Grand Union Canal
The Grand Union Canal passingTrellick Tower atWestbourne Park, London
Interactive map of Grand Union Canal
Specifications
Length	137 miles (220 km)
Locks	166
Status	Navigable
History
Date of act	1931
Geography
Connects to	River Thames Regent's Canal River Nene River Soar Oxford Canal Stratford-upon-Avon Canal Digbeth Branch Canal Birmingham and Fazeley Canal

v t e Grand Union Canal
Legend
Birmingham,Warwick Bar Salford Junction Birmingham & Warwick Jct branch Digbeth branch Bordesley Junction Ex Warwick and Birmingham Canal Saltisford Arm,Warwick Junction of two Warwick canals Ex Warwick and Napton Canal Oxford Canal Napton Junction Oxford Canal Braunston Junction Old Grand Union Canal Norton Junction (Leicester Line) River Nene Gayton Junction Northampton Arm Buckingham Arm Cosgrove Junction Buckingham Basin Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway? Aylesbury Basin Aylesbury Arm Marsworth Junction Wendover Arm Bulbourne Junction Wendover Basin Slough Basin Slough Arm Cowley Peachey Junction Bull's Bridge Junction Brentford Arm/ Paddington Arm south end of canal TheRegent's Canal Paddington Basin Syon Park TheTideway (Thames) atBrentford ? - proposed

TheGrand Union Canal inEngland is part of theBritish canal system. It is the principal navigable waterway betweenLondon and theMidlands. Starting in London, one arm runs toLeicester and another toBirmingham. The Birmingham canal is 137 miles (220 km) with 166locks.^[1] The Birmingham line has a number of short branches to places includingSlough,Aylesbury,Wendover, andNorthampton. The Leicester line has two short arms of its own, toMarket Harborough andWelford.

It has links with other canals and navigable waterways, including theRiver Thames, theRegent's Canal, theRiver Nene andRiver Soar, theOxford Canal, theStratford-upon-Avon Canal, theDigbeth Branch Canal and theBirmingham and Fazeley Canal.

The canal south ofBraunston to the River Thames atBrentford in London is the originalGrand Junction Canal. At Braunston the latter met theOxford Canal linking back to the Thames to the south and toCoventry to the north via theCoventry Canal. "Grand Union Canal" is also the original name for what is now the Leicester line of the modern Grand Union, running from short east of Braunston to Leicester, and which is now sometimes referred to as theOld Grand Union Canal to avoid ambiguity.

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Regent's Canal and Dock Company (Grand Junction Canal Purchase) Act 1928[a]
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to provide for the transfer to the Regent's Canal and Dock Company of the canal undertaking of the Company of Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal to confer various powers upon the Regent's Canal and Dock Company and for other purposes.
Citation	18 & 19 Geo. 5. c. xcviii
Territorial extent	United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent	3 August 1928
Commencement	3 August 1928[b]
Other legislation
Amended by	Grand Union Canal Act 1931 Grand Union Canal Act 1943 National Insurance (Modification of Transport Undertaking Superannuation Funds) Regulations 1961
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted

The Grand Union Canal in its current form came into being on 1 January 1929.^[2] TheRegent's Canal and theGrand Junction Canal agreed that amalgamation and modernisation were the only way to remain competitive against rail and newly developing road transport, and the merger was authorised by theRegent's Canal and Dock Company (Grand Junction Canal Purchase) Act 1928 (18 & 19 Geo. 5. c. xcviii).

• Regent's Canal
• Hertford Union Canal – bought by the Regent's Canal in 1857

Main Line

• Warwick and Napton Canal – bought by the Regent's Canal in 1928^[3]
• Warwick and Birmingham Canal – bought by the Regent's Canal in 1928^[3]
• Birmingham and Warwick Junction Canal – bought by the Regent's Canal in 1928^[3]
• Grand Junction Canal – bought by the Regent's Canal in 1928^[3]

Leicester Line

• Old Grand Union Canal – bought by the Grand Junction in 1894
• Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Union Canal – bought by the Grand Junction in 1894
• Leicester Navigation – bought by the Grand Union in 1932
• Loughborough Navigation – bought by the Grand Union in 1932
• Erewash Canal – bought by the Grand Union in 1932

A five-mile (eight-km) section of theOxford Canal forms the main line of the Grand Union betweenBraunston andNapton-on-the-Hill.^[4] Although the Grand Union intended to buy the Oxford Canal andCoventry Canal, these purchases did not take place.

