Greater Toronto Area
Metropolitan area
From top, left to right: the southern portion ofDowntown Toronto;Oakville;Sibbald Point Provincial Park;St. George's Anglican Church inGeorgina; DowntownUxbridge;Toronto Pearson International Airport
Municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area
Greater Toronto Area Show map of Southern Ontario Greater Toronto Area Show map of Canada
Coordinates:43°38′33″N79°23′14″W / 43.64250°N 79.38722°W /43.64250; -79.38722
Country	Canada
Province	Ontario
Area
• Land	7,123.64 km2 (2,750.45 sq mi)
Population  (2021)
• Total	6,711,985
• Estimate  (2024)[1]	7,670,678
• Density	1,076.79/km2 (2,788.9/sq mi)
	Combined population of Halton, Peel, Toronto, York, Durham
GDP(Nominal, 2021)
• Total	CA$ 474billion (US$379.2billion)[2]
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Postal code	L,M
Area codes	226,249,289,416,437,519,647,705,905, 365

TheGreater Toronto Area, commonly referred to as theGTA, includes the city ofToronto and theregional municipalities ofDurham,Halton,Peel, andYork. In total, the region contains 25 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities.^[3][4] The Greater Toronto Area begins inBurlington in Halton Region to the west, and extends alongLake Ontario pastdowntown Toronto eastward toClarington in Durham Region.

According to the2021 census, the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) of Toronto has a total population of 6.202 million residents, making it the nation'slargest, and the7th-largest in North America.^[5] However, the Greater Toronto Area, which is an economic area defined by the Government of Ontario,^{[citation needed]} includes communities that are not included in the CMA, as defined byStatistics Canada. Extrapolating the data for all 25 communities in the Greater Toronto Area from the 2021 Census, the total population for the economic region included 6,711,985 people.^{[citation needed]}

The Greater Toronto Area is a part of several larger areas inSouthern Ontario. The area is also combined with the city ofHamilton to form a conurbation known as theGreater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA).^[6][7] The GTHA combined withNiagara Region form the core of theGolden Horseshoe.

The term "Greater Toronto" was first used in writing as early as the 1900s although at the time, the term referred only to theold city of Toronto and to its immediate townships and villages, which becameMetropolitan Toronto in 1954 and became the current city of Toronto in 1998.^[8] The use of the term involving the four surrounding regional municipalities came into formal use in the mid-1980s, when it was used in a widely discussed report on municipal governance restructuring in the region and was later made official as a provincial planning area. However, it did not come into everyday usage until the mid-to-late 1990s.

In 2006, the term began to be supplanted in the field of spatial planning as provincial policy increasingly began to refer to either the "Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area" (GTHA)^[a] or the still-broader "Greater Golden Horseshoe".^[10] The latter includes the Greater Toronto Area's satellite municipalities, such asPeterborough,Barrie,Guelph,Kitchener,Waterloo,Cambridge andNiagara Region. The GTA continues, however, to be in official use elsewhere in theGovernment of Ontario, such as theMinistry of Finance.

Somemunicipalities considered part of the GTA are not within the TorontoCensus Metropolitan Area (CMA), which is smaller than the land area and population of the GTA planning area. For example,Oshawa is the centre of its own CMA, yet deemed part of the Greater Toronto Area, while other municipalities, such asNew Tecumseth in southernSimcoe County andMono Township inDufferin County are included in theToronto CMA but not in the GTA.^[11] These different border configurations result in the GTA's population being higher than the Toronto CMA by nearly one-half million people, often leading to confusion amongst people when trying to sort out Toronto's urban population.

Other nearby urban areas, such asHamilton,Barrie,St. Catharines-Niagara orKitchener-Waterloo, are not part of the GTA or the Toronto CMA, but form their own CMAs near the GTA.^[12] Ultimately, all the aforementioned places are part of the GreaterGolden Horseshoe metropolitan region, anurban agglomeration,^[13] which is thefifth most populous in North America. It is part of theGreat Lakes megalopolis, containing an estimated 59.1 million people in 2011.

