| Governors Island National Monument | |
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  Location of Governors Island National Monument Show map of New York City Governors Island National Monument (New York) Show map of New York Governors Island National Monument (the United States) Show map of the United States | |
| Location | New York City,New York |
| Coordinates | 40°41′29″N74°0′58″W / 40.69139°N 74.01611°W /40.69139; -74.01611 |
| Area | 22.78 acres (9.22 ha)[1] |
| Created | January 19, 2001 (2001-01-19) |
| Visitors | 402,174 (in 2011)[2] |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Governors Island National Monument |
Governors Island National Monument is a unit of theUnited States national park system inNew York City. It is located on 22 acres (89,000 m2) ofGovernors Island, a 172-acre (0.70 km2) island located off the southern tip ofManhattan Island, at the confluence of theHudson andEast rivers inNew York Harbor.
In October 1995 theUnited States Coast Guard announced it would close its largest base, atGovernors Island, as a cost savings measure.[3][4] The Coast Guard had established the base on the island in 1966 after the U.S. Army closedFort Jay, an Army post since 1794.[5][6]
In 1996, the Coast Guard closed the base and conveyed it as surplus property to the federal government'sGeneral Services Administration for disposal through transfer or sale. The closure was at the initiative of the Coast Guard, then a bureau of theU.S. Department of Transportation, which was seeking to close a $400 million budget gap. The closure of the base represented an estimated 30 million dollar savings. Since the closure was an initiated action by the Coast Guard, it was not subject to theBase Realignment and Closure process.[7]
At the time of the closure announcement in October 1995, PresidentBill Clinton and New York SenatorDaniel Patrick Moynihan reached an informal agreement to convey the island to the city and state of New York for $1, if a plan for public benefit could be developed.[8] The city was initially reluctant to take up Clinton's offer because it would not have been financially beneficial to the city.[9] The issue was exacerbated when theUnited States Congress passed theBalanced Budget Act in August 1997, stipulating that the GSA sell the island at a fair market value by 2002.[10][11] The island's sale was expected to net the federal government $500 million.[12]
As President Clinton left office in January 2001, with no resolution of the island's future in hand, and at the urging of members of the New York congressional delegation, he established a Governors Island National Monument by Presidential Proclamation 7402 of January 19, 2001.[13] The proclamation did not fully establish the boundaries of the monument, but did set forth the federal intention of preserving the fortifications,Fort Jay andCastle Williams, the oldest and most historic features on the island.[14] TheJustice Department under PresidentGeorge W. Bush concluded the proclamation possessed technical errors, but did not revoke or invalidate the proclamation.
In an April 2002 White House meeting with city and state officials, President Bush announced his intention to sell the island to the city and state of New York. While the White House intended the transaction to be concluded by September 2002, it took several months of negotiations with city, state and federal officials to resolve outstanding issues.
On January 31, 2003, the island was conveyed to an intermediary, theNational Trust for Historic Preservation, which attached restrictive land use covenants to the deed, then conveyed the island to two parties: 22 acres (89,000 m2) was conveyed to theU.S. Department of the Interior for use as anational monument; and 150 acres (0.61 km2) went to the Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation, formed jointly by the State and City of New York – now The Trust for Governors Island, an instrumentality of the City of New York – for the purpose of administering and redeveloping the island.Presidential Proclamation 7647 of February 7, 2003 formally re-affirmed the establishment of the national monument.[15][16]
Both presidential proclamations noted that the island served as an outpost to protect New York City from sea attack. Between 1806 and 1811,Castle Williams andFort Jay were constructed as part of the First and Second American System of Coastal Fortification; they played important roles in theWar of 1812, the Civil War, andWorld Wars I andII.[6]
The fortifications were built on the most strategic defensive positions on the island. Fort Jay, first constructed in the 1790s and reconstructed between 1806 and 1809, is on the highest point of the island. The surrounding open space orglacis slopes down to the waterfront on all sides. Castle Williams, started in 1807 and completed in November 1811, occupies a rocky shoal that extended into the harbor channel at the northwest corner of the island and served as the most important strategic defensive point in the upper bay of New York Harbor.[6]
By the 1830s, the protective functions of both fortifications had diminished, but the core of a small urban Army post evolved around them. By the 1870s, with deep reductions in a post-Civil War army, the post became a major headquarters for the U.S. Army, a role it played until their departure in 1966. The residential and institutional structures surrounding the two fortifications are now part of theGovernors Island National Historic Landmark District, containing over 60 structures related to two centuries of the military history of the nation.[6]
Since the island was managed by theUnited States Army and theUnited States Coast Guard for nearly 200 years, and was no longer required for defense or Coast Guard purposes, the establishment of the monument provided an excellent opportunity for the public to observe and understand the harbor history, its defense and its ecology.[6]
The island and monument has been open on a seasonal basis during the summer months since 2005.[17][18][19] The island became more popular over the years, attracting 275,000 visitors in 2009[20] and 800,000 visitors in 2018.[17]
Notes
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