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| Details | |
|---|---|
| Duration | 1970–1989 |
| Edition | 1-19 |
| Categories | Grand Prix Group 1 Grand Prix Group 2 Grand Prix Group A Grand Prix Group AA Grand Prix One Star Grand Prix Two Star Grand Prix Three Star Grand Prix Four Star Grand Prix Five Star Grand Prix Six Star Grand Prix Regular Series Grand Prix Super Series Grand Prix Open Week Series Masters Grand Prix Grand Prix Triple Crown |
| Achievements (singles) | |
TheITF Grand Prix Circuit[1] was a professionaltennis tour for male players founded in 1970 as theILTF Grand Prix Tennis Circuit[2] it was administered by theInternational Tennis Federation (ITF) and ran annually until 1989 when it and the rivalWCT Circuit were replaced by a single world wideATP Tour.[3]
The women's tour theILTF Women's International Grand Prix Circuit ran from 1971 to 1976. It's events were absorbed to form theColgate International Series.
Before theOpen Era, popular professional tennis players, such asSuzanne Lenglen andVincent Richards, were contracted to professional promoters. Amateur players were under the jurisdiction of their national (and international) federations. Later professional promoters, such asBill Tilden andJack Kramer, often convinced leading amateurs likePancho Gonzales andRod Laver to join their tours with promises of good prize money. But these successes led to financial difficulties when players were paid too much and falling attendances resulted in reduced takings.[clarification needed][citation needed]
In the early 1960s, the professional tour began to fall apart. It survived only because theU.S. Pro Tennis Championships, having been unable to give prize money to its 1963 winner, received prize money from theFirst National Bank of Boston for its 1964 tournament. At the same time, the concept of "shamateurism" – amateur promoters paying players under the table to ensure they remained amateurs – had become apparent toHerman David, the chairman of theWimbledon Championships.[citation needed]
In 1967, David announced that a professional tournament would be held at theAll England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club after the1967 Wimbledon Championships. This tournament was televised by theBBC and built public support for professional tennis. In late 1967, the best of the amateur players turned professional, paving the way for the first open tournament. Some professionals were independent at this time, such asLew Hoad,Luis Ayala, andOwen Davidson, but most of the best players came under contract to one of two professional tours:[citation needed]
When the Open Era began in 1968, tournaments often found themselves deprived of NTL or WCT players. The first open tournament, theBritish Hard Court Championships atBournemouth, was played without WCT players, as was that year's French Open. In 1970, NTL players did not play in theAustralian Open because their organization did not receive a guarantee.[citation needed]
The manipulation of Grand Slam tournaments by professional promoters at the start of the Open Era led promoter Jack Kramer, the top male tennis player in the world in the 1940s and 1950s, to conceive of the Grand Prix in 1969.[4][5] He described it as "a series of tournaments with a money bonus pool that would be split up on the basis of a cumulative point system." This would encourage the best players to compete regularly in the series, so that they could share in the bonus at the end and qualify for the special championship tournament climaxing the year.[6]
When only a few contract players showed up for the1970 French Open, theInternational Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) approved Kramer's Grand Prix proposal. In April 1970, its president Ben Barnett announced the creation of the Grand Prix circuit, on an experimental basis during its first year.[7]
The first World Championship Tennis tournament was held 20 January 1968 in Sydney, Australia. The firstNTL tournament was held 18–21 March 1968 in São Paulo, Brazil. In July 1970, the WCT absorbed the NTL. In 1971, WCT ran a twenty-tournament circuit with the year-endingWCT Finals held in November. At the end of 1970, a panel of journalists had ranked the best players in the world. The best thirty-two men based on this ranking were invited to play the 1971 WCT circuit, which includedIlie Năstase,Stan Smith,Jan Kodeš,Željko Franulović, andClark Graebner.
The Australian Open was part of the WCT circuit while the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open were Grand Prix events. The conflict between the ILTF (running the Grand Prix) and WCT was so strong that Rosewall, Gimeno, Laver, Emerson, and other WCT players boycotted the1971 US Open. The third professional circuit that year was theU. S. Indoor Circuit run byBill Riordan, the future manager ofJimmy Connors.
