 Tuscany |  United States |
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TheGrand Duchy of Tuscany and theUnited States formally recognized each other in 1794, but never formally established diplomatic relations. Despite this, both countries appointed representatives and established diplomatic offices until 1860 when the Grand Duchy was incorporated into theKingdom of Italy.[1]
During theAmerican Revolution and theAmerican Revolutionary War theContinental Congress appointedRalph Izard Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. Izard's main role was to secure funding for the war by askingGrand Duke Ferdinand for a million dollars. Izard never arrived inTuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him inFlorence for fear of upsetting the British. The Duchy maintained good ties with England and its navy in theMediterranean to maintain trade and commercial ties. The Continental Congress terminated Izard's mission on June 8, 1779, once it became clear the Duchy would not recognize the United States.[1]
The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy,Philip Felicchi who was stationed atLivorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. The first representative appointed by the American government to Tuscany wasGiacomo Ombrosi, who was serving at his post in Florence as Vice Consular, and was accredited on May 15, 1819.[1] Ombrosi's appointment was refused by Grand Duke Ferdinand. According toState Magazine, "Ombrosi improvised as a 'Black Market Consul,' living outside the medieval walls and setting up shop at a cafe to provide services." In 1823, PresidentJames Monroe named Ombrosi as consul, but it was not until Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 that the host government formally recognized the U.S. Consul General in Florence.[2]
The Duchy appointedJohn F. Mansony as their first representative to the U.S. also as exequatur as Consul for the states ofNew Hampshire,Massachusetts,Rhode Island,Vermont, andConnecticut residing inBoston whose appointment was signed by President Monroe on November 6, 1817. All representatives of the Duchy were consular officers. The last representative of Tuscany to the United States wasG.B. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed by PresidentFranklin Pierce on November 1, 1854.[1]
Despite no formality of relations, both countries made several attempts to sign a treaty of commerce. The earliest of such attempts was in 1784 when U.S. Ministers PlenipotentiaryBenjamin Franklin,John Adams, andThomas Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce between the two states. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an agreement never came to be for unknown reasons.[1]
Relations ended in 1860 following theUnification of Italy when the Grand Duchy was dissolved and incorporated into a singular Italian state.
This article incorporatespublic domain material from"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany".U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.
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