| Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich | |
|---|---|
 Photograph,c. 1891 | |
| Born | (1858-08-22)22 August 1858 Constantine Palace,Strelna,Saint Petersburg,Russian Empire |
| Died | 15 June 1915(1915-06-15) (aged 56) Pavlovsk Palace,Pavlovsk, Russian Empire |
| Burial | Grand Ducal Burial Vault, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Prince John Konstantinovich Prince Gabriel Konstantinovich Princess Tatiana Konstantinovna Prince Constantine Konstantinovich Prince Oleg Konstantinovich Prince Igor Konstantinovich Prince George Konstantinovich Princess Natalia Konstantinovna Princess Vera Konstantinovna |
| House | Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov |
| Father | Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia |
| Mother | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg |
Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (Russian:Константи́н Константи́нович,IPA:[kənstɐnʲˈtʲinkənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvʲɪtɕ]ⓘ; 22 August 1858 – 15 June 1915) was a grandson of EmperorNicholas I of Russia, and a poet and playwright of some renown. He wrote under the pen name "K.R.", initials of his given name and family name,Konstantin Romanov.
The fourth child of theGrand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia and his spousePrincess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg, Grand Duke Konstantin was born on 22 August [O.S. 10 August] 1858 at theConstantine Palace, inStrelna in theTsarskoselsky Uyezd ofSaint Petersburg Governorate (now part ofSaint Petersburg). His eldest sisterGrand Duchess Olga marriedKing George I of the Hellenes in 1867.
From his early childhood Konstantin Konstantinovich was more interested in letters, art, and music than in the military upbringing required forRomanov boys. Nevertheless, the Grand Duke was sent to serve in theImperial Russian Navy. Konstantin Konstantinovich was unsatisfied, and left the navy to join the elite Izmailovsky Regiment of theImperial Guard, where he served with distinction.
Konstantin Konstantinovich was both a patron of Russian art and an artist in his own right. A talented pianist, the Grand Duke was Chairman of the Russian Musical Society, and countedTchaikovsky among his closest friends. But Konstantin Konstantinovich was first and foremost a man of letters. He founded several Russian literary societies. He translated foreign works (includingSchiller andGoethe) into Russian, and was particularly proud of his Russian translation ofHamlet, which received its premiere on 26 February 1900 in the theatre of theHermitage Palace.[1] An accomplished poet and playwright, Konstantin Konstantinovich also took great interest in the direction of his plays. The Grand Duke actually appeared in his last play, "King of Judea," playing the role ofJoseph of Arimathea. He wrote under the pen name "K.R.", initials of his given name and family name,Konstantin Romanov.
The Grand Duke's artisticslavophilism and devotion to duty endeared him to bothAlexander III andNicholas II. The former appointed Konstantin Konstantinovich as President of theRussian Academy of Sciences, and later as Chief of All Military Colleges. He was also made an honorary member of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1902, with reference to his chairmanship of aSwedish-Russian surveying commission.
Konstantin Konstantinovich and his spouse were among the relatively few Romanovs on intimate terms with Nicholas II and the EmpressAlexandra, who found Konstantin Konstantinovich's devotion to his family a welcome respite from the playboy lifestyle of many of the other Grand Dukes.
He was also a close friend of theGrand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna and wrote a poem about her expressing his admiration when she first came to Russia to be married. He was also one of the few members of the Imperial Family to go to Moscow to attend the funeral of Elizabeth's husband,Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who was killed by a terrorist's bomb.
Konstantin Konstantinovich married in 1884 inSt PetersburgPrincess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg, his second cousin. Upon her marriage, Elisabeth became the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Mavrikievna. She was known within the family as "Mavra." Konstantin Konstantinovich was, by all accounts, devoted to his wife and children, and a loving father. He and his family made their home atPavlovsk Palace, a suburban palace ofSt. Petersburg, and a favorite residence of Konstantin Konstantinovich's great-grandfather, the EmperorPaul I.