In July 1971, the ILTF voted to ban all WCT contract professionals from competing in ILTF tournaments and from using ILTF facilities from the beginning of 1972 onwards. The 1972 editions of theFrench Open and theWimbledon Championships excluded all contract professional players. Then in April 1972, the ILTF and WCT agreed to divide the 1973 tour into a WCT circuit that ran from January through May and a Grand Prix circuit that ran for the rest of the year. The conflict between the ILTF and WCT led all tennis players to attend the1972 US Open where they agreed to form their own syndicate, theAssociation of Tennis Professionals (ATP), through the efforts of Jack Kramer,Donald Dell, and Cliff Drysdale.[citation needed]
In 1973, there were four rival professional circuits: the WCT circuit battled with the U. S. Indoor Circuit from January to April and the Grand Prix until July; both tours competed with the "European Spring Circuit" until June.[8]
In that same year, the ATP created controversy by calling for a boycott of the1973 Wimbledon Championships after one of its members, Niki Pilić, was suspended by theYugoslav Tennis Federation for failing to play in aDavis Cup tie against New Zealand. The ATP boycott went ahead after negotiations failed, with only three members of the organisation – Roger Taylor, Ilie Năstase, andRay Keldie – breaking the picket. They were later fined for this. The men's draws for that year were subsequently made up of second-string players, lucky losers, and older players such asNeale Fraser, who reached the final of the men's doubles with fellow AustralianJohn Cooper. The draw also showcased future talents such asBjörn Borg,Vijay Amritraj,Sandy Mayer, andJohn Lloyd amid record crowds.[citation needed]
The governance of the Grand Prix was led by theMen's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC) from 1974 through 1989. (Its name was shortened to the Men's Tennis Council (MTC) in 1988.)[9] The MIPTC's duties included imposing fines for violations of its Code of Conduct, drug testing, and administrating the Grand Prix circuit. It also moved the Australian Open from its December date – which had been adopted in 1977 so that it could be included in the Grand Prix points system – to January for the 1987 edition so that theGrand Prix Masters could be held in December from 1986 onwards. It failed, however, to prevent the number of tournaments on the Grand Prix circuit from growing, with 48 being held in 1974 compared to 75 in 1989.
The WCT and Grand Prix circuits were separate until 1978, when the Grand Prix circuit integrated the WCT circuit. In 1982, the WCT circuit split from the Grand Prix again and created a more complex WCT ranking, similar to the ATP ranking. The split was short-lived, however, and in 1985 the Grand Prix absorbed the four remaining WCT tournaments.
During the1988 US Open the ATP, led by then-World No. 1Mats Wilander, staged an impromptu meeting known as the "Parking Lot Press Conference" during failed negotiations with the MTC over the organisation of the Grand Prix and key issues such as player fatigue. During this press conference, the ATP declared that it would be starting its own tour in 1990, meaning that the 1989 Grand Prix would effectively be its last.[10] The final event of the Grand Prix was theNabisco Masters Doubles held at theRoyal Albert Hall 6–10 December 1989. Its last champions wereJim Grabb andPatrick McEnroe, who beatJohn Fitzgerald andAnders Järryd in the final.[citation needed]
In 1990, theAssociation of Tennis Professionals, led byHamilton Jordan, replaced the MTC as the sole governing body of men's professional tennis and the ATP Tour was born. The nine most prestigious Grand Prix tournaments became known as the "Championship Series Single Week"[11] from 1990 through 1995. In 1996,Mercedes began sponsoring these series of events, renamed as the "Super 9" until 1999.[12] In 2000, they became known as the "Tennis Masters Series" until 2004, then the "ATP Masters Series" until 2009. They are now called theATP Masters 1000 tournaments. Grand Prix tournaments below this level were originally called theGrand Prix Super Series. They were retained by the ATP and renamed as the "Championship Series". All remaining Grand Prix Tour events became part of the "World Series".
Based on USLTA Tennis Yearbooks and Guides andWorld of Tennis yearbooks the history of sponsors is as follows:
NB: All rankings were calculated using the Grand Prix points system and do not necessarily reflect the ATP rankings at the same time.
| 1970 | 1971
| 1972
| 1973 | 1974
|
1975
| 1976[18]
| 1977
| 1978
| 1979
|
1980
| 1981[19]
| 1982[20]
| 1983
| 1984
|
| 1985 | 1986[21]
| 1987
| 1988[22]
| 1989[23]
|
| Titles | Player | Years |
|---|---|---|
| 5 |  Ivan Lendl | 1981, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989 |
| 3 |  John McEnroe | 1979, 1980, 1984 |
 Guillermo Vilas | 1974, 1975, 1977 | |
| 2 | Jimmy Connors | 1978, 1982 |
 Ilie Nastase | 1972, 1973 | |
 Mats Wilander | 1983, 1988 | |
| 1 |  Raúl Ramírez | 1976 |
| Cliff Richey | 1970 | |
| Stan Smith | 1971 |