The section of the main line betweenBrentford and Braunston (formerly the Grand Junction Canal) was built as a 'wide' or 'broad' canal – that is, its locks were wide enough to accommodate two narrowboats abreast (side by side) or a single wide barge up to 14 feet (4.3 m) in beam.

Grand Union Canal Act 1931[a]
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to empower the Grand Union Canal Company to execute works and improve part of their canal to confer powers upon that company with reference to part of the Oxford Canal Navigation and for other purposes.
Citation	21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. xc
Territorial extent	United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent	31 July 1931
Commencement	31 July 1931[b]
Other legislation
Amends	Regent's Canal and Dock Company (Grand Junction Canal Purchase) Act 1928
Amended by	Grand Union Canal Act 1943
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted

The onward sections from Braunston to Birmingham had been built as 'narrow' canals, that is, the locks could accommodate only a singlenarrowboat. TheGrand Union Canal Act 1931 (21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. xc) was passed authorising a key part of the modernisation scheme of the Grand Union, supported by government grants. The narrow locks (and several bridges) between Napton andCamp Hill Top Lock in Birmingham were rebuilt to takewidebeam boats or barges up to 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m) in beam, or two narrowboats. The canal was dredged and bank improvements carried out: the depth was increased to 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) to allow heavier cargoes, and the minimum width increased to 26 feet (7.9 m) to enable two boats of 12 feet 6 inches to pass. Lock works were completed in 1934 when theDuke of Kent opened the new broad locks at Hatton,^[5] and other improvements finished by 1937.

These improvements to depth and width were never carried out between Braunston and London. Camp Hill Locks in Birmingham were not widened, as it would have been very expensive and of little point, since they lead only to further flights of locks not in the ownership of the Grand Union. A new basin and warehouse were constructed at Tyseley, aboveCamp Hill, to deal with this. Although the Grand Union company had a number of broad boats built to take advantage of the improvements, they never really caught on and the canal continued to be operated largely by pairs of narrowboats, whose journeys were facilitated by the newly widened locks in which they could breast up.

Grand Union Canal (Leicester Canals Purchase, &c.) Act 1931
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to provide for the transfer to the Grand Union Canal Company of the undertakings of the Company of Proprietors of the Leicester Navigation the Company of Proprietors of the Navigation from the River Trent to the Town of Loughborough and the Company of Proprietors of the Erewash Canal in the counties of Derby and Nottingham to authorise the Grand Union Canal Company to execute works and for other purposes.
Citation	21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. cvii
Territorial extent	United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent	31 July 1931
Commencement	31 July 1931[b]
Other legislation
Amended by	Grand Union Canal Act 1943
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted

The three sections between Norton junction and theRiver Trent (collectively known as the 'Leicester line') are mixed in size. From Norton to Foxton, the route is a narrow canal. From below Foxton to Leicester it is a wide canal. FromLeicester to the Trent, the route is effectively the River Soar and the locks and bridges are wide. TheGrand Union Canal (Leicester Canals Purchase, &c.) Act 1931 (21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. cvii) authorised the widening of the locks atWatford Locks andFoxton Locks, but with government grants for this section not forthcoming, the work was not carried out.

The Grand Union Canal was nationalised in 1948, control transferring to theBritish Transport Commission, and in 1962 to the British Waterways Board, laterBritish Waterways. Commercial traffic continued to decline, effectively ceasing in the 1970s, though lime juice was carried from Brentford to Boxmoor until 1981, and aggregates on the River Soar until 1995. However, leisure traffic took over, and the canal is now as busy as it ever was, with leisure boating complemented by fishing, towpath walking andgongoozling. More recently freight traffic returned with the carriage of aggregates from Denham to West Drayton in barges and narrowboats, and the opening of a new wharf for re-cyclables and aggregates atOld Oak Common.