The couple would have a total of nine children:
Prince John marriedPrincess Helen of Serbia (daughter ofKing Peter ofSerbia) in 1911. Princess Tatiana married Prince KonstantinBagration-Muhransky, aGeorgian prince, that same year.
Konstantin Konstantinovich's children were the first to fall under the new Family Law promulgated byEmperor Alexander III. It stated that henceforth, only the children and male-line grandchildren of a Tsar would be styledGrand Duke orGrand Duchess with the style ofImperial Highness -- great-grandchildren and their descendants would be styled either "Prince of Russia" or "Princess of Russia" with the style ofHighness. The revised Family Law was intended to cut down on the number of persons entitled to salaries from the Imperial treasury.
As exemplary and dedicated (and even conservative) as Konstantin Konstantinovich's public life was, his private turmoil was intense. Had it not been for the publication of Konstantin Konstantinovich's strikingly candiddiaries long after his death, the world would have never known that this most prolific of Grand Dukes, the father of nine children, was tormented by his homosexual feelings.[2]
As mentioned, Konstantin Konstantinovich's firsthomosexual experiences occurred in the Imperial Guards. The Grand Duke made great efforts to repress his feelings. But despite his love for his wife, Konstantin Konstantinovich could not resist the temptations offered to a person of his exalted state. Konstantin Konstantinovich claimed in his diary that between 1893 and 1899 he remained away from the practice of what he called his "main sin." Yet by the birth of his seventh child, Konstantin Konstantinovich had become a steady visitor to several of the malebrothels of St. Petersburg. In 1904 he wrote in his diary that he "ordered my coachman...to go, and continued on foot past thebath-house. I intended to walk straight on... But without reaching thePevchesky Bridge, I turned back and went in. And so I have surrendered again, without much struggle, to my depraved inclinations." The cycle of resistance and capitulation to temptation is a common theme of Konstantin Konstantinovich's diaries.[2]
By the end of 1904, Konstantin Konstantinovich became somewhat attached to an attractive young man by the name of Yatsko. "I sent for Yatsko and he came this morning. I easily persuaded him to be candid. It was strange for me to hear him describe the familiar characteristics: he has never felt drawn to a woman, and has been infatuated with men several times. I did not confess to him that I knew these feelings from my own personal experience. Yatsko and I talked for a long time. Before leaving he kissed my face and hands; I should not have allowed this, and should have pushed him away, however I was punished afterwards by vague feelings of shame and remorse. He told me that, ever since the first time we met, his soul has been filled with rapturous feelings towards me, which grow all the time. How this reminds me of my own youth." A few days later, Konstantin Konstantinovich and Yatsko met again, and a relationship developed between the two.
In Konstantin Konstantinovich's final years, he wrote of his homosexual urges less and less, whether from having reached some arrangement with his conscience, or from the natural advance of age and ill health.
The outbreak ofWorld War I found Konstantin Konstantinovich and his spouse in Germany, where they weretaking the cure in Wildungen. Caught in enemy territory, the couple attempted a quick return to Russia. Their plans were disrupted by German authorities, who claimed the Grand Duke and his wife were political prisoners. Grand Duchess Elizaveta sent a message to the German Imperial couple asking for their help. Eventually Konstantin Konstantinovich and his entourage were allowed to depart Germany and transported to the first Russian station. The weakened Konstantin Konstantinovich had to proceed by foot across the front lines. By the time Konstantin Romanov and his wife Elizaveta Mavrikievna arrived in St. Petersburg, now renamedPetrograd, the Grand Duke was in a dismal state of health.
The first year of the war took a cruel toll on his immediate family. Five of his six sons served in the Russian Army, and in October 1914, his fourth and most talented son,[3] Prince Oleg, was mortally wounded fighting against the Germans. The following March, his son-in-law Prince Bagration-Muhransky was killed on theCaucasus front. Konstantin Konstantinovich's health and spirit were broken by these blows, and he died on 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1915.
