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Agraduation is the awarding of adiploma by aneducational institution.[1][2] It may also refer to the ceremony that is associated with it, which can also be calledcommencement,congregation,convocation orinvocation. The date of the graduation ceremony is often calledgraduation day. Graduates can be referred to by their year of graduation.
Ceremonies for graduating students date from the first universities in Europe in the twelfth century. At that time, Latin was the language of scholars. Auniversitas was a guild of masters (such as MAs) with license to teach. The etymology of "degree" and "graduate" originates fromgradus, meaning "step". The first step was admission to a bachelor's degree. The second step was the masters step, giving the graduate admission to theuniversitas and license to teach. Typical dress for graduation is agown and hood, or hats adapted from the daily dress of university staff in theMiddle Ages, which was in turn based on the attire worn by medievalclergy.[3]
The tradition of wearing graduation hats in Sweden has been in place since the mid-eighteenth century. The cap is typically a white sailor hat with a black or dark blue band around it, a crown motif, and a black peak at the front. The graduation hat tradition was initially adopted by students atUppsala University. The headgear then became popular across several other European nations as well.[4]
Usually, the ceremony and name apply touniversity orcollege degrees:Associate's,Bachelor's,Master's andDoctoral degrees.
In a graduation ceremony for a college or university, the presiding officer or other authorized person formally confers degrees upon candidates, either individually oren masse. However, some graduates may physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college ordepartmental ceremonies, or even through the mail.[citation needed]
Ceremonies often include a procession of some of the academic staff, candidates, and avalediction. The students typically wear formalacademic dress, such assquare academic caps and gowns. The academic staff will usually also wear academic dress at the ceremony, as will thetrustees (if applicable).[5]
When a student graduates without attending the graduation ceremony, then it is called graduationin absentia.[6]
In theUnited States andIsrael, completing high school is also referred to as "graduating", with ahigh school diploma orBagrut certificate, respectively.[7][8][9] Graduations fromhigh school typically occur between the months of June and August. Oftentimes, completingmiddle school orkindergarten is also marked by a graduation ceremony.
The procedures and traditions surrounding academic graduation ceremonies differ around the world. In the United Kingdom a graduation usually only occurs at university level. Whereas in the United States and many other countries, graduations also occur at high schools where no higher education qualifications are awarded to the graduates.
InSweden, most universities are research-oriented and may present their students with bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees covering all academic streams. Universities across the country are based through the Higher Education Ordinance. Most of the national programs provide Swedish, English, math and science among degree courses.
In India, nowadays, a passing out ceremony or a promotion ceremony from one level to another starting from preschools like from Nursery to Junior is also referred to as a Graduation Ceremony.
InZimbabwe, graduation ceremonies are often associated with the guest of honor who most often is the ceremonial head of the institution. At state universities the president of the country officiates as chancellor and guest of honor. Every graduate of a state university in Zimbabwe can claim to have shaken the President's hand. The person most associated with graduation at those institutions is Zimbabwe's late ex-presidentRobert Mugabe. At other state institutions of higher learning, the vice presidents or other senior government officials may preside.[10]
Otherwise, in countries likeArgentina andUruguay, enthusiasm prevails over moderation, as well as taking part in an authenticcarnival as part of the celebration that is mostly spontaneous, anarchic, and barely planned in the middle of the streets: hundreds of graduates, familiars and friends gather in an open place, carrying alcoholic drinks, eggs, flour and other messy food; pelting it all over the graduates; whereas the party is public and open to excesses that carry the complaints of all sorts of commerce, neighbours and authorities in the zone due to the concentration of public disorder and filth that lasts until the aftermath and overwhelms the municipal services.[11]
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