Municipalities in Greater Toronto Area and related CMAs

Census division	Census subdivision	In GTA	Toronto CMA	Oshawa CMA	Hamilton CMA
Toronto		Y	Y
Durham Region	Ajax	Y	Y
	Clarington	Y		Y
	Brock	Y
	Oshawa	Y		Y
	Pickering	Y	Y
	Scugog	Y
	Uxbridge	Y	Y
	Whitby	Y		Y
Halton Region	Burlington	Y			Y
	Halton Hills	Y	Y
	Milton	Y	Y
	Oakville	Y	Y
Peel Region	Brampton	Y	Y
	Caledon	Y	Y
	Mississauga	Y	Y
York Region	Aurora	Y	Y
	East Gwillimbury	Y	Y
	Georgina	Y	Y
	King	Y	Y
	Markham	Y	Y
	Newmarket	Y	Y
	Richmond Hill	Y	Y
	Vaughan	Y	Y
	Whitchurch-Stouffville	Y	Y
	Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation	Y	Y
Dufferin County	Mono		Y
	Orangeville		Y
Simcoe County	Bradford West Gwillimbury		Y
	New Tecumseth		Y

The term "Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area" (GTHA) refers to the GTA, and the city ofHamilton, located along the western border of the Greater Toronto Area. The term has been adopted by several organizations, includingMetrolinx and theMinistry of Energy)^[9][6] because of the growing commuter population in the combined region. The GTHA and theRegional Municipality of Niagara form the inner ring of the largerGreater Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration and secondary region of Ontario.

Historically, the Greater Toronto Area was home to a number ofFirst Nations who lived on the shore ofLake Ontario long before the first Europeans arrived in the region. At various times, theNeutral,^[14] theSeneca, theMohawk and theHuron nations were living in the vicinity.^[15] TheMississaugas arrived in the late 17th or early 18th century, driving out the occupyingIroquois.^[16][17] While it is unclear as to who was the first European to reach the Toronto area, there is no question it occurred in the 17th century.^[18]

The area would later become very crucial for its series of trails and water routes that led fromnorthern andwestern Canada to theGulf of Mexico. Known as the "Toronto Passage", it followed theHumber River, as an important overland shortcut between Lake Ontario,Lake Simcoe and the upperGreat Lakes.^[19] For this reason the area, under Frenchfur traders, became a major part of theNorth American fur trade.^[18] The French would later establish three trading forts,Magasin Royal in the 1720s, although abandoned within the decade,Fort Toronto in 1750 andFort Rouillé in 1751. During theSeven Years' War both forts were abandoned but Fort Toronto was later renovated. Fort Rouillé was burnt down after theBattle of Fort Niagara in 1759 by the French garrison during theFrench and Indian War.^[18][20]

The first large influx of European settlers to settle the region were theUnited Empire Loyalists arriving after theAmerican Revolution, when various individuals petitionedthe Crown for land in and around the Toronto area.^[18] In 1787, theBritish negotiated the purchase of more than a quarter million acres (1,000 km² [390 sq mi]) of land in the area of Toronto with theMississaugas of New Credit.^[21]York County, would later be created by GovernorJohn Graves Simcoe in 1792, which would at its largest size, comprise all of what is now Halton Region, Toronto, Peel Region, York Region and parts of Durham Region.^[22]

The GTA saw three American incursions during theWar of 1812. TheTown of York (present-day Toronto) was attacked by American forces atBattle of York, on April 27, 1813; and was subsequently occupied until May 8.^[23] Thesecond incursion occurred several months later, in July 1813, with two landings in the GTA. On July 29, American forces landed at Burlington Beach (present-day Burlington) in an attempt to dislodge British forces at the adjacentBurlington Heights.^[24] However, finding the British forces too well-entrenched for any assault to be successful, the American naval force withdrew and proceeded east towards York. The American landings at York on July 31 went unopposed, with most of the soldiers garrisoned at York directed to defend Burlington Heights.^[24] Thethird incursion occurred a year later, when an American naval squadron arrived outside of York's harbour on August 6, 1814. The squadron dispatchedUSS Lady of the Lake to enter the harbour in order to gauge the town's defences, where it briefly exchanged cannon fire withFort York before withdrawing to rejoin the American squadron outside the harbour. American forces did not attempt a landing during this incursion, although remained outside York's harbour for three days before departing.^[24]

