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Thegovernment of Haiti is asemi-presidential republic, a multi-party system wherein thePresident of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popularelections.[1] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government.Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of theNational Assembly of Haiti.[clarification needed] The government is organizedunitarily, thus thecentral governmentdelegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent.[clarification needed][citation needed] The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in theConstitution of March 29, 1987.[2]
As of early 2025, criminal gangs controlled at least 85% of the capital and its metropolitan area and had expanded into key regions.[3][4]
The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections.[5] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government.
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti. The government is organized unitarily, thus the central governmentdelegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in theConstitution of Haiti on 29 March 1987. The current president is Claude Joseph, acting in 2021.In 2010, there were 7,000 people in the Haitian National Police.[6]
TheInstitute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center ofCap-Haïtien.[7]
The legal system for torts is based on a version of theNapoleonic Code.[8]
In 2013, the annual budget was US$1 billion.[9]
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was the first leader of free and independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. He was initially regarded as governor-general, then later called himself Emperor Jacques I of Haiti. His regime lasted two and half years (1804-1806) and ended with his assassination by disaffected leaders of his administration.[10] In 1806,Constituent Assembly created a new constitution and appointedHenri Christophe to a four-year term as President of the Republic of Haiti. The following year, the Battle of Sibert ended with the division of Haiti into the southernRepublic of Haiti under Alexandre Pétion and the northernState of Haiti under Christophe.[11] In 1818, Pétion died of a fever andJean-Pierre Boyer, Chief of the Presidential Guard, was appointed President-for-Life of the Republic of Haiti. After Christophe committed suicide in 1820, Boyer promulgates the Republican Constitution in Christophe's northern state. This resulted in the unification of northern and southern Haiti. In 1822, Boyer arrives inSanto Domingo and declares control over the entire island ofHispaniola. Under Boyer, KingCharles X of France signs an ordinance which conditionally recognizes Haiti's independence and imposes a150 million franc indemnity on the Haitian government. This debt plagued Haiti's economy for generations. in 1843, President Boyer was overthrown and fled to Paris in exile.[12] The1843 Constitution was established andCharles Riviere-Hérard was appointed President of Haiti. Under Riviere-Hèrard, theDominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti.[13]
In 1915, theUnited States Marines, led by AdmiralWilliam B. Caperton, entered Port-au-Prince and began theUnited States occupation of Haiti. The U.S. took over the collection of revenues and banks in Haiti for 19 years. American forces withdraw from Haiti in 1934 marking the end of the U.S. occupation.[14] In 1957,François Duvalier, also known as "Papa Doc", was elected President of Haiti. In 1964, he declared himself president for life and established that his son,Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as "Baby Doc", would succeed him. During their regime, opposition to the government was not tolerated; thus, the Duvaliers used violence and terror to suppress the masses, killing about 30,000 Haitians. Finally, in 1986, a series of uprisings forced Baby Doc to flee Haiti for France. The Duvalier family stole millions of dollars during their administration, leaving Haiti in extreme debt today.[15]
On February 29, 2004, acoup d'état led by theGroup of 184 ousted the popularly elected president,Jean-Bertrand Aristide, allegedly with the assistance of the French and United States governments; U.S. and French soldiers were on the ground in Haiti at the time, recently arrived (See controversy).[16]
The first elections since the overthrow were held onFebruary 8, 2006 to elect a new president.René Préval was declared to have won with over 50 percent of the vote. In 2008, Parliament voted to dismiss President Préval's prime minister following severe rioting overfood prices.[17] His selected replacement for the post was rejected by Parliament, throwing the country into a prolonged period without a government.[18]
Haiti is officially a semi-presidential republic. However, sources such as theDemocracy Index have described Haiti as ahybrid orauthoritarian regime in practice.[19]Suffrage isuniversal, for adults over 18.
The constitution was rewritten by theUnited States to model those of the United States and ofFrance. It was approved in March 1987, but it was completely suspended from June 1988 to March 1989 and was only fully reinstated in October 1994.
In May 2024, United Nations agencies reported that criminal groups control around 85 percent of Port-au-Prince, Haiti’s capital and its metropolitan area. Having rapidly expanded into previously secure areas of the capital, the gangs have spread into key regions such as Haiti's agricultural areas the Ouest and Artibonite departments.[3] Experts say the government does not have the capacity to take back control, despite support from an international security force including at least 800 Kenyan police officers.[4]
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Transitional Presidential Council | 25 April 2024 | |
| Prime Minister | Alix Didier Fils-Aimé (acting) | 10 November 2024 |
Haiti's executive branch is composed of two parts, the presidency and the government. In this sense, "government" refers specifically to the portion of the executive branch outside of the presidency, and not to Haiti's political system as a whole.[clarification needed]
The president is the head of state and elected by popular vote every five years for a five-year term, and may not serve consecutive terms.[20] The last presidential election was held on 20 November 2016.[20] The latest president wasJovenel Moïse until hisassassination on 7 July 2021.
The president appoints the prime minister and his cabinet, which must be ratified by the National Assembly.
Haiti'scabinet, called Council of Ministers, is led by the Prime Minister, and includes other ministers.
The prime minister, the head of government, is appointed by the president and ratified by the National Assembly. He appoints the Ministers and Secretaries of State and goes before the National Assembly to obtain a vote of confidence for his declaration of general policy. The Prime Minister enforces the laws and, along with the President, is responsible for national defense.
Theministries of the Haitian government are:[21]
The bicameral National Assembly of Haiti (Assemblée Nationale) consists of theChamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés) and theSenate (Sénat). The Chamber of Deputies has ninety-nine members, who are elected by popular vote for four-year terms. The Senate consists of thirty members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, with one third elected every two years.
The last Senate elections were held on 28 November 2010 with run-off elections on 20 March 2011. The following Senate election, for one third of the seats, was to be held in 2012 but was not called. The last election of the Chamber of Deputies was held on 28 November 2010 with run-off elections on 20 March 2011. The next regular election of Deputies is to be held in 2014.[20]
Prior to a 2002 territorial law which created a tenthdepartment, the Chamber of Deputies had eighty three seats and the Senate had twenty-seven.
The legal system is based on theRoman civil law system. Haiti accepts compulsoryjurisdiction of theInternational Court of Justice. There is aSupreme Court (Cour de Cassation), assisted by local and civil courts at a communal level.
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, is in line to succeed the President in case of death or resignation, according to the 1987 Constitution of Haiti.
For reasons of administration, Haiti has been divided into tendepartments. Each department is divided into from three to sevenarrondissements, and arrondissements are further divided into communes. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses.
The departments are further divided into 41arrondissements, and 133communes, which serve as second- and third-level administrative divisions.
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