Luxembourg's territories, centering on theancestral castle, were captured from occupyingFrench forces in the first stages of the fall ofNapoleon. Some were eventually ceded toWilliam VI of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who had been declared Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in 1813, by his cousin KingFrederick William III of Prussia who annexed other territories which had been held by princes of the various branches of theHouse of Nassau.[1] TheGreat Powers agreed at theCongress of Vienna in 1815 to re-constitute and elevate Luxembourg into a grand duchy, to be hereditary in the male line of the entire House of Nassau, beginning with thePrince of Orange, who was simultaneously but separately recognised as King of the Netherlands.
ThusWilliam I of the Netherlands ascended the grand ducal throne as the first grand duke of Luxemburg. When the male line of the House of Orange-Nassau became extinct in 1890, the crown of the Netherlands went to his descendant,Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau, but the crown of Luxembourg continued in the male line, devolving upon the head of the only surviving branch of the House of Nassau, ex-Duke Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg. His son,Guillaume IV (reigned 1905–1912), left no sons and was succeeded by his daughters,Marie-Adélaïde and then byCharlotte (reigned 1919–1964). Her descendants (from her marriage toPrince Felix of Bourbon-Parma) comprise the Grand Ducal House in the 21st century.
Since the grand ducal decree of 21 September 1995, dynasts who are the children of a grand duke or hereditary grand duke hold the titles "Prince/Princess of Luxembourg" and "Prince/Princess of Nassau" with the style ofRoyal Highness.[2] Shortly after his accession to the throne in October 2000, Grand Duke Henri issued a grand ducal decree conferring upon his eldest son and heir,Prince Guillaume, the title of "Hereditary Grand Duke" and restoring to him the title "Prince of Bourbon-Parma".[4] Male line descendants ofGrand Duchess Charlotte who are not the children of a grand duke or hereditary grand duke are "Prince/Princess of Nassau" with the style ofHis/Her Royal Highness.[2]
A grand ducal decree in 2012, concerning thefamily pact, further defined the rules of titles borne.[5]
The wives, children and male-line descendants of a prince of the dynasty whose marriage has not received grand ducal consent are "Count/Countess de Nassau".[2]
To date, the title of "His/HerRoyal Highness Prince/Princess ofBourbon-Parma" has been returned to all legitimate members of the grand ducal family.[6][7] Indeed, the members of the grand ducal family have never ceased to actually be members of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma.[8][9]
Grand DukesAdolphe (1817–1905) andWilliam IV (1852–1912) wereEvangelical Christians. William married the CatholicMarie Anne of Portugal, believing that a country in which the great majority of people were Catholic should also have a Catholic monarch. In 1907, William declared the EvangelicalCounts of Merenberg to be non-dynastic and named his own Catholic daughter,Marie-Adélaïde (1894–1924), heiress to the grand ducal throne; she in 1919abdicated in favour of her sister,Charlotte (1896–1985), who was also Catholic, and Charlotte's Catholic descendants have reigned in Luxembourg ever since.
However, although Catholicism is the claimed faith of the overwhelming majority of the Luxembourgish people (ca. 90–93%), it does not have the status of a state religion, nor is there any legal or constitutional obligation for the grand duke (as head of state) to be Catholic.
Grand Duke Guillaume V (b. 1981) is the current grand duke of Luxembourg. He became grand duke when his fatherabdicated on 3 October 2025. He was married in 2012 toCountess Stéphanie de Lannoy (b. 1984), now Grand Duchess Stéphanie of Luxembourg. They have two sons.
Grand Duke Henri (b. 1955), the Grand Duke's father, was the grand duke of Luxembourg from 2000 to 2025. He was married in 1981 toMaria Teresa Mestre y Batista (b. 1956), now Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg. They have five children, including Grand Duke Guillaume.
Prince Félix of Luxembourg (b. 1984), the Grand Duke's brother. He was married on 21 September 2013 toClaire Lademacher (b.1985), now Princess Claire of Luxembourg. They have three children.
Princess Amalia of Nassau (b. 2014), Prince Félix's only daughter.
Prince Liam of Nassau (b. 2016), Prince Félix's eldest son.
Prince Balthasar of Nassau (b. 2024), Prince Félix's second son.