One end of the Grand Union Canal (Grand Junction Canal – Main Line) is at Brentford on theRiver Thames in west London, where the canal follows the engineered course of theBrent. The double Thames Lock at Brentford separates theTideway administered by thePort of London Authority from the River Brent/Grand Union Canal, administered by theCanal & River Trust. The locks on the canal are partially numbered: numbered consecutively south of its turn-off for Leicester, Braunston Junction. Thames Lock is lock number 101.

For more than 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream of Thames Lock, the canal and the Brent are one and the same, and the waterway is semi-tidal until the double Gauging Lock (lock 100) at Brentford. Just upstream of the Gauging Lock was a largecanal basin, now known asBrentford Lock, from which the canal covers more distance passing under Cornelius Bridge, Brentford Railway Bridge, and the Great West Road bridge and through two more locks. The river and canal part at the base of theHanwell flight of locks (92–97), after which it traversesThree Bridges, London, Isambard Brunel's final project. Two more locks take the canal toNorwood Green. It then heads westward over level ground throughSouthall,Hayes andYiewsley until it reaches the gentle valley of theColne.

Three miles (5 km) from Norwood on this long level is Bulls Bridge^[6] Junction, once the site of theGrand Union Canal Carrying Company's main dockyard. At Bulls Bridge, thePaddington Arm branches off to the north and runs 12 miles (19 km) to join the Regents Canal at Little Venice (see below). Just before Uxbridge isCowley Peachey Junction, where theSlough Arm branches off westward.

At suburban Cowley, before the 1930s a rural village, the canal begins to climb the valley of the River Colne north north-west into the adjoining town ofUxbridge. After Denham andHarefield villages, it passes to the south ofRickmansworth. Here it merges with the Rivers Chess, Colne and Gade. After Rickmansworth, the canal follows the valley of theGade, passing the site ofCroxley paper mill. The canal skirtsWatford throughCassiobury Park, passing under theM25 motorway as it approachesKings Langley.

Locks become more frequent as the climb into theChiltern Hills steepens. The original four locks here were replaced in 1819 by five shallower ones to alleviate problems with water supply to the nearby paper mills. This realigned the canal to the south of its former course; the locks here are still referred to – without irony – as "The New 'Uns" by traditional boaters, and the term has been passed on to a new generation of canal users.

AfterKings Langley andApsley – the site of more former paper mills – the canal passes the townHemel Hempstead and Boxmoor Common. From here the canal follows the course of theRiver Bulbourne throughBourne End with the well-knownswingbridge at Winkwell, and the "Port ofBerkhamsted, a small compact town". AtCow Roast Lock the canal reaches the 3-mile (5-km) summit atTring in the Chiltern hills, having risen through 54 locks since Brentford.

At the north-west end of the summit level is Bulbourne Works, where lock gates were manufactured until 2003 for the southern canal network. Half a mile (800 m) further on, the canal reaches the top of the Marsworth flight of seven locks, which begin the descent to theVale of Aylesbury. AWendover Arm branches off westwards from the summit level under a bridge adjacent to Marsworth Top Lock and is currently navigable for just over a mile to moorings and awinding hole; it has restoration project to extend it back to Wendover. This part of the canal in parlance used by natives and canal staff was "the withered arm" and in fact was only really "opened" to allow the pumping station there to pump water into the uppermost level. A few hundred metres beyond the bottom lock of the flight, theAylesbury Arm branches off to the south west.

The Grand Union descends gradually by interspersed locks, past the villages ofCheddington, Horton and Slapton until it reachesLeighton Buzzard. Traditionally this section of the canal is called "Slapton Fields" or just "The Fields" by boaters. A few miles further on, a flight of three locks nearSoulbury marks the descent towards the valley of theRiver Great Ouse.

