40°46′53″N73°57′59″W / 40.78135°N 73.96648°W /40.78135; -73.96648
TheGreat Lawn andTurtle Pond are two connected features ofCentral Park inManhattan,New York City,United States. The lawn and pond are located on the site of a former reservoir for theCroton Aqueduct system which was infilled during the early 20th century.
The pond, originally known asBelvedere Lake, abutsBelvedere Castle as well as theDelacorte Theater, and contains a variety of turtles and fish. The lawn is composed of 14 acres (5.7 ha) of oval-shaped land, which is used for sports and concerts.
The lawn and pond occupy the almost flat site of the rectangular, 35-acre (14 ha) Lower Reservoir, which was incorporated into theGreensward Plan forCentral Park, designed byFrederick Law Olmsted andCalvert Vaux. TheKing Jagiello Monument stands at Turtle Pond's east end, theDelacorte Theater on its west end.[1] The Great Lawn proper, surrounded by an oval-shaped path, covers 14 acres (5.7 ha). The Turtle Pond and the adjacent Arthur Ross Pinetum occupy another 31 acres (13 ha).[2] The Great Lawn and Turtle Pond take up about 55 acres (22 ha) in total.[3]
The Great Lawn is mainly a recreational field, surrounded by an oval walkway.[1] There are eightbaseball fields on the Great Lawn (six within the oval walkway and two directly to the north),[4][5][6] as well as asoccer field and fourbasketball courts.[6]
The Turtle Pond is located south of the Lawn.[7] Most of the park's turtles live in Turtle Pond, and many of these are former pets that were released into the park.[8][9]
The Arthur Ross Pinetum, named after philanthropistArthur Ross, contains 17 species of pine trees across a 4-acre (1.6 ha) area on the northwestern side of the oval.[10][11][12]
The Yorkville Reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct system, also known as the Lower Reservoir or the receiving reservoir, was built in 1842 to store the city's drinking water.[13] The community of York Hill was displaced for the creation of the reservoir, and the population moved toSeneca Village to the northwest, which itself was demolished when Central Park was constructed in the 1850s.[13][14] The reservoir was filled to a depth of 34 feet (10 m) starting on June 27, 1842.[15] The reservoir occupied the space between the 79th Street and 86th Street transverse roads,[16] measuring 1,826 by 836 feet (557 by 255 m) with a capacity of at least 150 million U.S. gallons (570,000,000 L).[15] The reservoir was surrounded by a stone retaining wall, a portion of which is still visible near the 86th Street transverse.[13][17]
InEgbert Viele's plan for Central Park, whose rejection prompted thedesign competition of 1857-1858, the civil engineer "considered the reservoir worthy of attention as a major engineering feat, and his plan emphasized it by adding a terrace to the walls, from which spectators could observe military drills".[18] Proponents of the naturalistic plans in the competition proposed "'planting out' the park boundaries and the 'ugly', 'artificial', 'uncouth', 'horrid', and 'discordant' distraction of the reservoirs in order to reinforce the sense of natural expanse".[19] The southwestern corner of the reservoir was overlooked by Vista Rock, atop whichBelvedere Castle was built in 1869.[1][13] When Central Park was completed, the Lower Reservoir served as a complement to the Upper Reservoir, now theJacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.[13][20]
As theCroton-Catskill Reservoir system was completed in the first decade of the 20th century, the Lower Reservoir came to be redundant. As early as 1903, there were plans to cover the reservoir to create additional recreational space,[21] and in 1910, park commissionerCharles Bunstein Stover started advocating for the removal of the reservoir.[13][22] In spite of years of prodding, the commissioners of theCatskill Aqueduct were loath to hand over their real estate to the city.[22]
A number of projects in theCity Beautiful manner were suggested for the site.[22] This was epitomized by the Catskill Aqueduct Celebration Committee's commission of a design from the prominentBeaux-Arts "society" architectThomas Hastings.[note 1]Henry Fairfield Osborn lobbied instead for a formal carriage drive that would link hisAmerican Museum of Natural History with theMetropolitan Museum of Art.[24] Other plans for the site called for airplane landing pads, an opera house, a radio tower, sports arenas, underground parking. and a film-storage mausoleum.[25]: 116