In 1816,Wentworth County (which would later become the city of Hamilton) andHalton County were created from York County.^[25] York County would later serve as the setting for the beginnings of theUpper Canada Rebellion withWilliam Lyon Mackenzie's armed march fromHolland Landing towards York Township onYonge Street, eventually leading up to thebattle at Montgomery's Tavern.^[26] In 1851,Ontario County (present-day Durham Region) andPeel County were separated from York.^[25][27]

This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2018)

The idea towards a streamlined local government to control local infrastructure was made as early as 1907 by,William Findlay Maclean, a member of parliament and founder ofThe Toronto World, who called for the expansion of the government of the former City of Toronto in order to create aGreater Toronto.^[8] The idea for a single government municipality would not be seriously explored until the late 1940s when planners decided the city needed to incorporate its immediate suburbs. However, due to strong opposition from suburban politicians, a compromise was struck, which resulted in the creation ofMetropolitan Toronto.^[28] In 1953, the portion of York County south ofSteeles Avenue, a concession road which formed a common boundary between several townships across the width of the county, was severed from it and incorporated as the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.^[29] With the concession of Metro Toronto, the offices of York County were moved from Toronto toNewmarket.

Originally, the membership in Metropolitan Toronto included the City of Toronto and five townships:East York,Etobicoke,North York,Scarborough andYork; as well as seven villages and towns, which became amalgamated into their surrounding townships in 1967.^[30] The early Metro Toronto government debated over the annexation of surrounding townships of Markham, Pickering and Vaughan.Frederick Goldwin Gardiner, the firstMetro Toronto Chairman, planned on the conversion of these townships into boroughs of the Metro Toronto government.^[31] In 1971, the remaining areas of York County was replaced by the Ontario government with the Regional Municipality of York.^[30] In 1974, Ontario andDurham Counties were reorganized to become the Regional Municipality of Durham;Pickering west of Rouge River was transferred to Scarborough at that time. Peel County became Peel Region in 1974 as well. In 1980, North York would be incorporated into a city, with York following suit in 1983 and Etobicoke and Scarborough in 1984, although still part of the Metropolitan Toronto municipal government.^[30]

In 1992, the Ontario government passed legislation requiring Metropolitan Toronto to include the rest of the Greater Toronto Area into its planning.^[32] However, there was fear different parts of the municipal system were working against one another. Therefore,Bob Rae, thePremier of Ontario, appointedAnne Golden to head a GTA task force to govern the region's quality of life, competitiveness and governance.^[33] During this time, the Metro Toronto government advocated to the task force the creation of a new GTA authority, which would be made up of 21 of the 30 existing municipalities in the GTA at the time. The proposal from Metro Toronto would have resulted in 15 new municipalities. The City of Mississauga argued consolidation should take place only in such a way the new municipalities would have a population between 400,000 and 800,000.^[34] The Town of Markham had similarly advocated municipal consolidation in York Region but opposed to complete consolidation into a single municipality. Municipal consolidation faced stiff opposition, however. from smaller communities such as Ajax, Milton, and the borough of East York.^[35]

The task force's recommendation to eliminate the Metro Toronto government, andconsolidate its remaining municipalities into an enlarged City of Toronto was completed in 1997 and became official in 1998, under theCommon Sense Revolution of the then premier,Mike Harris.^[36] However, the task force's recommendation to create a GTA-wide upper-tier municipality was not taken up by the Harris government for fear that a GTA-wide municipality would recreate the intermunicipal competitiveness that was believed to have impaired the former Metro Toronto government.^[37]

Metrolinx, an agency of the Government of Ontario, was established to oversee public transit development across the Greater Toronto Area.

The Greater Toronto Area hosted the2015 Pan American Games.

TheGreater Toronto Area covers an area of 7,125 km² (2,751 sq mi).^[38] The region itself is bordered byLake Ontario to the south,Kawartha Lakes to the east, theNiagara Escarpment to the west, andLake Simcoe to the north. The region creates a natural ecosystem known as theGreater Toronto Bioregion. The Greater Toronto Area forms part of the neck of theOntario Peninsula.