A few miles further on it entersMilton Keynes at the outskirts ofBletchley atFenny Stratford Lock, which is unusual in lowering the level by only 12 inches (30 cm). The next stretch of 11 miles (18 km) is on the level. There is a modern proposal to diga new arm from here to the Great Ouse navigation atBedford. North of the centre, it traverses the modernNew Bradwell Aqueduct, the first on the Grand Union in over 100 years. Leaving Milton Keynes atWolverton, the canal runs on a high embankment before passing over the Great Ouse atCosgrove aqueduct (the "Iron Trunk aqueduct"), the firstcast-iron "trough"aqueduct in England.

After rising through Cosgrove Lock, (and passing the start of the abandonedBuckingham Arm) another long level section brings the canal to the bottom of theStoke Bruerne flight of seven locks. At the top of this flight is theStoke Bruerne Canal Museum followed shortly byBlisworth Tunnel, at 3,056 yards (2,794 m) one of the longest of UK canals.

Once clear of the tunnel, the canal passesBlisworth village and reachesGayton Junction where theNorthampton Arm branches off to the east. This arm has 17 narrow locks as it descends to join the navigableRiver Nene (see below). The long level stretch continues past several villages includingNether Heyford andWeedon Bec and is very rural in character.

AtWhilton, the canal reaches the bottom of the Buckby flight of seven locks which raise it toBraunston summit the village of whichparish is 5 miles (8.0 km) away. Beyond the top lock isNorton Junction where the Leicester line (not strictly a branch) heads off north. A few miles further on the canal passes through the 2040-yard (1865-m)Braunston Tunnel, which pierces a low range of hills that are part of theNorthamptonshire uplands.

The canal then drops down the Braunston flight of six locks until it reaches Braunston Junction having covered just over 93 miles (150 km).

At Braunston Junction, theOxford Canal diverges north and south. The north section leads toRugby andCoventry; the southward fork carries both theOxford Canal and the Grand Union for 5 miles (8.0 km) toNapton Junction. Here, the Grand Union heads north towardsBirmingham, while the Oxford Canal veers south towardsBanbury andOxford.

Shortly after Napton Junction, the Grand Union reaches three locks at Calcutt, which begin the descent to theWarwickshireRiver Avon. After a 3-mile (5-km) level, the canal descends into the valley of theRiver Leam by theStockton flight of 10 locks (often known as 'the Itchington Ten'). Above the eighth lock down the flight, a short arm (now used as pleasure craft moorings) used to serveSoutham cement works. This was where the last regular cargo of cement was loaded heading for Birmingham in the late 1960s.

From the bottom of the locks, a 3-mile (5-km) level leads to the fourBascote Locks. The top two form a 'riser' orstaircase. Six more interspersed locks lead to Radford, after which a 5-mile (8-km) level takes the canal throughLeamington Spa toWarwick. Between these two towns, the canal crosses the River Avon and the formerGreat Western Railway onaqueducts.

At Warwick, the canal rises by two locks toBudbrooke Junction (formerly the junction with the then-independent Warwick and Birmingham Canal). To the left is the restoredSaltisford Canal Arm, a short stretch that used to run under the railway to the original canal basin complex and terminus of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal – the basin was filled-in in the 1970s. The canal used to serve one of the oldestgasworks.^[7] Two hexagonal buildings that housed the gas holders are part of the world's oldest remaining gasworks buildings.^[8] After half a mile the mainline reaches the bottom of theHatton flight of 21 locks that lift the canal up out of the Avon Valley. The first 10 locks are spaced out but from the middle lock the flight is tightly spaced.

Three miles (5 km) from Hatton Top Lock the canal passes throughShrewley Tunnel, with its separate horse tunnel, and then passes Rowington village to Kingswood Junction where a short spur connects with theStratford-upon-Avon Canal. Another 3 miles (4.8 km) lead to theKnowle flight of five locks. Finally, an 11-mile (18-km) level takes the canal throughElmdon Heath,Solihull,Acocks Green andTyseley to the heart of Birmingham.