Prince Louis of Luxembourg (b. 1986), the Grand Duke's brother. Renounced his right of succession for himself and his heirs upon his marriage in 2006. He was married in 2006 toTessy Antony (b. 1985), later Princess Tessy of Luxembourg, until divorce in 2019, and later Tessy Antony de Nassau. They have two sons.
Prince Gabriel of Nassau (b. 2006), Prince Louis's eldest son, born out of wedlock.
Prince Noah of Nassau (b. 2007), Prince Louis's second son.
Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg (b. 1991), now Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Bagory, the Grand Duke's sister. She was married in 2023 to Nicolas Bagory (b. 1988). They have two children.
Archduchess Marie-Christine of Austria (b. 1983), Princess Marie Astrid’s eldest daughter. She was married in 2008 to Count Rodolphe de Limburg-Stirum (b. 1979). They have three sons: Count Léopold de Limburg-Stirum (b. 2011), Count Constantin de Limburg-Stirum (b. 2013) and Count Gabriel de Limburg-Stirum (b. 2016).
Archduke Imre of Austria (b. 1985), Princess Marie Astrid’s eldest son. He was married in 2012 to Kathleen Walker (b. 1986), now Archduchess Kathleen of Austria. They have five children: Archduchess Maria-Stella of Austria (b. 2013), Archduchess Magdalena of Austria (b. 2016), Archduchess Juliana of Austria (b. 2018), Archduchess Cecilia of Austria (b. 2021) and Archduke Karl of Austria (b. 2023).
Archduke Christoph of Austria (b. 1988), Princess Marie Astrid’s second son. He was married in 2012 to Adélaïde Drapé-Frisch (b. 1989), now Archduchess Adélaïde of Austria. They have four children: Archduchess Katarina of Austria (b. 2014), Archduchess Sophia of Austria (b. 2017), Archduke Josef of Austria (b. 2020) and Archduchess Flavia of Austria (b. 2023).
Archduke Alexander of Austria (b. 1990), Princess Marie Astrid’s third son. He was married in 2023 to Natacha Roumiantzeff-Pachkevitch (b. 1992). They separated in 2024 and divorced in 2025 without issue.
Archduchess Gabriella of Austria (b. 1994), Princess Marie Astrid’s second daughter. She was married in 2020 to Prince Henri of Bourbon-Parma (b. 1991). They have three daughters: Princess Victoria of Bourbon-Parma (b. 2017, out of wedlock), Princess Anastasia of Bourbon-Parma (b. 2021) and Princess Philippine of Bourbon-Parma (b. 2023).
Prince Jean of Luxembourg (b. 1957), the Grand Duke's uncle. He is the twin brother of Princess Margaretha. Renounced his right of succession for himself and his heirs upon his marriage in 1986. He was married in 1987 to Hélène Vestur (b. 1958), later Countess Hélène of Nassau until divorce in 2004. They have four children. He was married in 2009 to Diane de Guerre (b. 1962), now Countess Diane of Nassau. They have no children.[11]
Princess Marie Gabrielle of Nassau (b. 1986), now Princess Marie Gabrielle, Mrs. Willms, Prince Jean's only daughter, born out of wedlock. She was married in 2017 to Antonius Willms (b. 1988). They have three children: Zeno Willms (b. 2018), Cajetan Willms (b. 2020) and Oona Willms (b. 2024).
Prince Constantin of Nassau (b. 1988), Prince Jean's eldest son. He was married in 2020 to Kathryn Mechie (b. 1989), now Princess Kathryn of Nassau. They have two children: Prince Felix of Nassau (b. 2018, out of wedlock) and Princess Cosima of Nassau (b. 2022).
Prince Wenceslas of Nassau (b. 1990), Prince Jean's second son. He was married in 2021 to Elisabeth Lamarche (b. 1990), now Princess Elisabeth of Nassau. They have one son: Prince Calixte of Nassau (b. 2022).
Prince Carl Johann of Nassau (b. 1992), Prince Jean's third son. He was married in 2019 to Ivanna Jamin (b. 1994), now Princess Ivanna of Nassau. They have two children: Prince Xander of Nassau (b. 2021) and Princess Amadea of Nassau (b. 2022).