Vast parts of the region remain farmland and forests, making it one of the distinctive features of the geography of the GTA. Most of the urban areas in the GTA hold large urban forest. For the most part designated as parkland, the ravines are largely undeveloped.Rouge Park is also one of the largest nature parks within the core of a metropolitan area.^[39] Much of these areas also constitute theToronto ravine system, which consists of deep and steep valleys, and a number of conservation areas in the region which are managed byToronto and Region Conservation Authority.^[40] TheCheltenham Badlands, inCaledon, is an example ofenvironmental degradation from poor agricultural practice. TheScarborough Bluffs are part of theGlacial Lake Iroquois shoreline.

In 2005, the Government of Ontario also passed legislation to prevent urban development and sprawl on environmentally sensitiveland in the Greater Toronto Area, known as theGreenbelt; many of the areas include protected sections of theOak Ridges Moraine, Rouge Park, and the Niagara Escarpment.^[41] Nevertheless, low-density suburban developments continue to be built, some of which is on or near ecologically sensitive and protected areas. The provincial government attempted to address the issue through the "Places to Grow" legislation passed in 2005, which emphasizes higher-density growth in existing urban centres over the next 25 years (i.e., until 2030).^[42]

Theclimate of the Greater Toronto Area is classified ashumid continental, according to theKöppen climate classification. Much of the Greater Toronto Area is under KöppenDfb (warm summer subtype) zone.Old Toronto (excluding theToronto Islands) and some areas between there andBurlington to the southwest are under the KöppenDfa climate zone, thehot summer subtype; this is the result of the urban heat island effect, especially in Old Toronto. Precipitation averages 832 mm (32.8 in) annually, which is fairly distributed through the year but is driest in later winter with higher average totals in the later summer.

In winter, typical high temperatures will range from −5 to 3 °C (23 to 37 °F) and low temperatures from −12 to −5 °C (10 to 23 °F). Cold arctic outbreaks keep daytime highs below −10 °C (14 °F) for several days but that does not occur in every winter, and low temperatures sometimes drop below −18 °C (0 °F), with the accompanyingwind chill making that feel much colder. Annual snowfall averages between 80 and 150 cm (31 and 59 in) across the area. Mild and snow-free spells are also a feature of Toronto's winter, with temperatures surpassing 5 °C (41 °F) for several days to occasionally above 15 °C (59 °F). Spring is short and often cool to mild, and snow can sometimes fall well into April but rarely accumulates. The transition from spring into summer can be rapid. Summer is warm on average to hot and moderately humid with high temperatures typically between 24 and 31 °C (75 and 88 °F), while low temperatures average between 15 °C (59 °F) in the suburbs and 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F) downtown and near the lake. Although fairly sunny, summers have long stretches of humid conditions that give rise to frequent thunderstorm activity, and very heavy rainfall sometimes results in flash flooding. Heat wave conditions with temperatures between 32 and 35 °C (90 and 95 °F) are common but typically do not last long, and rarely temperatures rarely reach 38 °C (100 °F). Humidex values can be high during heat episodes; at their highest, they have exceeded 50 °C (122 °F). Immediate lakeshore locations have generally lower average maximum temperatures but they can also experience hot conditions when offshore winds prevail. Normally, autumns alternate between wet and dry with lengthy periods of mild and calm weather. Temperatures fall and windspeeds increase sharply in November. By December, cold and snowy weather is more common, and the average temperature falls close to or just below 0 °C (32 °F).

This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2015)

The Greater Toronto Area is a commercial, distribution, financial and economic centre and is the second-largest financial centre in North America.^[62] The region generates about a fifth of Canada's GDP and is home to 40 per cent of Canada's business headquarters.^[63][64] The economies of the municipalities in Greater Toronto are largely intertwined.^[65] The work force is made up of approximately 2.9 million people and more than 100,000 companies^[66] The Greater Toronto Area produces nearly 20 per cent of the entire nation's GDP with $323 billion, and from 1992 to 2002, experienced an average GDP growth rate of 4.0 per cent and a job creation rate of 2.4 per cent (compared with the national average GDP growth rate of 3 per cent and job creation rate of 1.6 per cent).^[63][67] The Greater Toronto Area has the largest regional economy in Canada, with its GDP surpassing the Province of Quebec in 2015.^{[citation needed]}