These plans were decried as intrusions by park preservationists protecting the Olmstedian rustic plan on the one hand, and aselitist by populist champions of organized recreation facilities, who envisaged playing fields and bath houses for the city's urban poor.[13][26][27] The city approved Hastings's plan in 1917.[28] However, with the growing intensity of World War I, Central Park cycled through five parks commissioners between November 1917 and February 1918, and Hastings's plan was dropped by the administration of mayorJohn Francis Hylan.[26]
In 1922, Hastings recast his plan as a recreational center and memorial to the soldiers ofWorld War I, which fulfilled both the City Beautiful and recreational demands for the reservoir site.[27] By the mid-1920s, populist groups and newspapers were publicly calling for expansion of recreational space. Notably, theNew York Daily News published a series of articles advocating for different reuses of the receiving reservoir.[13][29] The issue became politicized. Hastings's World War I monument proposal, increasingly tied to Hylan's policies, was criticized by many of Hylan's opponents, and lost even more support when Hylan proposed a performing arts center on the site.[30] Hastings stated that the space would be wasted if the memorial plan were to be dropped,[31] and in 1925 the city'sBoard of Estimate gave preliminary approval to the memorial.[32]
The Central Park Association, one of several groups to advocate for the improvement of Central Park, was created in December 1925.[30][33]: 115–116 They opposed the memorial and subsequently succeeded in reversing the city's endorsement of the memorial.[34] Simultaneously, during the land boom that filledFifth Avenue andCentral Park West with luxury apartment towers for the rich. the Fifth Avenue Association was created. That association also opposed a reservoir memorial because it was seen as contributory to the decline of Central Park.[35]
A third group, the Citizens Union. endorsed the city's proposal to fill in the receiving reservoir.[36] In the meantime, Frederick Law Olmsted's sonFrederick Olmsted Jr. worked with Harvard librarianTheodora Kimball Hubbard to compile Frederick Sr.'s papers. The resulting publication invigorated preservationists who wanted to see the reservoir redeveloped as a more natural area. This, combined with mayorJimmy Walker's increases to park budgets, resulted in a small general cleanup of Central Park, but also saw the cancellation of the memorial.[37]
The reservoir began to be drained in January 1930.[38] The project required the dumping of 1,000,000 cubic yards (760,000 m3) of dirt into the decommissioned reservoir, which was set to be completed within a year.[39] That April the American Society of Landscape Architects, New York Chapter (ASLA) proposed a sunken meadow and lake within the former reservoir site.[40] In June 1930 the city adopted a plan presented by the ASLA for a great oval of turf, its edges softened by trees planted in clumps within and outside the encircling pedestrian walkway.[37]
Two fenced playgrounds at the northern end[note 2] were to be screened by shrubs and trees. The drainage was collected in a small receiving reservoir at the south end, the predecessor of the present Turtle Pond, which revealed its essentially rectangular shape, in spite of mild waggles in its concrete curbing. Along its southern shore, the steep gradient that had impounded the reservoir was regraded and planted with trees and shrubs to mask its regularity. The former receiving reservoir was filled in with dirt from theconstruction of Rockefeller Center.[25]: 116
In the meantime, the city teetered on the edge of insolvency during theGreat Depression. A "Hooverville" of improvised shacks developed in the dry bed of the reservoir, as the city began dumping fill.[41] The homeless were initially evicted when they tried to move into the site in late 1930, but public sentiment gradually turned to sympathy. The few dozen shacks on the site were allowed to stay through April 1933, when they were evicted.[13][42][43]
Following the destruction of the Hoovertown, parks commissioner John E. Sheehy proposed building running tracks and ball fields on the site of the reservoir.[44] The plan was controversial. It was strongly opposed by preservationists and advocacy groups, who argued that these would ruin the rural character of Central Park as originally envisioned by Olmsted and Vaux.[45][46] TheDaily News, on the other hand, supported Sheehy's plan and denounced the objections as classist discrimination, since the opponents of the Sheehy plan were mainly wealthy residents of nearby areas.[47] Sheehy's successorRobert Moses, who would see the ASLA Great Lawn to completion, took office with mayorFiorello La Guardia in January 1934. Moses replaced Sheehy's plan with his own, which placed large playgrounds and children's recreational facilities on the perimeter of a proposed meadow.[48]
