| Great Southern Reef | |
|---|---|
 An endemic sixbar coralfish (Tilodon sexfasciatus) explores the golden kelp at Greenly Island, South Australia | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Temperate Australasia |
| Biome | Kelp forest, rocky reef |
| Animals | Leafy seadragon, fairy penguin, Australian sea lion |
| Geography | |
| Area | 71,000 km2 (27,000 mi2) |
| Country | Australia |
| States | Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, NSW, Tasmania |
| Coordinates | 35°00′14″S 135°57′37″E |
| Climate type | Temperate |
TheGreat Southern Reef is a system of interconnectedreefs that spans the southern coast of continentalAustralia andTasmania and extends as far north asBrisbane to the east andKalbarri to the west. It covers 71,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of ocean and straddles five states, running along the coast for 8,000 km (5,000 mi).[1]
The Great Southern Reef is named after its world-famous neighbour to the north, theGreat Barrier Reef, but has received a fraction of the attention and protection given to the latter. The Great Southern Reef is an importantbiodiversity hotspot and annually contributes more than AU$10 billion to the Australian economy.[2] The Australianrock lobster andabalone fisheries, together worth four times the value of all commercial fishing in the Great Barrier Reef, operate within the Great Southern Reef.[2] The robust health of the reef can be attributed to its cool, oxygen-rich waters and sprawling forests ofgiant andgolden kelp. The kelp provides food and shelter for thousands of species, and itsendemic species include all three known species of seadragon, one of the world's smallest species ofpenguin, and Australia's only endemicpinniped.
TheAboriginal people of Australia andTasmania developed and practiced sustainable management of the Great Southern Reef's abundant resources for thousands of years before Western colonisation.[citation needed] Modern scientific research on the ecology of the Great Southern Reef before 2015 was scant, and it continues to receive very little attention or resources compared to other marine ecosystems of similar ecological value. An estimated 10,000 species remain to be discovered. Giving the Great Southern Reef its name was part of an ongoing and concerted effort to raise the public's awareness of its existence, importance, and plight. Thanks to its location on theIndo-Australian tectonic plate, the reef has enjoyed stable environmental conditions for most of its history, but human-caused threats like anthropogenicclimate change,overfishing, and marine animal invasions have caused significant damage to its unique habitats,[citation needed] including kelp die-offs and disruptions to thefood web. The cooler waters that support the biodiversity of the Great Southern Reef make it and its highly specialised inhabitants especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change.[citation needed]
The name first appeared in Australian news media in September 2015, a few months after the term was coined in an unprecedented scientific study of the reef published in the journalMarine and Freshwater Research.[3] It derives from the reef's location on the southern coast of Australia and its proximity to the better-known Great Barrier Reef to the north. Advocates for protection of the Great Southern Reef came up with the name to help spread awareness of its existence and importance.[1]
The Great Southern Reef is divided between theIndian Ocean to the west, theSouthern Ocean to the south, and theSouth Pacific Ocean to the east. TheGreat Australian Bight, thebay that makes up most of the south coast of continental Australia, and the Tasman Sea between Australia andNew Zealand represent significant portions of the reef.