In 2010, over 51 per cent of the labour force in the Greater Toronto Area is employed in theservice sector, with 19% in themanufacturing, 17% of the labour force employed in wholesale & retail trade, 8% of the labour force involved in transportation, communication and utilities, and 5% of the workforce is involved in construction.^[68] Although the service industry makes up only 51% of Greater Toronto's workforce, over 72% of the region's GDP is generated by service industries.^[63]

The largest industry in the Greater Toronto Area is the financial services in the province, accounting for an estimated 25% of the region's GDP.^[63] Notably, thefive largest banks in Canada all have their operational headquarters in Toronto'sFinancial District.^[69] Toronto is also home to the headquarters of theToronto Stock Exchange and theStandard and Poor TSX Composite Index and offices of theTSX Venture Exchange.^[69] TheTMX Group, the owners and operators of TSX Exchanges as well as theMontreal Exchange, are also headquartered in Toronto. The TSX and the TSX Venture Exchange represent 3,369 companies, including more than half of the world's publicly traded mining companies.^[69]

Markham also attracted the highest concentration of high tech companies in Canada, and because of it, has positioned itself asCanada's High-Tech Capital.^[70] The Greater Toronto Area is the second-largest automotive centre in North America (after Detroit). Currently,^[when?]General Motors,Ford andChrysler run six assembly plants in the area, withHonda andToyota having assembly plants just outside the GTA. General Motors, Ford, Honda, KIA, Mazda, Suzuki, Nissan, Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai, Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Subaru, Volvo, BMW, and Mitsubishi have chosen the Greater Toronto Area for their Canadian headquarters.^[71]Magna International, the world's most diversified car supplier,^[72] also has its headquarters inAurora.^[73] The automobile industry accounts for roughly 10% of the region's GDP.^[63]

While it was once the most dominant industry for residents in the Greater Toronto Area, agriculture now occupies a small percentage of the population though it is still a large part of land in the surrounding four regional municipalities. Census data from 2006 has shown there are 3,707 census farms in the GTA, down 4.2 percent from 2001 and covering 274,363 ha (677,970 acres).^[74] Almost every community in the GTA is currently experiencing a decrease in the acreage of farmland, with Mississauga seeing the most significant one. The only communities in the GTA that are experiencing a growth in the acreage of farmland are Aurora, Georgina, Newmarket, Oshawa, Richmond Hill, and Scugog, with Markham experiencing no growth or decline.^[75] Most of the GTA's farmland is in Durham Region, with 55 per cent of their total land area being farmland. This is followed by York Region with 41 per cent of their lands being farmland, Peel Region with 34 percent, and Halton Region with 41 percent.^[75] Toronto's remaining farmland is completely withinRouge Park in theRouge Valley. The average size of the farm in the GTA (74 ha [183 acres]) is much lower than the farms in the rest of Ontario (averaging 94 ha [233 acres]). This has been attributed to the shift of farm types in the GTA from the traditional livestock and cash crop farms (requiring an extensive land base), towards more intensive enterprises including greenhouse,floriculture, nursery, vegetable, fruit, sheep and goats.^[74]

The most numerous farm types in the GTA are miscellaneous specialty farms (including horse and pony, sheep and lamb, and other livestock specialty), followed by cattle, grain and oilseed, dairy and field crop farms.^[75] Although the output of dairy production has dropped with farms from within the GTA, dairy has remained the most productive sector in the agricultural industry by annual gross farm receipts.^[75] Despite the decreased amount of farmland around the region, farm capital value increased from $5.2 billion in 1996 to $6.1 billion in 2001, making the average farm capital value in the GTA continued to be the highest in the province.^[75]

There are several public transportation operators within the Greater Toronto Area that provide services within their jurisdictions. While those operators are largely independent, provisions are being made to integrate them underMetrolinx, which manages transportation planning including public transport in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.^[76]GO Transit, which merged with Metrolinx during the late 2000s, is Ontario's only intra-regional public transit service, linking the communities in the GTA and the city of Hamilton, as well as the rest of the Greater Golden Horseshoe.^[77] The implementation of thePresto card by Metrolinx has created a common means for all fare payments and allows for seamless connection between these and other transit operators.^[78]

Public transit operators in the GTA include^[79]Brampton Transit,Burlington Transit,Durham Region Transit,GO Transit,Milton Transit,MiWay (servingMississauga),Oakville Transit,Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), andYork Region Transit. The TTC operates theToronto subway system, which consists of three heavy rail lines and runs in Toronto and in Vaughan, the latter of which began to be served by the system in December 2017 with an extension ofLine 1 Yonge–University toVaughan Metropolitan Centre station onHighway 7 atJane Street.