The Great Lawn was essentially completed in 1937. It was planted with pine oaks and European lindens, in the reduced range of trees in the current repertory.[25]: 118 With the installation of children's play structures, the Great Lawn became a children's play area, contrasting with the adults' play area inNorth Woods and North Meadow.[20][48][49]
The Great Lawn received its baseball diamonds in the 1950s.[13][20] Heavy use followed, and by the 1970s, the Great Lawn had badly compacted soil. Advocates argue this compaction was aggravated by its use for outdoor concerts once theSheep Meadow had been restored in 1979. Eroded topsoil that washed into Belvedere Lake resulted ineutrophication that turned it to algal soup each summer. After Belvedere Castle was renovated in the 1980s, marshes were placed on the northern bank of Belvedere Lake, and turtles were introduced there.[13][20]
In 1987, theCentral Park Conservancy proposed renovating Belvedere Lake. This was stymied by the presence of dragonflies in the lake,[50] and the project was later postponed.[51] Belvedere Lake was officially renamed Turtle Pond the same year.[7][13][20] In October 1995, the Conservancy took up the joint project of rehabilitating fifty-five acres of the lawn and its surroundings.[52] Theresodding of the Great Lawn commenced in October 1996, at which point officials replaced a 15-acre (6.1 ha) ovoid patch of the Lawn, and nearby areas, with new sod for $18 million.[53] The project was completed the following year.[2][20] The renovation included the installation of 250 automatic water sprinklers and 2,000 new trees,[3] as well as a natureblind to observe the area's wildlife.[20]
The Conservancy also completely drained, re-excavated, and reconfigured Turtle Pond.[54] The project, completed in 1997, was designed so that at no position can a viewer take in all its perimeter. Shoreline plants such aslizard's tail,bulrushes,turtlehead (Chelone glabra), andblueflag iris were planted in submerged concrete shelving designed to offer each group of wetland plants their ideal water coverage.[3] A small island provides sunning spots and secure egg-laying sites for the turtles. Sightings of numerous species ofdragon fly not previously noted in Central Park have been made.
In 1996, Great Lawn was used by 12,100 softball games per year, with 250,000 combined players.[53] The following year, it was estimated that 15 million people crossed the Great Lawn every year.[2]
Annual concerts by theMetropolitan Opera and theNew York Philharmonic started in the 1960s.[55] Several past concerts have supposedly drawn hundreds of thousands of spectators each.[56] The 1980Elton John concert drew 300,000 attendees, the 1981Simon and Garfunkel reunion concert more than 500,000, and the 1982Anti-Nuclear Rally nearly 750,000.[57] Other large concerts includePaul Simon's 1991 concert, which drew 600,000 fans to the Great Lawn,[2] In September 2003,Dave Matthews Band recorded the live albumCentral Park Concert at the Lawn, and drew more than 120,000 fans, andBon Jovi's concert during the 2008 MLB All-Star Weekend, which drew about 50,000 people.[56][58]
Other events held in the Great Lawn included the New York opening of the Disney moviePocahontas in June 1995,[59] andPope John Paul II's open-air mass for 125,000 that October.[60] Until the later-canceledOZY Fest in July 2019, most of the Great Lawn's concerts were free to attend. OZY Fest's plans to charge admission on half of the 40,000 tickets was controversial, even though the remaining tickets would be free, because it would require closing off the Great Lawn for nine days in the middle of the summer.[61]
Park officials have been skeptical of the claim that hundreds of thousands of people could fit in the Great Lawn, since Bon Jovi's concert in 2008 which filled the lawn. Only about 10 acres (4.0 ha) of the lawn are estimated to be usable during concerts, and about 6,000 to 8,000 people could fit in an average acre if each person had 5 to 7 square feet (0.46 to 0.65 m2) of personal space.[56]
During the2004 Republican National Convention,NYC Parks deniedprotesters the right to organize in either the Great Lawn or North Meadow, citing concerns over possible damage to the turf.[62] In 2005, NYC Parks proposed setting a capacity limit on the Great Lawn to 50,000 people.[63] Many groups and people objected to the proposed regulation, saying that it violated their right to congregate under theFirst Amendment to theUnited States Constitution. The proposal was withdrawn in 2008.[64] However, an independent report the following year recommended a 55,000-person capacity for the Great Lawn, implicitly supporting NYC Parks' initial proposal.[65]
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