The rocky reefs that make up the Great Southern Reef are the result ofweathering anderosion on the continent; some may have originally beenlandforms before sea levels rose. Wave action deposits sand on the reef and carves away at the rock, creating a variety of habitats for animals. These features are typically made ofgranite andsandstone, but softlimestone forms part of the coastline. Geologists believe that the reef's location has been one of the factors that has created such a rich ecosystem and high levels of endemism: Southern Australia is generally stable and free of disruptions caused bytectonic activity, has noglaciers that could causeisostatic movement, and has a dry climate, meaning less sediment is swept into rivers and carried to the coast.[4]
While the Great Barrier Reef is made up oftropicalcoral reefs, the Great Southern Reef is located in atemperate marine ecosystem with reefs made of rock. A defining feature of the Great Southern Reef,kelp forests provide theprimary production, habitat, and other resources needed for the high level of biodiversity in the region, which is home to thousands of species; hundreds of those are found nowhere else, and an estimated 10,000 remain to be discovered.[5][6] In addition togiant kelp,golden kelp is common on the Great Southern Reef. Kelp forests are also some of the world's largestcarbon sinks, and the Great Southern Reef therefore acts as a buffer against climate change.[7] Unfortunately, an estimated 95% of the giant kelp forests off the coast of Tasmania have died off over the past few decades due higher water temperatures and thelong-spined sea urchin.[6][8]
In addition to macroalgae, sessile animals likesoft corals,sea fans and othergorgonians, and colourfulsponge gardens create habitats for fish and invertebrates.[4][6]
Endemic species of fish includehorseshoe leatherjackets,old wives,senate wrasses,southern hulafish,southern blue devils, and many more.[9] Many fishes are highly specialised: the body shape and colouration of thegolden weedfish, for example, perfectly mimics the golden kelp of the Great Southern Reef, while thered handfish has only been found in two small patches of reef off the coast of Tasmania.[10][11] Thespotted wobbegong is acarpet shark that is uniquely designed to blend in with the seafloor.[9] Other sharks include the bottom-dwellingPort Jackson shark, named for a location within the Great Southern Reef. Larger, economically important fishes likesouthern bluefin tuna patrol the open waters.[12]
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All three known species of seadragon can be found only on the Great Southern Reef.[13] The leaf-like appendages of leafy and common seadragons allow them to camouflage among thekelp andseaweeds, so well in fact that researchers started Dragon Search, a resource that allows recreational divers to report sightings of seadragons so that their population numbers may be better assessed.[14] Theruby seadragon, believed to be a deeper-water species due in part to its colour, was only discovered in 2015.[15] Their cousins,seahorses andpipefish, are also present. Locally, the seadragons of the Great Southern Reef are an iconic species; the leafy seadragon, or simply "leafy", is themarine emblem of the state ofSouth Australia, and Victoria's is the common seadragon.
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Rock lobster and abalone are the best-known invertebrate residents of the Great Southern Reef because of their economic value and ubiquity as foods. There are many species ofcrustaceans, from largespider crabs to theblue swimmer crab to the hair-likeamphipods known asskeleton shrimp. Brightly colourednudibranchs comb the rocky reefs for algae, sponges, and other food items. The reef has multiple endemiccephalopods: theGiant Australian cuttlefish assemble in large numbers to mate, and thesouthern species of theblue-ringed octopus hunts with deadlytetrodotoxin.[6][9] Multiple species ofreef andbobtail squid also make their home on the Great Southern Reef.
The demise of kelp forests on the Great Southern Reef has resulted in a lot of dead kelp washing ashore; also known asbeach wrack, 40 species of South Australian bird use it in the building of their nests.[16]
There are multiple coastal and island colonies of the world's smallest penguin species, theAustralian little penguin or fairy penguin, that feed in the rich waters of the Great Southern Reef. The latest research differentiates this species from thelittle blues of New Zealand, although they are still collectively considered the smallest species of penguin. These colonies include Sydney'sManly Beach andMontague Island inNew South Wales andSt Kilda Breakwater in Melbourne.[17]Phillip Island in the state ofVictoria is home to the world's largest fairy penguin colony.[6][17]
The Great Southern Reef is home to Australia's only endemicpinniped: theAustralian sea lion, the only member of the genusNeophoca.[18] They remain vulnerable after being hunted extensively in the 19th century, but today they breed on at least 50 islands within the Great Southern Reef.[18][19]Seal Bay onKangaroo Island has a population of sea lions that have become popular with tourists.[20]Southern right whales and the local population ofhumpback whales are also dependent on theplankton fueled by the conditions in the waters of the Great Southern Reef.[12]
In Aboriginal culture, the seas surrounding Australia, including the Great Southern Reef and the plentiful resources it has provided for the Aboriginal peoples of southern Australia, may be referred to broadly as “Sea Country” (Yora:garrigarrang nura), a term borrowed from the language of the indigenousEora people of theSydney Basin.
For thousands of years, the Aboriginal people of Australia and Tasmania developed strategies for the sustainable use of the Great Southern Reef's many resources, and its value to humans was deeply ingrained in Aboriginal culture. For example, the seasonal calendar of the Kaurna people of the Adelaide region shows the traditional migration between the coast and inland plains in different seasons. During Wirltuti (spring) Kaurna headed to the coast where blue crabs, garfish, shellfish and crustaceans were harvested.