The GTA also consists of severalKing's Highways and is supplemented by municipal expressways. One of the principal highways in the GTA,Highway 401, is also the longest in Ontario and is also one of the widest and busiest highways in the world.^[80] Notably, a segment of the highway passing through the GTA is North America's busiest highway.^[81] The GTA is laced with a number oflimited-access highways including the400-series highways. These include:^[82]

Note: "York", "Peel", "Durham" and "Halton" here refer to theregional municipalities.

The main airport serving the GTA isToronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, which is Canada's largest^[83] and busiest airport. It processed over 47 million passengers in 2017 and nearly 50 million passengers in 2018.^[84][85] Toronto Pearson International Airport is operated by theGreater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA).John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in nearbyHamilton also handles international flights, handles some discount flights and charters, and acts as an alternative to Pearson. TheBilly Bishop Toronto City Airport, on theToronto Islands near downtown, is used for civil aviation, air ambulance traffic and regional scheduled airlines (it handled nearly two million passengers in 2012).^[86][87] There are also anumber of smaller airports scattered throughout the GTA. TheInternational Air Transport Association (IATA) usesYTO as a code for multiple airports in the area, including those without passenger service.^[88]

The Greater Toronto Airport Authority has also placed a tentative proposal to develop anew airport in Pickering, which would also extend over into Markham and Uxbridge.^[89] As the GTAA predicts Toronto Pearson would be unable to be the sole provider for the bulk of Toronto's commercial air traffic in the next 20 years from the report's publication in 2004 (i.e. in 2024), it believes that a new airport in Pickering would address the need for a regional/reliever airport east of Toronto Pearson and complement the airport in Hamilton, Ontario.^[90] The GTAA also stated the new airport would create more opportunities for economic development in the eastern region of the Greater Toronto Area.^[90] However, demand for the new airport lessened because of theCOVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, as well as the plannedAlto high-speed rail network, which would eliminate many short-haul flights along the route between Toronto andQuebec City.

The region also has significant maritime infrastructure being on theGreat Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. ThePort of Oshawa andPort of Toronto handle between 2 and 4 million tonnes of cargo annually. The Port of Toronto also has anInternational Marine Passenger Terminal, which had 12,000 cruise passengers in 2019.

The Greater Toronto Area is served by seven distinct telephonearea codes. Before 1993, the GTA used the416 area code. In a 1993 zone split,Metropolitan Toronto retained the 416 code, while the other municipalities of the Greater Toronto Area were assigned the newarea code 905.^[91] This division by area code has become part of the local culture to the point where local media refer to something inside Toronto as "the 416" and outside of Toronto as "the 905".^[92] For example, theRaptors 905 basketball team in theNBA G League is named after the area code the team represents. Though for the most part, the use of the area 905 as shorthand for the suburban areas outside Toronto city limits was correct, it is not entirely true as some portions of Durham and York Regions use the705 area code.^[93] Furthermore, there are areas, such asHamilton, theRegional Municipality of Niagara andPort Hope (inNorthumberland County) that use the 905 area code, but are not part of the GTA.^[93] The unincorporated community ofActon (inHalton Hills), is the only community in the GTA that uses the519 area code, which covers most ofSouthwestern Ontario.^[94][95]

To meet the increased demand for phone numbers, two overlay area codes were introduced in 2001. Area code 647 (supplementing the 416 area code)^[96] was introduced in March 2001 and area code 289 (supplementing the 905 area code) was introduced in July 2001.^[97] Some individuals within the 905 area code region may have to dial long distance to reach each other; although residents of Mississauga and Hamilton share the same area code (905), an individual from Toronto, for example, would have to dial "1" to reach Hamilton, but not to reach Mississauga.Ten-digit telephone dialling, including the area code for local calls, is required throughout the GTA.^[97] In March 2013, two additional area codes were introduced to the GTA: area code 437 in Toronto and area code 365 in the area served by 905 and 289.^[98]