The main line may be considered to terminate atBordesley Junction. From here, there are two routes, both part of the Grand Union Canal. The original line of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal leads to theDigbeth Branch Canal of theBirmingham Canal Navigations at theWarwick Bar, while the later line of the Birmingham and Warwick Junction Canal leads to theBirmingham and Fazeley Canal (andTame Valley Canal) atSalford Junction, which in turn has connections to theCoventry Canal and theTrent and Mersey Canal.

v t e Grand Union Canal
Legend
Leicester Line
River Soar Navigation to Loughborough andRiver Trent Lakeside Marina Watermead Way Bridge Belgrave Lock Abbey Park Evans Weir Soar Lane Bridge West Bridge, Leicester Leicester moorings Upperton Road Arm (dis) Leicester City Football Club St Mary's Mills Aylestone Road Arm Great Central Railway (cycle path) Junction ofRiver Soar Navigation King's Lock & Café Kilby Bridge Saddington Tunnel (880 yd) Debdale Wharf & Marina GU Market Harborough Arm Foxton Locks (10) & Inclined Plane Market Harborough Basin summit Husbands Bosworth Tunnel (1,166 yd) Welford Junction Welford basin Crick Marina Crick Tunnel (1,528 yd) summit Watford Locks (7) Norton Junction Grand Union Canal main line
† Diagram not to scale. Selected features.[9][10]

Formed by amalgamations of once-independent canals, the 'Leicester Line' of the Grand Union Canal runs north from Norton Junction for about 35 miles (56 km) until it reachesLeicester, where it joins theRiver Soar to provide a link to theRiver Trent and to theTrent and Mersey Canal. It includes tunnels south ofCrick 1,528 yd (1,397 m) and north ofHusbands Bosworth 1,166 yd (1,066 m) The village of Crick is home to a popular annualboat show.

The stretch of the canal that passes through the centre of Leicester is known as the 'Mile Straight' and is home toLeicester Rowing Club, arowing andsculling club. The club hostsregattas on a stretch co-running with theSoar, typically held in mid-April by over 100 crews over a 770-yard (700 m) course.

Also on this section are theFoxton Locks andWatford Locks, bothstaircase locks. Beside Foxton locks is the site of a long-abandonedinclined planeboat lift. This was constructed as part of a project to create a wide-beam canal route to connect the northern and southern parts of the canal system, something which does not exist to this day. Funding to deal with the narrow locks at Watford was not forthcoming and the scheme was aborted. The canal north of Foxton Junction is wide-beam to Leicester and onwards. It was originally intended to build a canal at this width all the way to theRiver Nene at Northampton. However, that canal never went further than the basin atMarket Harborough.

The Leicester Line continues along theRiver Soar Navigation, and reaches theRiver Trent at Soar Mouth, north ofRatcliffe-on-Soar.^[11] It is possible to continue to theTrent and Mersey Canal,Coventry Canal and NorthOxford Canal, to complete a circuit known as the Leicester Ring.^[12]

The Grand Union Canal has six main branches, usually termed 'arms'.

Paddington Arm

Five miles (eight km) fromBrentford, thePaddington Arm runs circuitously on the flat to a junction with theRegent's Canal, the latter running north and east of Central London. The triangularcanal basin formed by the junction is called theLittle Venice in Maida Vale. The Arm's final 500 m runs south-east toPaddington Basin.

Slough Arm

From Cowley Peachey, theSlough Arm runs 5 miles (8.0 km) to the west.

Wendover and Aylesbury Arms

From Marsworth, about 35 miles (56 km) by canal fromBrentford, two arms diverge: one toWendover (currently in-part navigable as being restored by the Wendover Arm Trust;^[13]) the other descends through 16 narrow locks for 4 miles (6.4 km) toAylesbury.

Northampton Arm

From Gayton Junction, about 60 miles (97 km) from Brentford, theNorthampton Arm links with theRiver Nene.