Recent developments have included the recruitment of indigenous Australians as park rangers, management in partnership with families and clans, and special zones on the Great Southern Reef where Aboriginal Australians may practice traditional management practices.
As a temperate ecosystem, stable water temperatures are important to the health of the reef and its residents. Many species are sensitive to even the slightest changes in water temperature and unable to migrate to cooler waters. Accelerated by the2014-16 El Niño event, which broke multiple warming records for the Pacific Ocean, temperature fluctuations have been largely responsible for the demise of kelp forests on the Great Southern Reef.[1] Currently, the reef contains two locations considered by climate scientists to be "hotspots", or in the top 10% of areas recently affected by warming.[21]
Oil and gas companies have proposed surveying the Great Australian Bight forfossil fuel extraction, which could impact the Great Southern Reef. Environmental organisations likeThe Wilderness Society have argued that the depth of the water and rough seas could result in a disastrous oil spill, and the continued burning of fossil fuels contributes to the warming threatening the Great Southern Reef.[22]
For the economy of Australia's southern coast, the Great Southern Reef is an invaluable resource, providing ample opportunities for recreationalfishing, swimming,surfing,snorkeling,scuba diving, and other forms ofecotourism, which contribute more than AU$10 billion to the economy each year.[1][23] The cool, nutrient-rich waters of Australia's temperate sea provide a rich feeding ground for commercially fished animals as well; the two most lucrative fisheries in the entire country, rock lobster (~AU$375 million/year) and abalone (~AU$134 million/year), harvest their catches from the Great Southern Reef.[24] Although Australia has robust regulations in place to protect many of its natural treasures, overfishing is a concern on the Great Southern Reef.
Historically, seadragons have been collected for display in home and public aquariums, but their export is now tightly controlled by the South Australian government.[13] Multiple aquariums have also successfully bred weedy seadragons in captivity.[25]
The recent explosion in the population of long-spined sea urchins (Centrostephanus rodgersii) in the waters south of Australia has been devastating to its kelp forests. The urchins, which are normally found north of the Great Southern Reef, have seen their range expand southward with the warm waters that themselves have caused a mass die-off of kelp. Some estimates have the urchin population on the Great Southern Reef tripling since 2016.[26] If left unchecked by predators, urchins multiple quickly and can eat through entire forests of kelp plants, leaving behind dead zones known asurchin barrens. Rock lobsters are one of the few animals that are able to eat urchins due to theechinoderm's spines, which release an irritating toxin when stimulated, and overfishing of the rock lobster has been blamed in part for the expansion of the urchins' range.[27] In 2022, the Tasmanian government released their strategy for "tackling the long spined sea urchin", which involves subsidising the commercial dive fishery as well as training recreational divers to protect important patches of kelp forest. As of June 2022, commercial divers alone have removed 2,400 tonnes (2,400,000 kg) of urchins over the past decade.[28]
Only 9.8% of Australia's national waters are considered "fully/highly protected from fishing".[29] Much of that concentrated around the Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef system in the world, which is encompassed by the expansiveCoral Sea Marine Park. The coastline of southern Australia is dotted with a number of smaller marine protected areas, although some extend out to the limits of Australian national waters. These areas can beroughly divided into South-west and South-east networks. They range from more lightly regulated multiple use zones and special purpose zones to more tightly controlled marine parks, many of them protecting particular natural features like theNeptune Islands. Some of these areas are set aside specifically for traditional resource management. In lieu of becoming aUNESCO World Heritage Site like the Great Barrier Reef, Mission Blue, the organisation founded by marine biologistSylvia Earle, has designated the Great Southern Reef as a "Hope Spot" and worked with local advocates to preserve the reef.[30]
Hoping to find a solution that will restore Australia's temperate kelp forests, researchers have been trying to seed kelp in deforested areas with some success.[26]Aquaculture companies have also invested inkelp farming in the region, in particular the cultivation ofAsparagopsis, a red seaweed that when added in small amounts to the feed oflivestock can cut their methane emissions by as much as 90%.[31]
The future of the Great Southern Reef depends on addressing human-caused climate change, as fluctuations in water temperature are primarily responsible for its decline.
35°00′14″S135°57′37″E / 35.0038380°S 135.9603483°E /-35.0038380; 135.9603483