Since the 2015 election, the Greater Toronto Area has been represented by 58Members of Parliament in theHouse of Commons of Canada. Forty-sixMembers of the Provincial Parliament also represent the GTA in theOntario Legislature. FiveSenators from Ontario have also designated themselves as representatives of certain areas in the GTA in theCanadian Senate.^[99]

Federally, theConservatives,Liberals, and theNew Democrats (NDP) all hold severalelectoral districts in the GTA. The City of Toronto has often been supportive of the Liberal Party. Traditionally, Liberal support is strongest inDowntown Toronto, while Conservative support is stronger in the surrounding communities outside Toronto. The NDP also has a strong base within the GTA.^[100] The Greater Toronto Area has the ability to influence election results and determine the governing party in Canada, due in part to its large population and riding count.^[101]

From1993 to2011, a centre-right party failed to win a single seat in the former Metro Toronto.^{[citation needed]} In the 2011 election, however, a surge in NDP support combined with a collapse in Liberal support allowed the Conservatives to win eight seats in Toronto itself, and another 24 in the suburbs.^{[citation needed]} Toronto's political leanings now appeared to mirror those of surrounding communities that leaned toward the Conservatives.^{[citation needed]}

The election of 2011 showed Liberal support, based on votes in the GTA, had collapsed from 43.7% to 30.6%, giving the Liberals only 14.9% of the local seats in the House of Commons. However, the support of the Conservatives and NDP increased accordingly, with the Conservatives increasing their vote share from 31.5% to 42.2% (and capturing 68.1% of the GTA seats) and the NDP increasing from 14.6% to 23.2% of the vote and 17% of the local Federal ridings.^{[citation needed]}

In the2015 federal election, the Liberals regained their dominance of the GTA after suffering devastating losses there four years earlier. They defeated a number of prominent incumbents from both the NDP and the Conservatives. The Liberals took all of Toronto itself. They also took back almost all of the suburban ridings they had lost in 2011. Both the NDP and the Conservatives suffered heavily as their support collapsed in the inner city and the suburbs respectively. Only a few Conservatives held onto their seats in the outer ring of the GTA, while the NDP failed to elect any MPs in this area.^[102] The2019,2021 and2025 federal elections have similar results.

Toronto is the capital of Ontario with theOntario Legislative Building, oftenmetonymically known asQueen's Park after the street and park surrounding it, being located inDowntown Toronto. Most of the provincial government offices are also located in downtown Toronto.

On the provincial level of government, theOntario Progressive Conservatives (PCs),Ontario Liberals, and theOntario New Democrats all hold electoral districts in the GTA.^[103] While the GTA provided a strong base of support for the Progressive Conservative government between 1995 and 2003, the Ontario Liberal Party achieved a major victory in the GTA during the2003 election and has enjoyed strong support from the region ever since.^[104] In the2011 election, the Liberals won 33 of the 44 available seats in the GTA, allowing PremierDalton McGuinty to hold onto a minority government. The2014 election under McGuinty's successor,Kathleen Wynne, was an even bigger electoral landslide for the Liberals, as they won 38 seats in the region. They even took several ridings in territory that had voted PC for decades, like Durham, Burlington, Newmarket-Aurora and Halton. The PCs hold no seats in Peel Region and only one seat in each of the Halton, York, and Durham regions. While the NDP has been weak in the GTA since the1995 election, it has seen some successes in Brampton and Durham Region, where they hold one seat each.

The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario did not win a riding in the City of Toronto during a general election from 1999 to 2018.^[105] On the other end of the spectrum, the NDP saw major losses in Toronto during the 2014 election and held only two seats in the city. That is no longer the case since the2018 provincial election, as the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP made significant gains at the expense of the Liberals; that continues to hold true in the2022 and2025 provincial elections.

In 2011, 244 politicians govern the Greater Toronto Area below the provincial and federal levels, holding offices in cities, towns, and regional municipalities.^[106] There are no political parties at the municipal level in the Greater Toronto Area. Unusual for a large North American urban agglomeration, the GTA has very few agencies with powers that can cross boundaries.Attempts to create an interregional organization have been made, such as the Province of Ontario's Office of the Greater Toronto Area (OGTA) in 1988^[107] and theGreater Toronto Services Board (GTSB) in 1998,^[108][109] but they have failed by the lack of real authority in those agencies.^[109][110]

Consequently, there are few interregional public authorities:Metrolinx, an agency of the provincial government, manages the GTA-wideGO Transit system,^[111] while theToronto and Region Conservation Authority manages some of the GTA's watersheds and natural areas.^[112] Notably, there is no organization with broad powers as in other Canadian cities, such as theCommunauté métropolitaine de Montréal andMetro Vancouver Regional District.

