horrors of the war andVasily Zaitsev, a war hero who would later be detained for two years as a victim of the post-war atmosphere of paranoia. Today, former Soviet states celebrate an annualVictory Day. The latest survey conducted by Russia's Levada Center suggests Victory Day is still one of the most important public holidays for Russian citizens, with 65% of those surveyed planning to celebrate it. But for nearly one third of people (31%) it is a "state public event" while for another 31% it is a "memorial day for all former Soviet people". Only 16% of those asked recognize it in its original context as a "veterans' memorial day". The predominant emotion the holiday provokes among Russians (59% of respondents) is national pride, while 18% said "sorrow" and 21% said "both". For modern Russians, the conflict continues to provide the population with a nationalistic rallying call.[40]
The World War II generation ofJapan came of age during a time of rapidimperialism. One member of this generation,Hirohito, would becomeEmperor in 1926, when Japan was already one of thegreat powers. Nearly 18 million members of this generation would fight in World War II and approximately 3 million, including civilians, would bekilled or wounded. Japanese cities, towns, and villages were devastated by Allied bombing campaigns. In an effort to prepare for theassumed Allied invasion, the Japanese government prepared to submit this generation to "Operation Ketsugo", in which the Japanese population would fight awar of attrition.[41] Returning veterans found their countryoccupied and received little support or respect. Surviving members of this generation would see Japan emerge as the world'ssecond-largest economy by 1989.[42] Surviving veterans visit theYasukuni Shrine to pay tribute to their fallen comrades.[43]
| Preceded by Lost Generation 1883 – 1900 | Greatest Generation 1901 – 1927 | Succeeded by Silent Generation 1928 – 1945 |