Further information:Martyrs of Alapayevsk
The Princes Ioann, Gavriil, Konstantin, and Igor were all arrested after theBolshevik seizure of power in October 1917. Prince Gavriil was kept in Petrograd due to illness, but the other three princes were deported toAlapayevsk, a small town in theUrals. There they were imprisoned for some months, together withGrand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, her companion, nun Barvara Yakovleva,Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, his secretary Fyodor Remez and PrinceVladimir Paley. On the night of 17–18 July 1918 (24 hours after the execution of Nicholas II and his immediate family inEkaterinburg), the Alapayevsk prisoners were executed by their Bolshevik captors. Their bodies were recovered from an abandoned mine shaft by theWhite Army, and reburied in 1920 the Church of the Martyrs nearBeijing, China.
Prince Gavriil was released from prison through the intercession ofMaxim Gorki, who had unsuccessfully tried to save several other Romanovs. Gavriil and his wife, whom he had married after the Revolution, emigrated and settled in Paris, where Gavriil died in 1955.
The widowed Princess Tatiana fled toRomania and later toSwitzerland with her children. She eventually became a nun in 1946, and died inJerusalem in 1979, where she had been Abbess of the OrthodoxMount of Olives Convent since 1951.
Konstantin Konstantinovich's spouse and two youngest children, Prince George and Princess Vera, remained atPavlovsk throughout the war, the chaotic rule of theProvisional Government, and after theOctober Revolution. In the fall of 1918, they were permitted by the Bolsheviks to be taken by ship to Sweden (on theÅngermanland, viaTallinn toHelsinki and viaMariehamn toStockholm), at the invitation of theSwedish queen.
At Stockholm harbor they met princeGustaf Adolf who took them to theroyal palace. Elizaveta Mavrikievna and Vera and Georgi lived for the next two years in Sweden, first in Stockholm then inSaltsjöbaden. But Sweden was too expensive for them so they moved first to Belgium by invitation ofAlbert I of Belgium, and then to Germany, settling inAltenburg where they lived 30 years, except for a couple of years in England. Elizaveta died of cancer on 24 March 1927 inLeipzig. Prince Georgi died after surgery inNew York City in 1938. Princess Vera lived in Germany untilSoviet forces occupied the east part of the country, she fled toHamburg and in 1951 she moved to United States and died there in 2001,[4] inNyack, New York.
Documents about Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich's family (including correspondence and photographs) are preserved in the "Romanov Family Papers" collection in theHoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).[5]
The Grand Duke received the following Russian and foreign decorations:[6]
Austria-Hungary:Grand Cross of St. Stephen,22 April 1897[7]
Kingdom of Bulgaria:Order of Merit, Grade I in Diamonds,18 February 1910
Denmark:Knight of the Elephant,25 June 1875[8]
France:
Kingdom of Prussia:[9]
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of theSaxe-Ernestine House Order, with Swords,15 March 1878
Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of theLudwig Order,21 November 1893[10]
Mecklenburg:
Oldenburg:Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown,30 April 1878[11]
Württemberg:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown,26 April 1874
Kingdom of Greece:Knight of the Redeemer,10 August 1875; Grand Cross,21 May 1878
Kingdom of Italy:Knight of the Annunciation,16 July 1902[12] – during a visit to Russia of KingVictor Emmanuel III of Italy[13]
Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Chrysanthemum,30 April 1909[14]
Principality of Montenegro: Medal for Military Distinction,1 May 1878[15]
Romania:
Principality of Serbia:
Siam: Knight of theOrder of the Royal House of Chakri,7 September 1902 – during a visit to Russia of KingChulalongkorn ofSiam[16]| Ancestors of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia |
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| Academic offices | ||
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| Preceded by | President of theRussian Academy of Sciences 1889–1915 | Succeeded by |