According to the latest census datafrom 2021 fromStatistics Canada, the population of this area is 6,712,341. Population growth studies have projected the City of Toronto's population in 2031 to be 3,000,000 and the Greater Toronto Area's population to be 7,450,000,^[113] while theOntario Ministry of Finance states it could reach 7.7 million by 2025.^[114] Statistics Canada identified in 2001 that four major urban regions in Canada exhibited a cluster pattern of concentrated population growth among which included theGreater Golden Horseshoe Census Region, which includes all of the Greater Toronto Area (which includes Oshawa), as well as otherSouthern Ontario cities including Hamilton, Guelph, Barrie, and the cities in Niagara Region and Waterloo Region. Combined, the Greater Golden Horseshoe has a population of 9,765,188 in 2021, containing over 20 per cent of Canada's population.

Statistics Canada found in2006, there were 31,910 Indigenous people living in the Greater Toronto Area, which represented 2.7 per cent of allIndigenous peoples in Canada and 13.2 per cent of those in Ontario.^[127] Most of them, however, are not registered with theIndian reserves within the Greater Toronto Area, theChippewas of Georgina Island First Nation and theMississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation.

In 2009, the Toronto CMA also has one of the largest proportions of foreign-born residents (46 per cent) as a share of the total population out of all metropolitan areas in theOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Toronto region is also unusually diverse in the composition of its ethnicities. The four largest foreign-born populations of Toronto constitute only 15 per cent of the total foreign-born population. That is opposed to the four largest foreign-born populations of other metropolitan areas such as New York City and London, where they make up 25 per cent of their respective foreign-born populations.^[64]

Education in the Greater Toronto Area is managed by the provincialMinistry of Education, who manages preschool, elementary and secondary education, while the provincialMinistry of Colleges and Universities administers laws relating totertiary education, includingcolleges, universities, andvocational schools.^[153][154]

There are presently twelvepublic Englishfirst languageschool boards, and two French first language school boards operating within the GTA. Seven of these school boards operatesecular schools, whereas the other seven operateseparate schools; the seven separate school boards in the Greater Toronto Area all serve theRoman Catholic faith. In addition to public schools, there are also manyprivate schools that operate within Greater Toronto.

Three of these GTA-based public school boards also manage institutions outside Greater Toronto, the two French first language school boards, based in Toronto, as well as theDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board (DPCDSB). Conversely, English first language public schools inClarington, a municipality within Durham Region, are managed by school boards based outside the GTA.

The Greater Toronto Area is also home to six publicly funded colleges^[155] that have campuses spread in and around the metropolitan area. The six publicly funded colleges based in the Greater Toronto Area include:

Another publicly funded college,Collège Boréal, also maintains asatellite campus in Toronto. However, Collège Boréal's main campus and administration is based outside the GTA, inGreater Sudbury. In addition to publicly funded colleges, there are also many private career colleges spread throughout the Greater Toronto Area.^[156]

The Greater Toronto Area is home to six publicly funded universities. Universities based within Greater Toronto include:^[157]

Three publicly funded universities based outside of the GTA operate satellite campuses within the GTA, including the Hamilton-basedMcMaster University, Peterborough-basedTrent University, and the Guelph-basedUniversity of Guelph. The McMaster'sDeGroote School of Business operates the Ron Joyce Centre in Burlington;^[158] Trent University operates a satellite campus in Oshawa, referred to as Trent in Oshawa;^[159] The University of Guelph operates anaffiliated institution alongside Humber College, theUniversity of Guelph-Humber, in Toronto.^[160] One American university, Boston-basedNortheastern University, operates a satellite campus in Toronto.

There also are eleven private religious universities spread throughout the GTA.^[161]

• Greater Toronto Hockey League
• Environmental issues in Toronto
• Toronto Region Research Alliance