Princess Maria-Anunciata of Liechtenstein (b. 1985), now Princess Maria-Anunciata, Mrs. Musini, Princess Margaretha’s eldest daughter. She was married in 2021 to Carlo Emanuele Musini (b. 1979). They have one daughter: Georgina Musini (b. 2023).
Princess Marie-Astrid of Liechtenstein (b. 1987), now Princess Marie-Astrid, Mrs. Worthington, Princess Margaretha’s second daughter. She was married in 2021 to Ralph Worthington V (b. 1985). They have two daughters: Althaea Worthington (b. 2022) and Aloisia Worthington (b. 2023).
Prince Josef-Emanuel of Liechtenstein (b. 1989), Princess Margaretha’s second son. He was married in 2022 to María Claudia “Cloclo” Echavarría Suárez (b. 1988), now Princess María Claudia of Liechtenstein. They have two sons: Prince Leopold of Liechtenstein (b. 2023) and Prince Nikolai of Liechtenstein (b. 2025).
Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (b. 1963), the Grand Duke's uncle. He was married in 1994 to Sibilla Weiller (b. 1968, daughter of Donna OlimpiaTorlonia dei principi di Civitella-Cesi and Paul-Annik Weiller, great-granddaughter of KingAlfonso XIII of Spain), now Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg. They have four children.
Prince Paul-Louis of Nassau (b. 1998), Prince Guillaume's eldest son.
Prince Léopold of Nassau (b. 2000), Prince Guillaume's second son. He is the twin brother of Princess Charlotte.
Princess Charlotte of Nassau (b. 2000), Prince Guillaume's only daughter. She is the twin sister of Prince Léopold.
Prince Jean André of Nassau (b. 2004), Prince Guillaume's youngest son.
Princess Charlotte of Luxembourg (b. 1967), now Princess Charlotte, Mrs. Cunningham, Prince Charles 's only daughter. She was married in 1993 to Marc Victor Cunningham (b. 1965). They have three sons: Charles Cunningham (b. 1996), Louis Cunningham (b. 1998) and Donnall Cunningham (b. 2002).
Prince Robert of Luxembourg (b. 1968), Prince Charles 's only son. He was married in 1993 to Julie Ongaro (b. 1966), now Princess Julie of Nassau.[2][12] They have two surviving children:[13] Princess Charlotte of Nassau (b. 1995, married in 2025 to Nicolas Shakarchi, b. 1997) and Prince Alexandre of Nassau (b. 1997).
The preference for men over women in succession to Luxembourg's throne was abandoned in favour ofabsolute primogeniture on 20 June 2011 by decree ofGrand Duke Henri.[14] Henceforth, any legitimate female descendant of the House of Luxembourg-Nassau born of authorized marriage shall inherit the throne by order of seniority of line of descent and of birth as stipulated in Article 3 of the Constitution and theNassau Family Pact without regard to gender, applicable first to succession by the descendants of Grand Duke Henri.[15] The Grand Duke's marshal issued an addendum to the decree explaining the context of the change: pursuant to theUnited Nations' 1979 call for nations to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, in 2008 the grand duchy dropped the exception to gender non-discrimination it had declared in the matter of the grand ducal succession.[16]
^Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. and B. Magdelaine (1989).L'Allemagne Dynastique Tome V: Hohenzollern-Waldeck (in French). France. pp. 197–204, 210.ISBN2-901138-05-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^abcdefghde Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy.Le Petit Gotha. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, pp. 572–573, 582, 665–668, 678, 684 (French)ISBN2-9507974-3-1
^Marco Matteucci (30 April 2011).La real casa Borbone-Parma dal ducato ad oggi. 150 anni di vicende familiari (in Italian). CLD Libri.ISBN978-8873991779.
^Gli ultimi Asburgo e gli ultimi Borbone in Italia (in Italian). 1971. p. 140. "All members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, descendants of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix, were incorporated into the Bourbon-Parma Family, by grant to Prince Felix from his nephew, Duke Roberto Ugo, in 1964. All members of The Grand Ducal family of Luxembourg have since then been Princes and Princesses of Parma and Piacenza, or of Bourbon-Parma, with the treatment of Royal Highness. The title can be revoked from a descendant of Prince Felix only under the order of the Duke of Parma and Piacenza..."
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