Governorate of Ambon Gouvernement Amboyna | |||||||||
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| 1605–1796 | |||||||||
 Flag  Coat of arms | |||||||||
 Amboina around 1651 | |||||||||
| Status | Dutch colony | ||||||||
| Capital | Fort Victoria | ||||||||
| Common languages | Dutch | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1605–1611 | Frederick de Houtman | ||||||||
• 1618–1625 | Herman van Speult | ||||||||
• 1701–1706 | Balthasar Coyett | ||||||||
• 1724–1729 | Stephanus Versluys | ||||||||
• 1794–1796 | Alexander Cornabé | ||||||||
| Historical era | Imperialism | ||||||||
| 22 February 1605 | |||||||||
• British takeover | 1796 | ||||||||
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Ambon was agovernorate of theDutch East India Company, consisting ofAmbon Island and ten neighbouring islands.[1]Steven van der Hagen captured Fort Victoria on 22 February 1605 from the Portuguese in the name of the Dutch East India Company. Until 1619, Ambon served as the capital of the Dutch possessions inEast Asia. In that yearBatavia was founded to function as thestaple port for the Dutch East India Company in Asia. The island was the world center ofclove production until the 19th century. The Dutch prohibited the rearing of the clove-tree in all the other islands subject to their rule, in order to secure the monopoly to Ambon.
In 1513, thePortuguese were the first Europeans to land on Ambon Island, and it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion fromTernate.[2] The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521, but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over theBanda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production. The creole trade languagePortugis however was spoken well into the 19th century and many families still have Portuguese names and claim Portuguese ancestry.[3]
The Portuguese were dispossessed by the Dutch on 22 February 1605, whenSteven van der Hagen took over Fort Victoria without a single shot. Ambon was the headquarters of theDutch East India Company (VOC) from 1610 to 1619 until the founding of Batavia, nowJakarta, by the Dutch.[4] Around 1615, the English founded a settlement on the island at Cambello, which lasted until 1623.
In 1623, the Dutch uncovered a plot by VOC-employed Japanese mercenary soldiers to seize Fort Victoria and assassinate the governor, purportedly in conspiracy with the English merchants. During questioning most suspects werewaterboarded. Among those who confessed, 10 VOC mercenary soldiers and 10English East India Company employees were found guilty of treason and were executed by a local Dutch court.[5] On request of England, the involved judges were recalled to the Netherlands and put on trial, but were finally (in 1632) judged to have acted lawfully. Decades later,Oliver Cromwell used embellished versions of this event, dubbed the "Amboyna massacre", as one of the pretexts to start both theFirst Anglo-Dutch War (in 1652) and theSecond Anglo-Dutch War (in 1665),[6] whileJohn Dryden produced his tragedyAmboyna; or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants on request of one of the English negotiators of theSecret Treaty of Dover during theThird Anglo-Dutch War.[7] The 17th-century propaganda of a deliberate and gruesome slaughter of innocent merchants surfaces even in modern popular historical narratives.[8]
In 1795, theBatavian Republic was established with the help of French forces in the territory of theDutch Republic. The latest stadtholder,William V, Prince of Orange, asked the British in theKew Letters to temporarily occupy the Dutch colonies. Indeed, in 1796, British Admiral Rainier sailed to Ambon to take the colony, which was accepted by governor of Ambon,Alexander Cornabé. The territory was restored to the Dutch at thePeace of Amiens in 1802, but the Dutch East India Company had been nationalized in the meantime, which meant that Ambon become a colony of the Batavian Republic and later theKingdom of Holland.
Ambon was retaken by the British in 1810, but once more restored to the Dutch by virtue of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. It then remained, as part of theDutch East Indies, a colony of theKingdom of the Netherlands, until in 1949 Maluku was transferred to Indonesia, under agreements that Moluccans could choose or opt out of the new country. After a proclamation of independence the Moluccan islands were invaded by the Indonesian army in 1950 during theInvasion of Ambon.
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3°40′0″S128°10′0″E / 3.66667°S 128.16667°E /-3.66667; 128.16667