Saltisford Canal Arm, Warwick

At Warwick the northernmost branch off of the Grand Union Canal (also known by regular users as the "GU"), the Saltisford Canal Arm begins. The restored arm is close to the centre of Warwick. It was originally the main line of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal, 1799, leading to the terminus and a basin with wharfs for timber. When the Warwick and Napton Canal opened, this bypassed channel remained as the town's wharf. The Saltisford Canal Trust have restored most of the surviving canal, 1990–2015, such as installing long lengths of sheet piling and restoring a warehouse in 2007. Its last 160 yards (150 m) were lost in the 1970s saving a disused road bridge that stands isolated in a car park. Warwick's narrowboat moorings are on the Arm by a public park partly in view of theCastle. Over 800 visiting narrowboats cruise to Warwick each year and moor on the arm.^[14]

The Leicester Line has two modest arms of its own, seeGrand Union Canal (old).

The Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway Consortium plans to build a 16-mile (26 km) canal connecting the Grand Union atMilton Keynes to theRiver Great Ouse atBedford at an estimated cost of £150 million.^[16] The project is supported by British Waterways (and its successor, theCanal & River Trust), theBedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Trust, other waterways campaign groups, and also local councils.^[17] The first element of the canal is an underpass under the A421, completed in 2009 and efforts are continuing to obtain funding to complete the scheme in 'bite-size chunks'.^[15] The new waterway would create a new cruising ring connecting through from the Grand Union to the waterways ofEast Anglia which are beneficial to leisure cruising as tourists are able to follow circular routes, as well as completing a missing link between the north and south of the UK forwide-beam boats - all current inland waterways have restrictive pinch points around the Midlands, only suited tonarrowboats, effectively dividing wide-beam cruising grounds into two disconnected halves.^[18]

The history of the proposal is considerably older; the route was first discussed in 1810, when its promoters includedSamuel Whitbread.^[15]

From Milton Keynes, the canal is planned to pass beneath theM1 using an existingcattle creep, then cross overBrogborough Hill, and across theMarston Vale through to the River Great Ouse in Kempston.^[19]

TheBuckingham Arm once ran fromCosgrove, Northamptonshire toBuckingham. It was built as an arm of the Grand Junction Canal, in two separate phases, opening in 1800 and 1801. It was disused from 1932, but was not finally abandoned until 1964. It is now the subject of a restoration project.

The predecessor to the Canal and River Trust, British Waterways, received mild financial support indications from the two local authorities coveringSlough andEton, Berkshire to extend theSlough Arm to join theThames, via any course i.e. covering a minimum 2 miles (3.2 km); the 2008-estimated cost was £30 million.^[20] The trust confirmed in 2012 this remains a long-term objective, to be actioned when the economic conditions allow.^[21]

• 
  Bulky shining sculpture or landmark,Liquidity erected 2002 at the apex Ferry Wharf,Brentford, marking a then-dry entrance to the Grand Union Canal from theRiver Thames'sTideway as at low tide.
• 
  Brentford Locks, London
• 
  Confluence with theRiver Brent, London
• 
  Wooden bridge across the canal atNortholt, London
• 
  Bull's Bridge Junction in the eastern distribution-centred part ofHayes, west London
• 
  Batchworth Lock No 81, (in 1977)
• 
  A lock and upstream tract to a white humpback bridge atApsley, Hertfordshire
• 
  The canal nearBugbrooke, Northamptonshire
• 
  The canal nearNether Heyford, Northamptonshire
• 
  Saddington Tunnel, Leicestershire

• List of canals of the United Kingdom
• Grand Union Canal 145 mile Race
• Wendover Arm Canal
• List of locks on the Grand Union Canal

Wikimedia Commons has media related toGrand Union Canal.

• Documents and clippings about Grand Union Canal Company in the20th Century Press Archives of theZBW
• Map of the Grand Union – Canal and River Trust
• images & map of mile markers seen along the disparate arms of GU canal
• images & map of mile markers seen along the Northern section of the GU canal
• images & map of mile markers seen along the G U (Southern) canal

52°03′03″N0°44′02″W / 52.05076°N 0.73400°W /52.05076; -0.73400

• Canals in Northamptonshire
• Canals in Warwickshire
• Canals in Berkshire
• Canals in Leicestershire
• Canals in Buckinghamshire
• Transport in Milton Keynes
• Canals in Hertfordshire
• Canals in England
• Canals in London
• Canals opened in 1929
• Thames drainage basin
• Soar catchment
• Tame catchment

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